This thesis considers the anonymously published Epistola de terrae motu and the question of its authorship. The authorship of this treatise was attributed to G. J. Rheticus by Reijer Hooykaas in a publication released in 1984; however, that attribution is not decisive. The first chapter introduces De terrae motu and is followed by a second chapter that contains a review of the relevant historiography relating to scholarship on Rheticus. The third chapter presents Rheticus’ biography. The fourth chapter considers the inconclusive reasoning for the attribution of authorship to Rheticus. The fifth and sixth chapters consider the environment of scriptural hermeneutics in the early modern period, both theoretically and with recourse to specific texts, respectively. The seventh chapter concludes this thesis with a synthesis of the arguments herein which ultimately indicate that it is conceivable that Rheticus wrote De terrae motu but an early seventeenth-century Catholic author is more likely.

The theme of this thesis is the significance of Holy Scripture for the life of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; the main emphasis is on the influence of the Old Testament. This work thus deals with the translation of the Holy Scriptures into the classical Ethiopic and peculiarities of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church canon compared with other canons of the Church. In this case the emphasis is on the Book of Enoch and the Book of Jubilees and the impact of these books on the life of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. It also deals with the tradition of commenting on Holy Scripture in the Ethiopian ambience and the particular elements of the life of the Ethiopian Church, which can be linked with the Old Testament and Jewish tradition.

La théologie naît de la parole de Dieu. Elle doit donc expliciter ce qui caractérise la parole de Dieu. Or, c’est dans le Christ que Dieu s’adresse en personne aux hommes. Il est en outre nécessaire de préciser quelle philosophie de la parole est capable de servir d’instrument à cette réflexion théologique. Dans le Christ, parole et geste sont relatifs à son Je Suis divin et sont portés par une intention et un jugement nouveaux, divins. On reprend ainsi quelques questions fondamentales : foi et intelligence ; histoire et métaphysique ; théologie et mystique : en terre chrétienne, elles sont inséparables et une sagesse théologique demande d’être à la fois savoureuse et rigoureuse du point de vue de la vérité ; ce qui le permet est une philosophie qui explicite la cause finale grâce à l’amour. Enfin, on aborde l’unité et l’organisation de la théologie : c’est à partir du Christ que s’explicite l’ordre de la théologie dans le développement organique de ses parties. / Theology flows from the word of God. Its task, therefore, is to explicate what characterises that word. In Christ, God speaks in person to mankind, which is why we need to establish which philosophy of the human word is capable of serving theological reflection. Christ’s words and actions are relative to His divine I Am ; his words and actions are carried by a new, divine judgement and intention. This brings us to some fundamental questions : faith and intelligence ; history and metaphysics ; theology and the mystical. These pairs are inseparable in Christianity. A theological wisdom must be both appealing and rigorous as regards the truth ; what is it that allows it to be just that ? A philosophy which, thanks to love, explicates the final cause. Finally, we look at the unity and the organisation of theology : Christ himself determines the order of theology in the organic development of its different areas.

The thesis summarizes the biblical teaching on God's mercy. Its aim is to describe demonstrations of mercy in stories of the Old and New Testament and ground the truthfulness of the aforesaid God's attribute. With the acquired information the thesis designates mercy also an important human characteristic, which derives from those shown works of mercy. The empirical section presents a set of data obtained from various denomination of the Church. The data show miscellaneous notions of mercy among practicing Christians. The thesis also investigates how Christians perceive God's mercy, whether it is a dominant trait of God or not, and how often are the works of mercy in reality.

This work that called How to orientate social relationships in the crisis period? is concerned with works of three chosen authors of European philosophical phenomenological tradition in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. They are Zygmunt Bauman (Pole), Byung-Chul Han (Korean living in Europe for longer time) and Anna Hogenová (Czech). This work has built according to uniform scheme for all three authors. It presents their life and work shortly then presents their ideas and conceptions in a longer face. It also presents response of their works by chosen authors from The Czech Republic and foreigners. Important ideas and conceptions have to serve as a possible way in a help for social work and also for description, analysis, possible development and solution of problems that arise in the crisis period or - as well as told with Bauman - in liquid times. This work has written i terms of Christian Crisis and Pastoral Work - Diaconia so it contents also reference to this subject of study. This work derives from works of three main authors and from works of next ones, too. An important part is a work with Holy Scripture.

Ce travail propose une présentation de l’icône orthodoxe à partir de la notion d’« Évangile ». En analysant la portée détenue par l’Écriture Sainte en théologie occidentale, il a été possible de présenter l’Évangile comme la Bonne Nouvelle du salut réalisé par le Christ. L’Évangile se donne aux humains dans leur existence terrestre par diverses médiations prises du monde et qui deviennent porteuses de grâce dans leur corporéité même. L’icône est décrite comme porteuse d’Évangile en analogie avec le rôle et la place accordés à l’Écriture Sainte dans différentes traditions chrétiennes. L’icône et l’Écriture sont des formes de parole et peuvent être reconnues, dans la foi, comme des formes de la Parole de Dieu. Outre le fait d’être vecteurs de grâce, d’autres traits rapprochent l’icône et l’Écriture : la corporéité, une note de relativité, l’annonce correcte seulement dans un contexte ecclésial, le témoignage de l’événement de l’Incarnation auquel elles renvoient et dont elles dépendent. / This work provides an approach to the icon starting from the notion of « Gospel ». An analysis of the importance of the Holy Scripture in the western theology allows us to present the Gospel as the Good News of the salvation accomplished by Christ for the humankind. The Gospel is conveyed to the human being in his daily life through various means. These means are mediations taken from the creation and they become grace bearers through their very corporeity. Following an analogy with the role and the importance given to the Holy Scripture throughout different Christian traditions, the icon is described as a « Gospel bearer ». The icon and the Scripture are both a form of the word and they can both be recognized, through faith, as a form of the Word of God. Besides being vectors of grace, the icon and the Scripture share other common characteristics: the corporeity, some amount of relativity, the correct proclamation in the church only, and the witness of the event of the Incarnation.

The main goal and the content of the dissertation is to compare two different approaches to the Holy Scripture. To achieve this goal and to make out beforehand four-part assumptions in the conclusion is in the first part of this work defined the term of hermeneutics, then the relationship between hermeneutics and mission of both churches under examination is elaborated. The second part of the work, on the basis of studied literature, deals with research in the field of hermeneutics and exegesis history, with explanation of terms and backround, with outline of types of hermeneutics and principles of exegesis of the biblical text. This part is closed with the specification and description of the hermeneutical principles used by both chosen churches nowadays. The final third part deals with the practical comparison of one doctrinal topic - the day of worship and rest. This part is closed by the searching for reasons why the studied churches have come to different theological conclusions and instruments the change was achieved by.

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Composé à la fin de 406, le Commentaire sur Osée de Jérôme de Stridon (c. 347-419/420) se trouve à la charnière entre ses commentaires bibliques sur les Petits et les Grands prophètes. Au sein de ce vaste projet exégétique, l’ouvrage constitue un bon exemple d’une herméneutique désormais bien maîtrisée. Avec un fort souci de cohérence, l’exégète y déploie l’interprétation littérale essentiellement historique pour lancer l’interprétation spirituelle déclinée en deux sens, l’un anti-hérétique, l’autre mystique, tous deux présentés comme fondamentaux pour comprendre le livre d’Osée. L’œuvre constitue également un témoin clé pour saisir l’importance de la typologie, christocentrique et ecclésiale, pour expliquer les Prophètes selon Jérôme. Du reste, l’ouvrage n’a fait l’objet d’aucune recherche approfondie tant sur son contenu que sur son texte. Aussi, des recherches philologiques inédites ont permis d’établir l’histoire de la transmission manuscrite et de proposer les prémices d’une édition scientifique du texte. / Written in the end of 406, the Comment on Hosea by Jerome of Stridon (c. 347-419/420) is the transition between its biblical comments on Minor and Major Prophets. Within this vast exegetical project, the work constitutes a good example of an hermeneutics well mastered. With a strong concern of coherence, the exegete displays the essentially historic literal interpretation to introduce the spiritual interpretation declined in two senses, the one anti-heretic, the other one mystic, both presented as fundamental to understand the book of Hosea. The work also constitutes a key witness to seize the importance of the typology, both centered on Jesus Christ and his Church, to explain the Prophets according to Jerome.Besides, the work was the object of no in-depth research both on its contents and on its text. So, new philological researches allowed to establish the handwritten transmission and to propose the first elements of a scientific edition of the text.

La thèse s’attache à mettre au jour la manière dont Descartes envisage le rapport de sa philosophie avec le christianisme, en montrant que l’articulation cartésienne de la raison et de la foi trouve son sens dans une séparation non contradictoire qui aboutit à un accord. Descartes apparaît soucieux d’instaurer des principes philosophiques novateurs qui, tout en prenant le contre-pied de ceux d’Aristote promulgués par la scolastique, s’accordent avec le christianisme.La thèse retient deux champs d’investigation pour étudier le sens d’un tel accord et le rapport au christianisme qu’il implique. D’une part, la théorie eucharistique cartésienne : Descartes élabore, à l’aune de ses propres principes physiques, deux explications du sacrement central de la foi chrétienne. Supplantant le modèle scolastique basé sur les principes aristotélico-thomistes, les explications sont destinées à se conformer aux décrets du Magistère (le concile de Trente), tout en protégeant le dogme catholique des attaques protestantes, en lui apportant un gain de rationalité. D’autre part, la morale cartésienne, tenue généralement pour absente du corpus cartésien : la thèse s’emploie à la reconstruire, par le prisme de la Correspondance et des Passions de l’âme. Nommée une « morale du contentement », de par la recherche philosophique de la vie heureuse ici-bas, la morale cartésienne se partage en deux axes : le souverain bien, résidant dans le bon usage du libre arbitre par lequel l’homme porte l’image et la ressemblance de Dieu, et la maîtrise des passions, dont la clef de voûte réside dans la passion-vertu de la générosité. Or, la morale manifeste, à un autre niveau que l’eucharistie, un effort d’articulation avec le christianisme qui se cristallise notamment dans plusieurs points forts, analysés par la thèse : la conception cartésienne de la providence, dans sa dimension générale et particulière, qui engage la soumission libre et joyeuse du sujet, illustrant une expérience proprement religieuse ; l’étendue de l’univers qui révoque l’anthropocentrisme tout en célébrant la gloire de Dieu ; l’immortalité de l’âme, ouvrant vers une autre vie, tout en étant dirigée vers la valorisation de la vie ici-bas ; l’image de Dieu qui rayonne dans le bon usage du libre arbitre, seule source d’une juste estime de soi ; la passion vertu de la générosité qui, incitant à préférer les autres à soi dans un amour d’amitié, peut tenir lieu de transposition philosophique de la charité chrétienne.Ainsi eucharistie et morale traduisent-elles deux grandes significations de l’accord, reflétant deux modalités d’articulation entre la philosophie cartésienne et le christianisme : d’un côté, la recherche d’une conformité au dogme ; de l’autre, la philosophie, se faisant plus ambitieuse, donne une compréhension du christianisme à partir de la manière dont elle interprète, selon ses propres présupposés, certains éléments partagés par la raison et la foi (Dieu et ses attributs, immortalité de l’âme, rapport à l’autre). A ce titre, la thèse entend renouveler les études sur la « pensée religieuse » de Descartes : le grand mérite de la pensée cartésienne est de mettre en oeuvre, sur la base d’une séparation préalable entre raison et foi, un accord qui ne se joue pas dans le même sens, tout en veillant à ne jamais outrepasser son domaine, en n’envisageant ni le salut ni la grâce, laissés à la théologie. / The thesis brings into light the manner in which Descartes considers the relationship between his philosophy and Christianity through showing that the Cartesian articulation of reason and faith finds its meaning in a non-contradictory separation which leads to an agreement. When analysing his work, Descartes appears as a philosopher who looks after to establish new concepts which conciliate with Christianity.The thesis focuses two fields of investigation to study the meaning of such an agreement and the relationship to Christianity that it involves. On one hand, there is the Cartesian Eucharistic theory: Descartes elaborates, in the light of his own physical principles, two explanations of the central sacrament of the Christian faith. The thesis points out the original purpose of the explanations. In brief, they are not only intended to supplant the scholastic model based on the Aristotelian principles but also to conform to the decrees of the Magisterium (the Council of Trent), amid protecting the Catholic dogma from Protestant attacks, bringing it a gain of rationality. On the other hand, there is the Cartesian morality, which is considered traditionally as absent of the Cartesian corpus. The thesis reconstructs the Cartesian moral theory using the Correspondence and Passions of the soul. Described as a "moral of contentment", due to the Philosophical research of “the happy life” here below, the Cartesian moral theory is divided into two axes. The first being the Sovereign Good, which consists in the right use of free will, and the second being the mastery of passions, where the keystone is the passion-virtue of generosity. The Cartesian moral theory manifests an effort to articulate with Christianity, which is illustrated in particular in several strong points which are analysed by the thesis: the Cartesian conception of providence in its general and particular dimension, and how it implies the free and joyful submission of the subject; the extent of the universe, which revokes anthropocentrism while celebrating the glory of God; the topic of the immortality of the soul, which opens up another life while valorising the current life; the image of God, which shines in the right use of free will, only source of the self-esteem; the passion of generosity, which incites one to prefer other people rather than the self in a love of friendship and can be a philosophical transposition of Christian charity.Thus Eucharist and moral translate two great meanings of the agreement, reflecting two modalitiesof articulation between Cartesian philosophy and Christianity. From one side, the search for conformity with dogma. From the other, philosophy, becoming more ambitious over time, gives an understanding of Christianity based on its own interpretation of some elements shared by reason and faith (God and his attributes, immortality of soul, relationship to other). For this reason, the thesis intends to renew the studies on the Descartes' religious thought: the great merit of Cartesian thought is to institute, on the basis of a prior separation between reason and faith, an agreement which has a variable meaning, while taking care not to go beyond his domain, Descartes giving up the salvation and the grace to theology.