Thesis (M.S.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of Surgery (St.Vincent's Hospital),Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-141).

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on April 24 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

La transplantation rénale représente le traitement de choix de l’insuffisance rénale terminale parce qu’il offre une espérance de vie plus longue et une meilleure qualité de vie.<p>Néanmoins, l’accès à la transplantation est limité par la pénurie d’organes et dans certains cas, par la présence d’anticorps anti-HLA avant la greffe.<p>Bien que la présence d’anticorps anti-HLA spécifiques du donneur avant ou après la greffe ait été associée au rejet aigu et à la perte chronique d’allogreffe, un rejet humoral tant aigu que chronique peut survenir sans que ces anticorps soient détectables dans le sérum, suggérant que des réponses autologues ou allo-immunes contre des antigènes dits « mineurs » pourraient jouer un rôle dans le rejet et la perte de greffe.<p>MICA, en raison de son polymorphisme important, est considéré aujourd’hui comme un des systèmes antigéniques mineurs les plus robustes par sa capacité à induire des allo-anticorps. Cependant, un effet pathogène des anticorps anti-MICA sur le greffon rénal demeure à ce jour, non formellement établi.<p>Le but de la présente recherche a été d’étudier l’épidémiologie des anticorps anti-MICA à partir d’une large cohorte de volontaires sains et de patients atteints d’insuffisance rénale chronique terminale, de déterminer les facteurs de risque d’immunisation contre MICA, de spécifier la nature autologue ou allogénique de ces anticorps et d’évaluer au sein des patients ultérieurement transplantés, l’impact de ces anticorps sur le rejet et la survie de greffe. <p>La méthode utilisée pour l’identification des anticorps anti-MICA est la technique Luminex, consistant à faire réagir du sérum avec des billes de polystyrène tapissées par un seul antigène MICA recombinant, l’intensité de la liaison antigène-anticorps étant révélée par un fluorocytomètre suite à l’adjonction d’un second anticorps anti-IgG couplé à une substance fluorescente.<p>Nous avons identifié la grossesse, les transfusions sanguines, la greffe préalable et également l’urémie comme étant des facteurs de risque indépendants d’immunisation contre MICA. <p>Nous n’avons pas observé d’effet délétère des anticorps anti-MICA sur la survie à long terme du greffon rénal alors que les anticorps anti-MICA ont été plus fréquents chez les patients dits «à haut risque immunologique» et en particulier chez les patients immunisés contre le HLA.<p>Nos résultats suggèrent que plutôt d’être pathogènes, les anticorps anti-MICA pourraient être simplement des marqueurs de haut risque immunologique. Ceci remet donc en question l’utilité d’un monitoring des anticorps anti-MICA par la technologie Luminex.<p> <p><p>Renal transplantation represents the treatment of choice of stage V chronic kidney disease by offering a longer life expectancy and a better quality of life than dialysis. Nevertheless, the access to transplantation is limited by the shortage of organs and, in some cases, by the presence of HLA antibodies before transplantation. <p>While the presence of either preformed or post-transplant donor specific anti-HLA antibodies has been associated with acute rejection or chronic graft loss, acute or chronic antibody-mediated injury may also occur in the absence of detectable anti-HLA antibodies, suggesting that autologuous or allo-immune response to other relevant minor or non-HLA antigenic determinants might play a role in rejection and subsequent graft loss. Especially, MHC class I-related chain A (MICA), a highly polymorphic minor antigenic system, is now considered to be the most robust minor antigenic system capable of inducing allo-antibodies. However, the possible deleterious effect of MICA antibodies has not been formerly established yet.<p>The goal of the following work was to determine the risk factors for MICA sensitization, to specify the autologuous or allogeneic nature of MICA antibodies and to assess the impact of preformed and 1 yr post-transplant MICA antibodies on defined renal graft outcomes in large cohorts of patients. The method employed for the identification of MICA antibodies was a Luminex single antigen beads assay. We found that pregnancy, previous blood transfusion, previous graft as well as chronic kidney disease were independent risk factors for MICA sensitization.<p>Even if we had found a higher frequency of MICA antibodies in patients at higher immunological risk and especially, MICA antibodies had been closely associated with HLA sensitization, we showed a lack of a deleterious effect of MICA antibodies on long-term renal graft outcomes. <p>Our findings suggest that MICA antibodies are merely surrogate markers of high immunological risk and really question the monitoring of MICA antibodies by the presently available MICA single antigen flow beads assays. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The HLA complex is the most polymorphic genetic system known in man. The frequency of the HLA class II antigens have been well studied in Caucasoids but little data is available concerning HLA antigen frequencies in Negroes. In this thesis the class II antigens, excluding HLA-DP, were studied in South African (SA) Negroes (Xhosa), Cape Coloureds ( a group of mixed racial origin) and SA Caucasoids using serological, cellular ( HTC typing) and Southern blot techniques. The results obtained for the SA Negroes were compared with those previously found in Nigerians and American Negroes. Marked differences in HLA distribution occurred between these groups, which in part may be explained by Khoisan admixture in the SA Negroes. In addition, striking frequency differences were observed between the three SA populations. For example, in the Xhosa the HLA-DR1, DR4, DR7, DRw8, DQw2, DQw3, Dw1 and Dw3 specificities were found at a significantly lower frequency, whereas HLA-DR3, DRw6 and Dw' RSH' were found at a significantly higher frequency compared with the SA Caucasoids. The frequency in the Cape Coloureds was intermediate between those of the Xhosa and Caucasoids. In the SA Negroes and Cape Coloureds, several new specificities were detected such as HLA-DRw18, DR2 LUM(CT), DRwl2x6, DRw8x14, Dw' RSH', Dw' JOH' and Dw' BME'. The HLA-DR and DQ haplotypes in significant linkage disequilibrium were similar in the three groups. However, several haplotypes with unusual DR and DQ combinations such as HLA-DRw17,DQw7; DR9, DQw2 and DR4, DQw5 were present in the SA Negroes and Cape Coloured families. Al though some of these unusual haplotypes could be explained in terms of recombination between the common haplotypes, none could be typed using a panel of well defined homozygous typing cells, suggesting that the response observed in mixed lymphocyte culture arises from separate molecular determinants. The data on HLA class II antigen frequencies presented in this thesis is essential for future studies on HLA and disease associations and for establishing population relationships. Knowledge of new HLA class II antigens in the various population groups is also important in renal transplantation as matching for HLA-DR antigens is known to improve graft survival.

[Truncated abstract] The assumption that facial attractiveness signals mate quality is central to current evolutionary theories of human sexual selection. Evidence for direct links between attractiveness and mate quality is, however, scarce, and the exact nature of mate quality remains the subject of debate. Mate quality may include genetic diversity, because genome-wide diversity has been linked to individual fitness, and diversity within the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) has been associated with immunocompetence and health in many species. This thesis investigates whether individual genetic diversity plays a role in human sexual selection. The main aim is to examine whether MHC diversity, compared to genetic diversity in general, is especially important for mate preferences, health and mating success. The four studies herein are based on data collected from a large sample of heterosexual, Caucasian males and females. Participants were photographed, provided a DNA sample, and completed questionnaires regarding sexual history and health. Genetic diversity was calculated as both mean heterozygosity (H) and standardised mean-d2 (d2), separately for 12 MHC microsatellite loci and 11 nonMHC loci. The photographs were rated for various attractive features by opposite-sex raters. The first study investigated whether MHC diversity influences preferences for facial appearance in a potential mate, and if so, are they specific to the MHC and are they mediated by specific facial characteristics? I found that MHC-H, but not nonMHCH, positively predicted male facial attractiveness, and that this relationship was mediated by facial averageness. For females, nonMHC-d2 predicted facial symmetry, and potentially attractiveness. These findings indicate that faces contain visual cues to mate quality in both males and females, providing support for evolutionary theories that our preferences are adaptations for identifying mates of high quality. ... Measuring them both allowed me to tease apart their effects on mate preferences, and on health and mating success. Indeed, the MHC appears to be especially important in sexual selection as MHC diversity predicted female mate preferences after controlling for nonMHC diversity, and MHC dissimilarity predicted male mate preferences after controlling for nonMHC dissimilarity. Moreover, although MHC diversity did not appear to influence males’ preference for females, it did predict female mating success, suggesting that males also attend to MHC-related cues, although perhaps non-facial cues, when seeking mates. Additionally, nonMHC diversity predicted both male preferences for female faces and health, suggesting that such preferences are adaptive. Importantly, by providing direct links between facial attractiveness and biological markers of individual quality, genetic diversity, these results support the commonly held assumption that facial attractiveness signals mate quality.