Les études internationales portant sur la violence et l’homicide se sont principalement intéressées aux aspects socioéconomiques comme la pauvreté, les inégalités ou la composition démographique. Bien que de nombreux résultats intéressants soient ressortis de ces études, les notions sociopolitiques sont rarement abordées de manière détaillée. L’objectif de la présente étude est d’identifier les éléments caractérisant la gouvernance étatique qui sont en lien avec les variations du niveau d’homicides des différents pays du monde. L’attention est portée sur diverses dimensions du politique, notamment celles du pluralisme politique et de la gouvernance, tant au niveau exécutif que judiciaire. Par ailleurs, les notions de violence politique ainsi que la liberté d’expression et de presse sont également abordées. Les données utilisées pour comprendre les liens entre le politique et l’homicide proviennent de l’Enquête mondiale sur l’homicide (Voir Ouimet, 2015), ainsi que celles d’autres grands organismes mondiaux. Des analyses statistiques bivariées et multivariées sont effectuées sur 150 pays du monde. Les principaux résultats montrent que la légitimité de la gouvernance exécutive et judiciaire est statistiquement liée aux variations du taux d’homicides des pays du monde lorsque les aspects économiques sont contrôlés. / International studies on violence and homicide have mainly focus on socioeconomic aspects such as poverty, inequality or demographic composition. Although many interesting findings emerged from these studies, sociopolitical notions are rarely discussed in detail. The objective of this study is therefore to identify the elements of state governance that are related to the homicide level variation in different countries of the world. Attention is drawn to various political dimensions, including political pluralism along with executive and judicial governance. Moreover, political violence as well as freedom of expression and press are also addressed. The data used to understand the relation between politics and homicides mainly come from the World homicide survey (see Ouimet, 2015) and other major international organisations. Bivariate and multivariate statistical analyzes are carried out on 150 different countries. Main results show that the legitimacy of executive and judicial governance is statistically related to variations in the homicide rate in countries when economic aspects are controlled.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis examines the role of emotion in the criminal law. It identifies the current understanding of emotion in the law, and challenges this understanding as it is revealed in the rules of criminal liability. It offers a new approach to understanding emotion which has important implications for the grounds of legal knowledge, the structure of the rules of criminal liability, and the process of judgment. Chapter One reviews theoretical approaches to understanding emotion in philosophy, psychology and law. The chapter introduces a number of theoretical approaches to analyzing emotion, focusing particularly on the development in the understanding of the relationship between emotion and reason. Chapter Two examines models of moral and legal responsibility to identify their implicit understanding of emotion. Chapter Three focuses on the role of emotion in the rules of criminal liability, and, in particular, in the criminal defences of provocation, duress and self-defence. The law understands emotion to be an entity explainable in terms of the 'mechanisms' of'cognition' and 'affect' which underpin it. The chapter argues that the law adopts a different and conflicting understanding of these mechanisms in the rules of criminal liability, and that these differences have important normative implications. Chapter Four challenges the grounds of knowledge upon which assessments of criminal liability are based. Emotion becomes a metaphor for the need to reconceive the rules of criminal liability and the process of judgment. The chapter adopts a social constructionist approach to understanding emotion. Using this approach, it reassesses the role of emotion in the criminal defences of provocation, self-defence and duress, and explains the process of judgment as an emotional phenomenon. The thesis concludes that a constructionist approach to understanding emotion is well suited to the assessment of conduct in its spatial, historical and cultural context; and for this reason ought to be emphasized in the legal assessment of liability and punishment. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

Siguiendo la tendencia de otros países de la región, el feminici­dio —el asesinato de mujeres por razones de género— ha sido incorporado en la legislación peruana como un tipo penal. Dicha inclusión es resultado del interés del Estado y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil en producir políticas dirigidas a reducir la violen­cia de género, y ha marchado en correlato a un discurso sobre «el aumento del feminicidio» y a la aparición sistemática de noticias mediáticas e informes oficiales que advierten sobre su crecimiento exponencial. Este artículo muestra la situación del feminicidio en el Perú a través de una perspectiva comparada. El objetivo es dar cuenta de la incidencia del feminicidio en términos sociométricos y mostrar que no se trata de un fenómeno en crecimiento exponencial en términos epidemiológicos. Esto en función de reconocer dos problemas: por un lado, la manera de construir indicadores para cifras de registro criminal y sus formas de medición; por otro, para dar cuenta de la importancia de este fenómeno en una estructura de violencia más compleja y extendida. / Like other countries in the region, femicide—the gender-based murdering of women—has been incorporated into Peruvian law as a criminal offense. This inclusion is the result of the government and civil society organizations interest in producing policies aimed at reducing gender-based violence, and it has emerged as a result of a debate regarding «the increase in femicide» and the systematic appearance of media stories and official reports warning of an exponential growth. This article focuses upon the problem of femicide in Peru through a comparative approach. The aim is to account for the incidence of femicide in sociometric terms and demonstrate that this is not a phenomenon of exponential growth in epidemiological terms. This is achieved through the recognition of two issues: on the one hand, the way indicators are produced for criminal record figures and the ways these are measured; and on the other hand, through recognition of the importance of the significance of this phenomenon within a more complex and broader structure of violence.

Anthropological studies of community structures and human relationships of today's societies are becoming increasingly important for crime analysis. Law enforcement agencies are often challenged with the task of connecting multiple locations to persons involved in crimes to solve cases. Using the structures of the target communities and the social relationship between the victim and offender, spatial distributions of crimes can be reconstructed. Data used in this analysis were collected from Hillsborough County, Florida (n=420) and Lancaster County, Nebraska (n=48) law enforcement agencies within the years 1997-2007. The hypothesis of this paper is: if the social relationship between the victim and offender affect the spatial distribution of significant locations in a criminal homicide, then by exploiting the relationship of the involved individuals, can one acknowledge the possibility of generalized spatial configurations, depending on the type of community in which it occurred? Geographic distance results are cross-referenced to the relationship of the perpetrator to the victim, and scrutinized with frequencies, chi-square tests, cross-tabulations, correlations, mean comparison, and descriptive statistics. Results show similar frequencies of social relationship categories and the frequencies of victim and offender sex. However, the mechanism of death, victim and offender age differences, victim precipitation, and offender ancestries of domestic homicides, co-habitation cases, and distances between locations differ between the two communities. These variables' frequencies and patterns show some variation between the two regional settings. The goal of this paper is to identify the variables, through assessing community structures and social relationships, which affect the rates of social violence.

The study of serial killer collaboration has received little attention in academia. While current explanatory theories of serial homicide can include subtypes of serial killers that operate alone, the study of collaborating serial killers has been neglected. In this paper, an integrated, explanatory theory of serial killer collaboration is proposed. The theory builds on concepts from social learning theory, the trauma control model, and relational self theory and aims to examine what interpersonal dynamics that characterize the partnerships of collaborating serial killers. Five cases of collaborating serial killers have been analyzed and compared with focus on individual life histories and how these are reflected in the interpersonal dynamics in serial killer collaboration. The study found that serial killer collaboration is fundamentally characterized by a mutual need for human connection and approval, and that sociocultural role expectations affect the interpersonal dynamics of collaborating serial killers in terms of dominance, victim-preference, victim-acquisition, and method of murder.

Methodology of investigating specific homicides (focused on staged suicides) This diploma thesis deals with the methodology of investigating homicides and suicides, it determines the common and divergent traces left on a victim's body as well as on a crime scene and examines circumstances which motivate a perpetrator to stage a suicide. Last but not least, the thesis describes specific features of individual investigative acts. The aim of the thesis is not to bring a summary of the methodology of homicide investigation but it aims to draw the attention to the procedures typical for the investigation of murders which appear to be suicides and describes the ways how to distinguish staged suicides from the real ones. The thesis consists of six chapters. The first three chapters sum up the definitions of the terms homicide and suicide in criminal law and criminology, examine the circumstances prompting a murder perpetrator to stage a suicide, and describe the typical ways of committing homicides and suicides. The fourth chapter, which examines the important traces left on a victim's body and a crime scene, forms the core of the thesis. It brings the overview of the common and divergent traces in homicide and suicide cases and also the most frequently manipulated and faked traces in staged cases. The...

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It is generally believed that a victim of an intimate partner homicide, who faced ongoing physical violence prior to the killing, would have contacted authorities for assistance or protection some time prior to their death. However, the results of this study show that this notion that a victim of ongoing abuse will, more than likely, request help is a misconception. Through qualitative and quantitative methods analysis, this study reveals the dearth of prior reporting of physical violence to law enforcement or the court when an intimate partner homicide takes place between heterosexual spouses in Florida between 2006 and 2016. Additionally, "coercive control," a term that is not nearly as recognizable as domestic violence or intimate partner violence but that should be understood and regulated, was conceptualized and operationalized using NVivo Pro 12, a qualitative social sciences software package. By constructing an original data set from secondary data from the Florida Department of Law Enforcement Uniform Crime Report Supplemental Homicide Report, multiple law enforcement agencies from throughout the state of Florida, and many Florida county courthouses, variables of intimate partner homicide were analyzed in unique quantitative models using IBM SPSS, an advanced statistical software analysis program. Also, as part of the content analysis process, Petitions for Injunction for Protection against Domestic Violence were organized, coded, and analyzed to provide insight into the role coercive control takes prior to an intimate partner homicide. This study sheds light on the fact that the emphasis on physical violence in intimate partner abuse, rather than the non-violent tactics of coercive control, for lethality risk assessments for intimate partner violence victims is misplaced and warrants reconsideration.

Lethality of aggravated assaults has long been discussed in terms of weapons used, location of assault, demographics of victims, and regions of the US in which the assault occurred. However, dating back to the 1950s, medical response times have been discussed as a mediating factor, but minimally explored in analyses. The current study assesses the lethality of shootings with a primary focus on emergency medical and police response times in New Orleans, LA. Along with routine activities and social disorganization indicators, 102 shootings that occurred in 3 months are analyzed to establish response time patterns of lethality. Results indicate that neither medical nor police response times impact the odds of a victim surviving a shooting, but instead, it is the days on which the violent encounters occur and the socioeconomic characteristics of the neighborhood that have a stronger influence on life or death, although not statistically significant. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.