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In a world where fuel economy and crash safety is becoming an important factor in the automotive industry, the need for materials with very high strength-to-weight ratio is growing rapidly. One of the materials used for this purpose is the boron steel 22MnB5. Since the material has very high mechanical yield limit it is hard to produce parts using cold forming, which is the standard procedure for sheet metal forming. Therefore, the use of hot stamping is increasing. Hot stamping enables manufacturing of boron steel parts with good dimensional accuracy and low spring back. However, some amount of spring back is still present during the process. In this thesis, spring back of a hot formed 22MnB5 A-pillar is investigated using computer simulations in the software LS-DYNA. The main focus was to develop a process for simulating spring back in hot stamping. The work started with simulations of the forming and quenching stages of the hot stamping process, both on a full size and on a smaller section of the blank. Simultaneously as the simulations, a literature study was also conducted. The literature study was aimed at finding hints and information on how to build the simulations. Furthermore, interviews were made with experts on both LS-DYNA and hot stamping. A process for spring back evaluation was then created and written as an LS-DYNA keywordfile. In the developed spring back simulation, the part is taken out of the press right after the quenching is finished and placed in a space where it can cool and move freely. The simulation is conducted until the part reaches room temperature. After the quenching is done, data containing temperatures, stresses and strains of the part is exported. This data is then included in the spring back simulation where the part is cooled to room temperature. During the cooling, the stresses, strains and temperatures are equalized until the spring back reaches a steady state. The results indicate that the developed method for spring back evaluation can be used to foresee shape deviations for the intended part and process.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund I Sverige är sjuksköterskor en av de mest utsatta yrkesgrupperna när det gäller hot och våld på arbetsplatsen. Tidigare studier har visat att utbildning kring hot och våld samt stöd efter en incident kan påverka hur sjuksköterskorna hanterar en hotfull eller våldsam incident. Dessa studier har dock främst fokuserat på sjukvården i allmänhet eller psykiatrin i allmänhet. Forskning kring hot och vålds påverkan inom rättspsykiatrisk vård är bristfällig. Syfte Att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelse av hot och våld inom den rättspsykiatriska vården samt de konsekvenser som hot och våld kan få för omvårdnaden. Metod Föreliggande studie är baserad på sju intervjuer med sjuksköterskor från två rättspsykiatriska verksamheter i Mellansverige. Intervjuerna har utgått från en semistrukturerad form, sedan har en kvalitativ innehållsanalys gjorts. Resultat Studien resulterade i sju olika kategorier kring sjuksköterskors upplevelse av hot och våld inom rättspsykiatrisk vård: bilden av hot och våld inom rättspsykiatrisk vård, utbildning, stöd vid hot och våld, relation till patienten, preventivt arbete, känslor samt omvårdnaden. Det första huvudfyndet pekar på att återkommande utbildning från arbetsgivarna kring säkerhet och självskydd är bristfällig samt att utbildningen kring psykiatrisk omvårdnad i grundutbildningen för sjuksköterskor anses otillräcklig kring förberedelse att arbeta inom rättspsykiatrisk vård. Det andra huvudfyndet visar på att stödet från kollegor anses vara det viktigaste för att bearbeta en hotfull eller våldsam incident. Stödet från arbetsgivare anses gott men det externa stöd som erbjuds tackas ofta nej till då det anses svårt för utomstående att förstå hur det fungerar inom rättspsykiatrisk vård. Slutsats Kontinuerlig träning kring hantering av hot och våld är bristfällig. Likaså påtalas brister i utbildningen kring psykiatrisk omvårdnad i sjuksköterskans grundutbildning. Otillräcklig utbildning är en riskfaktor för att hot och våld ska uppstå i rättspsykiatrisk vård.

Co-polymer facade materials have recently become a popular option in the building industry as an alternative to glazing. Ethylene Tetra-Fluoro-Ethylene (ETFE) foil has been successfully used in many projects as an innovative solution to energy-conscious design challenges. In addition, the use of ETFE membrane has resulted in significant savings in cost and structural support requirements, compared with conventional glazing, due to its low weight. There is a lack of detailed published data reporting its thermal behaviour. This study focuses on the examination of heat transfer through the ETFE membrane, and more specifically heat loss and solar gains. The document examines the impact of the material on the energy use of a building, as well as thermal comfort and interior conditions. Through field-testing and computer simulations the research evaluates the material’s thermal properties to obtain results that will assist in estimating the suitability of ETFE foil use in comparison to glass. Field-testing is used to perform a comparison of the thermal and energy behaviour of a fritted double ETFE cushion to a double glazed cover. The two experimental devices under examination present nearly identical energy consumption due to heating requirements. The experimental findings are implemented in Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES) and used to identify the necessary steps to accurately reproduce the thermal and energy behaviour associated with both covering materials. Further simulations were undertaken to provide a comparison of several types of ETFE cushions to various types of double glass. More specifically, the types examined are a clear double ETFE roof cover and a fritted double ETFE roof cover in comparison to a standard double glazed roof and a low-E double glazed roof. The roofs covers are examined in relation to energy requirements for both the heating and cooling of a space. Such an assessment of performance will provide information for further investigation to improve the material’s features and optimise energy performance.

<div> <p>The objective of this thesis is to apply high frequency flow measurement technique known as hot wire anemometry to <a>characterize the velocity, turbulence intensity and turbulent length scales in the </a><a></a><a>Purdue Experimental Turbine Aerothermal Lab Rig</a>. Hot wire anemometry has been widely used to characterize velocities and turbulence levels in different environments and using different calibration and post-processing methodologies. In this work, a precise calibration and post-processing method was developed and successfully applied to the state-of-the-art trisonic Purdue Experimental Turbine Aerothermal Lab wind tunnel. The different experimental setups where the turbulence levels were analyzed were fabricated using modern manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing or water cutting. These techniques increase the complexity of the designs to be tested in wind tunnels. Calibration process was then successfully tested in the Purdue Experimental Turbine Aerothermal Lab Rig. Finally, accuracy and sensitivity analysis of the calibration are performed to verify the performance and reliability of the process.</p></div>

<p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur handläggare på försäkringskassan ser på den utsatthet som de själva utsätts för i sin yrkesroll i form av myndighetsutövning kontra hot. För att uppnå syftet har jag använt mig av en kvalitativ metod där jag med hjälp av en hermeneutisk ansats har tolkat resultatet. Totalt genomförde jag fyra stycken intervjuer med handläggare på försäkringskassan, där syftet var att få ta del av deras egen syn på sin arbetssituation. Resultaten visar att handläggarna generellt känner sig trygga i sin roll och att myndighetsutövningen eller rädsla för hot inte är någonting som påverkar deras dagliga arbete. De säger sig ha en distans mellan arbetet och det personliga, och uppger sig inte ha några svårigheter att kombinera dessa två. De två faktorer handläggarna främst upplever som svårigheter i sin yrkesroll är att de ibland känner det svårt att leva upp till rollen som personlig handläggare när arbetsbelastningen är så hög som den är idag samtidigt som de är så starkt begränsade av de tidsregler som satts upp för varje ärende. Den andra faktorn som nämns är att det kan vara påfrestande att lämna negativa besked till klienter. För att få ytterligare förståelse för de resultat som framkom genom intervjuerna, har jag i analysen tagit hjälp av Lipsky och Johanssons teorier om gräsrotsbyråkrati, Hasenfelds människobehandlande organisationer, Foucaults maktbegrepp, samt Webers byråkratibegrepp och idealtyper för handling. De slutsatser jag tillslut drog av studien var att även om handläggarna är väl medvetna om de svåra aspekterna av sitt arbete och att de kan känna att de har en för hög arbetsbelastning och att arbetet ibland kan vara väldigt påfrestande, så verkar det inte vara någonting som påverkar deras dagliga arbete i särskilt hög grad, utan generellt så upplever jag att de har en positiv syn på sitt arbete och att de trivs bra på sina respektive arbetsplatser.</p>

<p>It is common in most areas of psychiatric healthcare that nurses come into contact with threatening and aggressive patients. In order to ensure that healthcare units shall be able to meet the needs of patients and at the same time be certain that the work environment is safe for nurses, it is important to precision what threats and violence actually mean. If threatening and violent situations can be identified before they lead to physically or psychologically damaging encounters, this will save the both patients and nurses unnecessary suffering. <em>The Purpose</em>: was to bring to light nurses’ definitions and experiences of threats and violence and at the same time describe how they perceive daily working enviroment within psychiatry. <em>The Method</em>: the work was built on twenty nurses presently working in various psychiatric clinics. We made use of a data collection method that is built upon semi-structured interviews where we there after, in a sytematic and step by step process, classified the data through qualitative content analysis in order to more easily identify and condense pertinent sentence concepts. We created codes which were then placed into three categories. <em>The Results</em>: are split up into categorys: The precision of threats of violence, the experience of threats, and violence in the workplace. These categories are presented by the codes: threat, violence, sexual harassment, direct threats, the effects of threats, violence in combination with compulsory psychiatric care, the consequences of threats and violence, the acceptance of threats and violence, safety measures, the psychiatric nurses’ work enviroment, and the support of the nurses’ colleagues and the care organisation, were made apparent during the interviews.<strong> </strong><em>The<strong> </strong>Discussion</em>: The majority och nurses enjoy their job and feel safe working at psychiatric clinics and wards, despite that incidents of threats and violence do occur.</p>

This study evaluated the potential of toplighting systems in the hot and humid tropics by using Bangkok, Thailand (latitude 13.7°N) as a test location. The analysis tested both the thermal and lighting performance of three toplighting systems. Toplighting, designed for use in one-story buildings or on the top floor of taller buildings, yields a uniformly distributed light throughout a space. However, in lower latitude locations, where there is no heating period, heat gain is a critical design issue since it significantly affects the annual energy consumption of the building. Accordingly, the decision to use toplighting in these locations needs to be carefully examined before any design considerations occur. In this study, the thermal and lighting performance of three toplighting systems were compared. For the thermal performance, total cooling loads, heat gains and losses, and interior temperature were evaluated. The lighting performance parameters examined were daylight factor, illuminance level, light distribution, and uniformity. EnergyPlus was used as the thermal analysis tool, and RADIANCE, along with a physical scale model, was used as the lighting performance analysis tool. The sky conditions tested were overcast, clear sky, and intermediate sky. Results have shown that, for locations with hot and humid climates with variable sky conditions such as Bangkok, Thailand, the roof monitors perform better than the other two systems in terms of the thermal and lighting performance. With similar cooling loads, the roof monitor provides better illuminance uniformity than the skylights and lightscoops, with adequate illuminance level (at mostly higher than 500 lux).

It is common in most areas of psychiatric healthcare that nurses come into contact with threatening and aggressive patients. In order to ensure that healthcare units shall be able to meet the needs of patients and at the same time be certain that the work environment is safe for nurses, it is important to precision what threats and violence actually mean. If threatening and violent situations can be identified before they lead to physically or psychologically damaging encounters, this will save the both patients and nurses unnecessary suffering. The Purpose: was to bring to light nurses’ definitions and experiences of threats and violence and at the same time describe how they perceive daily working enviroment within psychiatry. The Method: the work was built on twenty nurses presently working in various psychiatric clinics. We made use of a data collection method that is built upon semi-structured interviews where we there after, in a sytematic and step by step process, classified the data through qualitative content analysis in order to more easily identify and condense pertinent sentence concepts. We created codes which were then placed into three categories. The Results: are split up into categorys: The precision of threats of violence, the experience of threats, and violence in the workplace. These categories are presented by the codes: threat, violence, sexual harassment, direct threats, the effects of threats, violence in combination with compulsory psychiatric care, the consequences of threats and violence, the acceptance of threats and violence, safety measures, the psychiatric nurses’ work enviroment, and the support of the nurses’ colleagues and the care organisation, were made apparent during the interviews. The Discussion: The majority och nurses enjoy their job and feel safe working at psychiatric clinics and wards, despite that incidents of threats and violence do occur.