Participatory Action Research (PAR) was carried out to improve educational practices and environmental sustainability in an International School in Vietnam by undertaking two cycles of PAR to determine how the school community could use paper on a more sustainable basis. The methodology included sorting paper and encouraging the reuse of paper. Practices related to computer printing, report writing and newsletter production were also investigated. Changes in the school community, in terms of accepting responsibility and demonstrating changed attitudes and behaviours, were measured. The school community demonstrated greater awareness, increased responsibility and more action competence. Critical awareness of unsustainable practices increased. Individuals were able to effect change, but it is recommended that such actions should be institutionalised for such changes to be sustainable. Limitations and recommendations emphasise the need for continuing PAR to implement sustainability. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Environmental Education)

<p>Self care is very important for patients with diabetes type 2, as it can reduce complications. A proper and functioning self-care requires, clear and relevant information and instructions from the health care givers. <strong>Aim:</strong> The purpose of this study was to investigate the self care activities of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 in Ho Chi Minh City and compare these between genders. <strong>Research questions: </strong>How do patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, in Ho Chi Minh City, practice self care activities (diet, exercise, blood sugar test, foot care, smoking, medication and self-care recommendation)?<strong> </strong>Are there any differences between genders concerning these self-care activities? <strong>Method: </strong>A descriptive and comparative cross-section design with a quantitative method was used. Dorothea Orem's theoretical framework was also used. The data was collected at the Department of Endocrinology and the Endocrinology Clinic, Choray hospital, in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It was 100 participants who answered a questionnaire about their diabetes self-care activities. <strong>Results: </strong>Most of the participants had a good self-care of their diabetes type 2. A majority of the participants had got several self-care recommendations from their health-care givers concerning diet, exercise, medication and blood-glucose control. It was a significant difference between gender in favour for the male gender concerning the statements high fat food, participating in 30 minutes of exercise, check inside the shoes, dry between toes, counselling about stop smoking, tried herbal medicine as medication.<strong> </strong><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The diabetes type 2 patients in Ho Chi Minh City need to get more information about self-care concerning blood-glucose, diet and exercise. Both genders need to adopt a healthy lifestyle into their daily life to reduce the risk of developing diabetes complications.</p> / <p>Egenvården är mycket viktig för patienter med diabetes typ 2, eftersom den kan minska komplikationer. En optimal och väl fungerande egenvård kräver tydlig och relevant information och instruktioner från vårdpersonalen. <strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka egenvårdsaktiviteter hos patienter med diabetes mellitus typ 2 i Ho Chi Minh City och jämföra dessa mellan kön. <strong>Frågeställningar:</strong> Hur utför patienter med diabetes mellitus typ 2 i Ho Chi Minh City sina egenvårds aktiviteter (kost, motion, blodsocker test, fotvård, rökning, läkemedel och egenvårds rekommendationer)? Finns det någon skillnad mellan könen beträffande dessa egenvårdsaktiviteter? <strong>Metod:</strong> En beskrivande och jämförande tvärsnitts studie med kvantitativ metod har använts. Dorothea Orems egenvårdsteori har även använts. Data samlades in vid Institutionen för Endokrinologi och endokrinologi kliniken på Choray hospital, i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Det var 100 deltagare som besvarade ett frågeformulär med frågor om diabetes egenvårds aktiviteter. <strong>Resultat:</strong> De flesta deltagare hade en god egenvård av sin diabetes typ 2. En majoritet av deltagarna hade fått flera egenvårds rekommendationer från sin vårdgivare om kost, motion och medicinering. Det var en signifikant skillnad mellan könen med fördel för männen angående påståendena gällande fettrik mat, deltagande i 30 minuters träning, kontrollera insidan av skorna, torka mellan tårna, rådgivning om att sluta röka samt provat naturläkemedel som medicinering. <strong>Slutsats</strong>: Diabetes typ 2 patienter i Ho Chi Minh City behöver få mer information om egenvård av blodglukos, mat och fysisk träning. Båda könen behöver få en hälsosammare livsstil i sin vardag för att minska risken för komplikationer.</p>

Self care is very important for patients with diabetes type 2, as it can reduce complications. A proper and functioning self-care requires, clear and relevant information and instructions from the health care givers. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the self care activities of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 in Ho Chi Minh City and compare these between genders. Research questions: How do patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, in Ho Chi Minh City, practice self care activities (diet, exercise, blood sugar test, foot care, smoking, medication and self-care recommendation)? Are there any differences between genders concerning these self-care activities? Method: A descriptive and comparative cross-section design with a quantitative method was used. Dorothea Orem's theoretical framework was also used. The data was collected at the Department of Endocrinology and the Endocrinology Clinic, Choray hospital, in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It was 100 participants who answered a questionnaire about their diabetes self-care activities. Results: Most of the participants had a good self-care of their diabetes type 2. A majority of the participants had got several self-care recommendations from their health-care givers concerning diet, exercise, medication and blood-glucose control. It was a significant difference between gender in favour for the male gender concerning the statements high fat food, participating in 30 minutes of exercise, check inside the shoes, dry between toes, counselling about stop smoking, tried herbal medicine as medication. Conclusion: The diabetes type 2 patients in Ho Chi Minh City need to get more information about self-care concerning blood-glucose, diet and exercise. Both genders need to adopt a healthy lifestyle into their daily life to reduce the risk of developing diabetes complications. / Egenvården är mycket viktig för patienter med diabetes typ 2, eftersom den kan minska komplikationer. En optimal och väl fungerande egenvård kräver tydlig och relevant information och instruktioner från vårdpersonalen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka egenvårdsaktiviteter hos patienter med diabetes mellitus typ 2 i Ho Chi Minh City och jämföra dessa mellan kön. Frågeställningar: Hur utför patienter med diabetes mellitus typ 2 i Ho Chi Minh City sina egenvårds aktiviteter (kost, motion, blodsocker test, fotvård, rökning, läkemedel och egenvårds rekommendationer)? Finns det någon skillnad mellan könen beträffande dessa egenvårdsaktiviteter? Metod: En beskrivande och jämförande tvärsnitts studie med kvantitativ metod har använts. Dorothea Orems egenvårdsteori har även använts. Data samlades in vid Institutionen för Endokrinologi och endokrinologi kliniken på Choray hospital, i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Det var 100 deltagare som besvarade ett frågeformulär med frågor om diabetes egenvårds aktiviteter. Resultat: De flesta deltagare hade en god egenvård av sin diabetes typ 2. En majoritet av deltagarna hade fått flera egenvårds rekommendationer från sin vårdgivare om kost, motion och medicinering. Det var en signifikant skillnad mellan könen med fördel för männen angående påståendena gällande fettrik mat, deltagande i 30 minuters träning, kontrollera insidan av skorna, torka mellan tårna, rådgivning om att sluta röka samt provat naturläkemedel som medicinering. Slutsats: Diabetes typ 2 patienter i Ho Chi Minh City behöver få mer information om egenvård av blodglukos, mat och fysisk träning. Båda könen behöver få en hälsosammare livsstil i sin vardag för att minska risken för komplikationer.

Introduction: Previous research shows that knowledge and practice was low in type 2 diabetes patients and that women had better practice/self-care than men. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practices regarding foot-care among patients with type 2 diabetes in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and also investigate if there was any difference between genders in knowledge and practicing of foot care. Method: This study was a descriptive and cross-sectional design with quantitative method. The data was collected at the out-patient clinic of the University Medical Center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and 100 patients participated voluntarily to answer questionnaire. Orem’s self-care theory was used as theoretical framework. Data were analysed by using statistics. Result: The result shows that more than 70% of the patients had good knowledge of foot care and no significant differences between the genders in the knowledge. Their foot care practices were various. There was significant difference between men and women about using a hot water bottle or heating pad on the feet, and more women than men did. For type of shoes, there were differences between genders in wearing broad, round toes and shoes made of leather or canvas, and more men than women did. Conclusion: The knowledge of foot care was good, but the practice of foot care was low. There was not found any significant difference between the genders in knowledge, but some differences in the foot care practices.  More information about foot care is needed to prevent complications with type 2 diabetes. / Introduktion: Tidigare forsknings resultat visar att kunskapen om egenvård och utförande av fotvård hos patienter med diabetes typ 2 var låg. Kvinnorna var dock bättre på att utföra egenvården än männen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka kunskapen och utförandet av egenvård hos patienter med diabetes typ 2 i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, samt att undersöka om det fanns några skillnader mellan män och kvinnor i kunskapen om egenvård inom fotvård samt dess utförande. Metod: För att undersöka detta gjordes en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie med hjälp av enkäter. Det var 100 patienter på en mottagning vid University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, som deltog frivilligt. Orems egenvård teori användes som teoretiskt ramverk i detta arbete. Data analyserades av statistik. Resultat: Resultatet i denna studie påvisar att mer än 70 % av patienternas visade god kunskap och inga signifikanta skillnader fanns mellan kvinnor och män gällande kunskapsnivån.  Utförandes av fotvården visade sig dock vara varierande och det fanns signifikanta skillnader mellan kvinnor och män gällande fotvården. Kvinnor använde sig oftare av varma pads och flaskor på deras fötter än vad männen gjorde. Kvinnor och män använde också olika typer av skor. Männen använde oftare breda skor med rundad tå, skor av läder eller canvas skor än vad kvinnorna gjorde. Slutsats: Kunskapen om fotvård hos diabetes patienter i Ho Chi Minh City var god, dock var utförandet av fotvården varierande i denna studie. Det visades ingen signifikant skillnad mellan kvinnor och män angående kunskapsnivån, dock fanns det skillnader angående utförandet av fotvården. Det behövs fortsatt information om fotvård för att patienter med typ 2 diabetes ska förhindra komplikationer

Brands have become valuable assets that play a central role in differentiating the products and services to catch the attention of the customers. This research examines the significance of branding strategies for companies’ growth and survival. For this paper, models and theories from previous researches are used to give an in-depth understanding of the different brand strategies and SMEs. The data was collected through qualitative interviews with 10 companies of which five were conducted in Kampala, Uganda and the other five were in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Although SMEs play a significant role in economic development, they are facing challenges of building brands due to the scarce resources. Financing was shown among the key prohibitions to brand establishment. The research identifies the need for SMEs to adapt branding strategies. Research findings pointed out the benefits of brand recognition in both countries. The respondents indicated that brand communication was an effective tool in creating brand recognition in SMEs. Also price, quality, innovation, and a clear vision among others are enabling factors for building strong brands.

This paper discusses the changes of economic activities of ethnic Chinese in Ho Chi Minh City under different political regimes with different institutions. The thesis applied qualitative research methods with in-depth interviews, collected and analysed data from documents. The research result shows that under different social and political institutions, which are changed from French colonial period to the two different political systems during Vietnam War with the Communism in the North and the Capitalism in the South, and the socialist system carried out in the whole country after 1975, to the Doi Moi period after 1986, the Vietnamese Chinese conduct different economic activities in terms of business and trust in social relations. Before 1975, the Vietnamese Chinese traded heavily with the same ethnic group. The in-group business practices were changed after the institutional change after 1975, which pushed them to work more closely with other ethnic groups. The concept toward ¡§trust¡¨ (Xinyong) in Vietnamese Chinese community is gradually changed in accordance with the changes of social and political institutions.

Thesis (M.Ed. (Educational Management))--Mahidol University, 2008. / LICL has E-Thesis 0041 ; please contact computer services.

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The process of economic innovation in Vietnam since the late 1980s presented its human resources in the private sector with constant challenges in terms of continuous improvement for operating effectiveness and efficiency. The challenges have been met by substantial investment of resources in business and management training. Returns from this training, however, have not received due attention. The study sets out to examine the reality of acquiring and utilising business and management training in local private businesses in Ho Chi Minh City, the country’s economic centre. In doing so, the study is expected to provide a better understanding of the characteristics of business and management training in Vietnam, and how this human resources development activity assists private businesses in a transitional economy. Based on Kirkpatrick’s evaluation framework, findings of the study revealed not only different approaches to business and management training but also the limited effects of the training on the trainees and private companies. Knowledgemania, or training for the sake of pursuing knowledge, was still very prevalent among the group of ‘Oriental’ companies whilst a more practical approach towards training aimed at meeting explicit business objectives was adopted by companies exposed to Western management practices. The research revealed that among the factors facilitating or hindering learning transfer within the case study companies, the ability to manage the training process and cultural values were the most influential. The research study also introduced two refined frameworks for training evaluation, aimed at small family and larger private businesses respectively. These refined frameworks incorporate not only the spirit of simplicity and practicality of Kirkpatrick’s framework but also relevant contextual factors. These frameworks are, therefore, able to serve as evaluation tools to reveal both training outcomes and spot the opportunities to further improve management of training. The experience and process of developing the frameworks gained in this research may assist future researchers when undertaking training evaluation in other business contexts.

Depuis la Réforme économique en 1986, Hô Chi Minh-ville (HCMV) et particulièrement son centre (correspondant à l'ancienne Saigon) connaissent un boom de la construction, dans lequel les interventions du secteur privé jouent un rôle primordial. Or, Saigon, désormais partie de la métropole du Sud du Vietnam, possède un cadre bâti riche, formé par les modes de construction résultant d'une accumulation de cultures urbaines variées qui ont chacune laissé dans la ville leurs traces matérielles ; mais cet espace urbain complexe se trouve aujourd'hui mis en question par l'intense mouvement de construction que les institutions d'urbanisme vietnamiennes avec leurs outils (plans et projets d'urbanisme, documents législatifs et administratifs, programmes urbaines) semblent avoir peine à maîtriser. L'étude des mutations urbaines de cet espace à partir de leurs acteurs et vecteurs conduit cette recherche à une confrontation des outils d'urbanisme à leurs effets sur les transformations typo-morphologiques introduites par les initiatives privées dans le centre de HCMV, à travers l'histoire de sa construction urbaine depuis l'époque coloniale jusqu'à nos jours / Since the Economic Reform in 1986, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and its center (corresponding to the ancient Saigon) have in particular experienced a boom in construction, in which the private sector plays the key role. In addition, the city of Saigon, now part of the metropolis of south of Vietnam, has a rich urban structure formed by methods of construction which result from an accumulation of various urban cultures, each of them leaving material traces - a complex urban space now challenged by intense movement of construction which the Vietnamese planning institutions with their tools (plans and urban projects, legislative and administrative documents, urban programs) have not been effective in controlling. By studying the urban change of this space through its actors and vectors, this research leads us to a comparison of planning tools and their effects on the typo-morphological transformations introduced by private initiatives in the center of HCMC, through its history of urban construction since the colonial period until today