The study sought to investigate the factors influencing the contents of antiretroviral therapy (ART) reports in the Amathole Health District of the Eastern Cape Province. A qualitative and quantitative study was conducted to assess the challenges that inhibit this phenomenon. Structurally, the population consists of Amahlati and Nkonkobe sub-districts. Operational managers, information officers, professional nurses, data capturers, and administration clerks were randomly selected from sixteen facilities. Data collection was done on semi-structured interviews, questionnaires; observations were done using the probability sampling method, and the findings were analysed according to the same technique. The study revealed that the District Health Information System (DHIS) is the universal data management and reporting system which all healthcare and ART facilities are using to manage ART. However, regardless of all these universal arrangements such as the use of the DHIS to aid in reporting, the contents of ART reports from various facilities have not been uniform due to various factors. There is a lack of a reliable network to link DHIS computers across facilities. The shift from paper-based to electronic data management has caused the difficulties in the collating and management of ART data since some facilities are manual paper- based while others are automated using the modern DHIS. Lack of daily capturing and validation is a major challenge across the ART facilities. Further, there are Non-Governmental Organisations(NGOs) such as AFRICARE and the IYDSA that have signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the district to provide a budgetary support for staff training in data management of ART reports in the district. While the NGOs keep on assisting the ART facilities with data management, there is a lack of skills transfer. The district could not account on follow-up of ART patients from one facility to another. This is increasing the number of defaulting in ART patients, thus there is no accurate figures on retention of patients in ART Programme. The officials from ART sites tend to use their own transport to carry data from facilities to the district offices and this resulted in late submission of reports. The study thus recommends that, inter alia, data management and trainings should be done to improve data quality in reporting, a reliable computer network be installed, backed-up and maintained for data and report management in the all healthcare facilities. All the ART sites should adopt and use the automated data management system for universality and eliminating the faults of manual paper data management and reporting. This would ensure that the contents of ART reports are uniform and a true reflection of the situation on the ground towards universal access to ART and healthcare in the Amathole Health District, and South Africa at large.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-11-26T14:53:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Josevane Aparecida Barbosa Domingos.pdf: 936906 bytes, checksum: 1c24cff04754caf66233afb1657e9254 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T14:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josevane Aparecida Barbosa Domingos.pdf: 936906 bytes, checksum: 1c24cff04754caf66233afb1657e9254 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-20 / The fragmentation of the network and the lack of communication of the health services lead users to a pilgrimage for health care, yet when the beneficiaries feel secure in a service, in many cases it is not able to meet all the demands that the health-disease process requires. Thinking about cancer patients, these are perhaps the ones most dependent on holistic care and an interconnected network. The objective of this study was to study the network restructuring of a supplementary health care provider, who has been implementing vertical structure in the oncological health service offered. The qualitative and quantitative approaches were adopted and the method was a single case study. In the qualitative approach, structured interviews were carried out, elaborated by a construct based on assumptions and in the theoretical reference with the managers directly involved in the vertical structure implementation. For the evaluation of the data and compilation of the results we used the content analysis, where grouping the questions by similarity categories were created. Since the health care provider has a wide network of providers in the city of São Paulo, who attend cancer patients, and requests for chemotherapy demand from these various providers and each provider practices a different value for similar care, not always contemplating all the needs of the patients, in the quantitative approach was carried out a survey of the chemotherapy requests from December 2017 to February 2018 for patients with breast and prostate cancer and compared the value of chemotherapy in network of providers and in own service. This comparison was analyzed with the help of microsoft® excel software for windows 2007. The results obtained demonstrate that the infusion of chemotherapy in service for treatment of breast and prostate cancer can be 17% and 7%, respectively, cheaper than the same service offered in an outsourced network, and that the implementation of the vertical structure in health provides a greater integration among the professionals involved, greater care responsibility and provides knowledge exchange which strengthens the service provided. / A fragmentação da rede e a falta de comunicação dos serviços de saúde levam usuários a uma peregrinação por atendimento de saúde, ainda assim, quando os beneficiários se sentem seguros em um serviço, por muitas vezes esse não é capaz de suprir todas as demandas que o processo saúde-doença exige. Pensando em pacientes oncológicos, esses sejam talvez, os que mais dependem de um cuidado holístico e de uma rede interligada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a reestruturação de rede de uma operadora de saúde suplementar, que vem implementando estrutura vertical no serviço oncológico de saúde oferecido. Foram adotadas as abordagens - qualitativa e quantitativa - e o método, um estudo de caso único. Na abordagem qualitativa foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas, elaboradas por um construto baseado em pressupostos e no referencial teórico com os gestores diretamente envolvidos na implantação da estrutura vertical. Para a avaliação dos dados e compilação dos resultados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo, onde agrupando as perguntas por semelhança foram criadas categorias. Uma vez que a operadora de saúde possui uma rede de prestadores ampla na cidade de São Paulo, que atendem pacientes oncológicos, e as solicitações de quimioterapia demandam desses diversos prestadores e cada prestador pratica um valor diferente para atendimento assemelhado, nem sempre contemplando todas as necessidades dos pacientes, na abordagem quantitativa foi realizado levantamento das solicitações de quimioterapia de dezembro de 2017 a fevereiro de 2018 para pacientes com câncer de mama e próstata e comparado o valor da quimioterapia em rede de prestadores e em serviço próprio. Esse comparativo foi analisado com o auxílio do software microsoft® Excel para Windows 2007. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a infusão de quimioterápicos em serviço próprio para tratamento de câncer de mama e próstata pode ser 17% e 7% respectivamente mais barato que o mesmo serviço oferecido em rede terceirizada, e que a implantação da estrutura vertical em saúde proporciona uma maior integração entre os profissionais envolvidos, maior responsabilidade assistencial e propicia a troca de conhecimentos, o que fortalece o serviço prestado.

The purpose of this current study is to examine the impact of non-pharmacologic pain interventions administered by trained Child Life professionals in an emergency department on pain perception in children. Results showed no significant decrease in children's pain report during the medical procedure compared to before the medical procedure. However, pain after the medical procedure is significantly less than pain during the medical procedure.

MCur / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Nursing students’ absenteeism has become a very serious concern in every higher educational institution in the whole world especially those of nursing. This study was conducted to investigate factors leading to student nurses’ absenteeism in Limpopo College of Nursing during Psychiatric Nursing Science clinical placement. A quantitative approach using descriptive design was used. Purposive sampling method was used to get a sample of two hundred and six (206) of students who have absented themselves before. Data was collected through a self-report scale in the form of questionnaires of structured questions, entered and analysed using SPSS version 24. Ethical considerations were adhered to throughout. The correlation between clinical factors and absenteeism was determined. The main reported factors for absenteeism were: student nurses being treated as a workforce in the clinical areas; shortage of staff in the clinical areas; study for tests and examinations; inadequate supervision of student nurses by professional nurses; and being inconsiderate of student nurses request for days off in the clinical area. This study recommends that the college should make a provision of one week of study for student nurses between the period of clinical placement and tests or final examinations as most of the respondents indicated that they absent themselves due to study for tests and examinations. The Department of Health should find a way of not overworking students due to shortage of staff in the wards but consider them for experiential learning. A research study should be conducted to develop a model to reduce student nurses absenteeism. / NRF

The contribution of Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC) in reducing maternal mortality in Ethiopia is very minimal as evidenced by poor provision and low utilization of EmOC. Client centred EmOC provision improves the provision and utilization of EmOC; leading to the treatment of the majority of obstetric complications which are the main causes of maternal mortality. This study describes clients’ views and perspectives concerning the quality of EmOC provision in Ethiopian public health facilities. An explorative and descriptive phenomenological qualitative study design was used in the study in order to explore and describe the lived experiences of clients with EmOC services. Key informant interviews with women who had direct obstetric complications and received EmOC at three public health facilities in Addis Ababa generated rich data on their lived experiences. Content analysis was used to analyze the data as it complies with the phenomenological data analysis and Atlas ti version 6.2 qualitative data analysis software was employed. The findings revealed that quality EmOC is a welcoming, life-saving timely care given in a clean environment with humility, respect, equal treatment and encouragement. It is care that is safe for the client, technically sound, responsive and meets clients’ needs and expectations. Accessibility of life saving care at all time and collaborative and coordinated care created good experiences for the clients. The causes of clients’ disappointment with the provision of EmOC were higher expectations from female providers, underestimation by providers, non responsive providers, and ethical misconduct by providers such as mocking, insulting, yelling, advantage taking providers, undelivered promises by providers, expectation with place of delivery, expectation with newborn care and a limited number of health workers attending delivery. Discrimination, high cost of care and asking client to buy drugs and supplies and referrals from centres, are some of the barriers on r the use of EmOC at public health facilities. The provision of EmOC is constrained by overloaded staffs, shortage of space to accommodate clients and inadequate number of beds. In conclusion, clients have expectations and experiences of provision of EmOC that influence their future decision to seek care. Finally, a client centred guideline for the provision of client centred EmOC provision was developed. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Bakgrund: Att ge andlig omvårdnad ligger i sjuksköterskans ansvar. Trots alltmer forskning som visar att en tillfredställande andlig omvårdnad har positiv inverkan på hälsa, har detta dock ofta försummats inom vården. Begreppet andlighet kan ha olika betydelser och behöver därför uppfattas i sin bredd. Syfte: Beskriva vuxna patienters (18+) upplevelse av andlig omvårdnad inom somatisk slutenvård. Metod: En integrativ översikt bestående av nio kvalitativa originalartiklar från USA, Singapore, Kanada, Nederländerna, Iran och Australien. Data samlades genom CINAHL, Medline och manuell sökning. Analys gjordes efter inspiration av Friberg och Whittemore och Knafl analysmodeller. Resultat: Andlig omvårdnad kunde av patienterna upplevas positiv, negativ eller obefintlig beroende på olika faktorer. Patienterna i studien upplevde andlig omvårdnad genom att få möjlighet till uttryck av sin andlighet, genom att få möjlighet till relationer, genom att få ha sin värdighet i behåll och genom sjuksköterskans närvaro. Andlig omvårdnad ska utföras utifrån en personcentrerad vård eftersom uttryck av andlighet kan variera mellan individer. Slutsats: För att kunna prata om andlig omvårdnad behöver både personalen och patienter ha förståelse för vad andlighet kan innebära. Sjuksköterskan behöver få kunskap och verktyg för att lätt kunna införa andlig omvårdnad i sitt arbete och känna sig trygg med att utföra en holistisk vård dvs att se hela människan. Detta skulle resulterar i mer tillfreställda patienter.

Pražské nemocnice v letech 1948-1968 Ing. Mgr. Kateřina Murtingerová Summary: This work presents a development of Prague hospitals during 1948 and 1968. The first part of my thesis describes theoretical and historical background of health care provision in the first half of the 20st century and it is focused on development of Czech healthcare system. This part of thesis also includes reform plans and concepts proposed during the first republic and the Second World War, with special attention to Albert and Nedvěd's plans playing a key role in setting of healthcare provision after the year 1948. The second part of this thesis is based on legislative and institutional analysis after the Second World War that was developing hand in hand with social, political, and economic changes in Czechoslovakia. Important part of this capture is also an assessment of the results of health care provision during 1948-1968 from the perspective of the whole country, including structure and availability of hospital care, demographic trends and population health trends, expenditure of health care provision and preventive measures etc. Thesis also includes historical overview of academic environment. The issue of Prague hospitals and hospital care is framed in the context of institutional and legal framework of health care system...

Le leadership clinique infirmier au point de dispensation des soins est important afin d’assurer des soins de qualité et sécuritaires dans les organisations de santé (ACN, 2015 ; RNAO, 2013). Des études mettent en évidence qu’un leadership exercé par l’ensemble des professionnels de la santé, qui prennent la responsabilité individuelle et collective d’offrir des soins efficaces et de haute qualité, serait plus adapté aux réalités contemporaines des milieux de soins (West et al., 2014 ; West et al., 2015). Or, le leadership clinique des infirmières est, jusqu’à ce jour, étudié selon des rôles spécifiques, ce qui ne permet pas de comprendre comment l’ensemble des infirmières d’une unité de soins exercent leur leadership au point de dispensation des soins. Le but de l’étude était de décrire l’exercice du leadership clinique infirmier dans des unités de soins hospitaliers, les facteurs qui le favorisent et ceux qui le contraignent, ainsi que la perception qu’ont les infirmières des résultats de cet exercice du leadership pour les patients, les infirmières, l’équipe interprofessionnelle et l’organisation. Pour soutenir cette étude, l’adaptation du modèle pour le développement et le maintien du leadership proposé par l’Association des infirmières et infirmiers autorisés de l’Ontario [RNAO] (2013) a été réalisée en y intégrant les pratiques de leadership clinique énoncées par Patrick et al. (2011). Une étude de cas multiple (Stake, 1995; 2016) a été réalisée auprès de trois équipes infirmières dans un centre hospitalier universitaire québécois. L’échantillon (N = 36) se composait de 22 infirmières soignantes, de 7 assistantes infirmières-chefs, de 4 infirmières en pratique avancée et de 3 infirmières-chefs d’unité. Trente-six entrevues, 120 heures d’observation ainsi qu’une analyse documentaire ont été effectuées. Une analyse pour chaque cas (Paillé et Mucchielli, 2016) et transversale (Stake, 2016) a permis la formulation de thèmes et une modélisation de l’exercice du leadership clinique infirmier. Nos résultats indiquent que le leadership clinique infirmier se manifeste sous cinq formes actives, quel que soit le rôle de l’infirmière sur l’unité : 1) prendre des initiatives de l’ordre de la pensée réflexive et de l’intervention ; 2) influencer l’atteinte des objectifs de soins du patient/famille et le développement professionnel des collègues en leur offrant du coaching ; 3) participer et mobiliser ses collègues à contribuer à des activités d’amélioration de la qualité des soins ; 4) s’impliquer afin de promouvoir une synergie et une cohésion d’équipe optimale ; 5) mobiliser des capacités personnelles et collaboratives. Des ressources multiniveaux, une organisation du travail qui prône l’autonomie professionnelle, le leadership clinique ainsi qu’un climat de travail positif seraient favorables à l’exercice du leadership. Finalement, les infirmières perçoivent de multiples résultats positifs (ex. : diminution des complications des patients, développement professionnel des infirmières). Cette étude propose une perspective collective du leadership clinique infirmier dans des unités de soins hospitaliers, met en évidence son effet de levier pour celui-ci ainsi que pour l’atteinte de résultats positifs. Elle propose aussi une modélisation pouvant servir d’outil pragmatique. Plusieurs pistes de réflexion et d’interventions sont présentées pour la gestion, la formation, la recherche et la pratique. / Clinical nursing leadership at the point of delivery of care is important to ensure safe, quality care in health care organizations (ACN, 2015; RNAO, 2013). Recent studies show that a leadership exercised by the entire team of health professionals, taking individual and collective responsibility for providing effective and high quality care, would be more suited to the contemporary realities of care settings (West et al., 2014; West et al., 2015). However, up until now, clinical leadership of nurses has only been studied according to specific roles. This does not allow us to understand how all the nurses working in a care unit exercise their leadership at the point of delivery of care. The aim of the study is to describe the exercise of clinical nursing leadership in the context of hospital care units, the factors that favor and those that constrain it, and how nurses perceive the effects of this exercise of leadership on patients, nurses, the interprofessional team and the organization. To support this study, the conceptual model for the development and maintenance of leadership proposed by the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario [RNAO] (2013) was adapted by incorporating clinical leadership practices identified by Patrick et al. (2011). A multiple case study (Stake, 1995; 2016) was conducted with three nursing teams in a Québec university hospital center. The sample (N = 36) was composed of 22 bedside nurses, 7 assistant unit nurse managers, 4 advanced practice nurses and 3 unit nurse managers. Thirty-six interviews, 120 hours of observation and a documentary analysis were conducted. For each case, an analysis (Paillé and Mucchielli, 2016) and a cross-case analysis (Stake, 2016) permitted to formulate themes and to offer a model of the exercise of clinical nursing leadership. Our results indicate that clinical nursing leadership manifests itself in five forms, regardless of the unit nurse’s role: 1) taking initiatives involving reflective thinking and intervention; 2) influencing the achievement of patient/family care goals and the professional development of colleagues by offering coaching; 3) participating and mobilizing colleagues to contribute to activities that improve the quality of care; 4) becoming involved in order to promote optimal synergy and team cohesion; and 5) mobilizing personal and collaborative capacities. Multilevel resources, a work organization that promotes professional autonomy, clinical leadership, as well as a positive work climate were found to be favorable to the exercise of leadership. Finally, nurses perceive multiple positive results (ex. a decrease in complications for the patients and professional development for the nurses). This study suggests a collective perspective of clinical nursing leadership in hospital care units, it highlights the leverage effect for itself and the achievement of positive outcomes. It also offers a model that could serve as a pragmatic tool. Finally, various suggestions for reflection and intervention are proposed for management, training, research and practice.

Background and purpose. The purpose of the study was to determine the costs incurred on the average length of stay (ALOS) on patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) related illnesses admitted in hospital and whether there are any other significant costs involved. Method. A quantitative approach was used to collect data; analysed; interpretation and report writing. Purposive sampling and data collection was done using data collection sheet. This was a retrospective cost analysis data from in-patients records (record review) of ages from 15 years to 49 years both gender. Data analysis and presentation of information was presented by the use of tables; different types of graphs and the interpretation thereof. Results. The study found that males (63%) with HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) related illnesses had longer average length of stay in a hospital compared to females. However, females illustrated higher in-patient costs but majority of patients had costs of between R0–R17 500. Patients with longer hospital stay (>3 days of hospitalisation) had higher in-patient costs. Conclusion. The findings also showed that in-patient care costs were directly proportional to length of stay with higher costs for HIV and AIDS patient management care. Our findings are consistent with other studies regarding higher economic implications of care for HIV infected persons being almost as twice as people who are HIV negative due to longer periods of hospitalisation. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

The aim of this study was to develop a Gestalt play therapy based hospital preparation program for children undergoing the surgical procedures of grommet insertion, or grommet insertion and adenoidectomy, at Tygerberg Hospital. Literature was reviewed according to relevant topics, namely otitis media in children, Gestalt play therapy, theories of child development, and children's experience of illness and hospitalisation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four subject groups and the data obtained was qualitatively analysed. Research findings were discussed and integrated with reference to the literature. This information was applied in the development of the proposed program. The aim, underlying principles, objectives and components of the program were discussed and guidelines for implementation were provided. The program was implemented and evaluated in a single subject pilot study, which yielded a positive response. Recommendations for both practical implementation in a therapeutic context and further study in a research context were made. OPSOMMING Die doel van hierdie studie was om `n Gestalt spelterapie-gebaseerde hospitaalvoorbereidingsprogram te ontwikkel vir kinders wat die chirurgiese prosedures van ventilasiebuis-plasing of ventilasiebuis-plasing en adenoïdektomie by Tygerberg-hospitaal ondergaan. `n Literatuurstudie is uitgevoer rakende relevante onderwerpe; naamlik, otitis media in kinders, Gestalt spelterapie, kinderontwikkelingsteorieë, en kinders se ervaring van siekte en hospitalisasie. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is met vier subjekgroepe uitgevoer en die data wat verkry is, is kwalitatief geanaliseer. Navorsingsbevindinge is bespreek en geïntegreer met verwysing na die literatuur. Hierdie inligting is toegepas in die ontwikkeling van die voorgestelde program. Die doel, onderliggende beginsels, doelstellings en komponente van die program is bespreek en riglyne vir die implementering daarvan is verskaf. Die program is geïmplimenteer en geëvalueer in `n enkelsubjek loodsstudie, waar `n positiewe respons verkry is. Aanbevelings vir beide praktiese implementering in `n terapeutiese konteks en verdere studie binne navorsingskonteks is gemaak. / Social Work / M.Diac.