No description available.

This study examines whether macroeconomic variables, such as household disposableincome, financial assets and total debt affect household consumption by applying Panel dataon The fixed effects model. The data included 13 European OECD countries that are membersof EMU between the years 2009-2019. The test showed that disposable income is the onlyvariable with statistically significant effect on household consumption. The life cyclehypothesis as well as The permanent income hypothesis, states that individuals strive forsmooth consumption by distributing their resources relatively evenly. That way they are ableto maintain a certain standard of living. According to The Ricardian equivalence theorem,neither changes in saving nor indebtedness increase private consumption, if the initial wealthremains unchanged. These theories are included in the theoretical reference which, togetherwith previous studies, constitutes the starting point for this paper.

Today’s household debt consists for the most part of credit money, and this general phenomenon does not only occur in Sweden. Money in the economy is mostly created by private banks, as much as 97 percent of the money in the United States, while central banks only create a very small share of all money. This is the reason for the oppressed household debt. During this period of high debt in Sweden, the household consumption has also increased in comparison to earlier years. The aim is to study and compare how the money supply in two different full-reserve systems, the Austrian through convertibility and the Chicago plan through quantity control, would reduce the household debt in relation to today’s fractional system. The method used in this study is a time series analysis where data of Sweden’s household debt, savings, money supply; M1 and M3, GDP, assets, currency reserves, gold reserves and interest rates has been collected for the years 2005-2013. These are further examined in three different equations. The data for all the variables was collected from SCB, IMF, Ekonomifakta and the World Data Bank. The first theory that is used in this study is Wicksell’s cumulative process which will explain how the money supply M3 affects household debt in today's fractional reserve system. The second theory is the Austrian Business Cycle Theory which will examine the money supply M1 effect on household debt through full reserves by convertibility control. The third theory is the Friedman rule, where the effect of household debt by money supply M1 will be examined. This rule explains how the Chicago Plan is affecting household debt through a full reserve system by quantity control. In the both systems, fractional reserves and full reserves, the debt will increase in this study. The result shows that with full reserves, the household debt would be backed by savings in comparison to fractional reserves, where household debt would be backed by credit money. Therefore, full reserves would contribute to a healthier economy in contrast to today’s fractional system. Since it would involve a large cost for Sweden to transcend to an Austrian system through convertibility, where price inertia would occur as well, the conclusion of this study is that the Chicago Plan, based on the quantity principle, is to prefer. / Största delen av hushållens skuldsättning består idag av kreditpengar, och detta generella fenomen finns inte bara i Sverige. Pengarna i ekonomin är för det mesta skapade av affärsbankerna, så mycket som 97 procent i USA, medan centralbanken endast skapar en liten del av dessa pengar. Detta är anledningen till de höga hushållsskulderna. Under den här perioden av hög skuldsättning i Sverige så har även hushållens konsumtion ökat i förhållande till tidigare år. Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra hur penningmängden i två olika hundraprocentiga reservsystem, den österrikiska konjunkturcykeln, genom konvertibilitet, och Chicago planen, genom kvantitetskontroll, skulle reducera hushållens skulder i relation till dagens bråkdelsreservsystem. Metoden som används i denna studie är en tidsserieanalys där data från hushållens skulder, sparande, penningmängd; M1 och M3, BNP, tillgångar, guldreserver, valutareserver och repo räntan har samlats in under åren 2005-2013. Dessa variabler är studerade i tre olika ekvationer och all data har samlats in från SCB; IMF, Ekonomifakta och the World Data Bank. Den första teorin som används är Wicksells kumulativa process som beskriver hur penningmängden M3 påverkar hushållens skulder i dagens bråkdelsreservsystem. Den andra teorin är den österrikiska konjunkturcykel teorin och kommer att undersöka penningmängden M1 effekt på hushållens skulder med ett hundraprocentigt reservsystem med konvertibilitetskontroll. Den tredje teorin är Friedmans regel, där effekten på hushållens skulder kommer att bli undersökt med hjälp av penningmängden M1. Denna regel förklarar hur Chicagoplanen påverkar hushållens skulder via ett hundraprocentigt reservsystem med kvantitetskontroll. Hushållens skuldsättning ökade i samtliga regressioner och resultaten visar att med hundraprocentiga reserver så skulle hushållens skulder vara backade med sparande, jämfört med bråkdelsreserver, där hushållens skulder skulle vara backade med krediter. Därför skulle hundraprocentiga reserver bidra till en mer välmående ekonomi. Eftersom det skulle tillkomma höga kostnader att övergå till ett österrikiskt system med konvertibilitet, så är slutsatsen av denna studie att istället implementera Chicagoplanen baserad på kvantitetsprincipen.

Household debt grows up from the second half of the nineties of the century thanks to growing a living standard. More people provide own living and consumer credit increases. Because of financial crisis many people feel deterioration of working conditions and just the loss of regular earnings leads to problem with paying of a debts. The diploma thesis will be concerned with the problem of people's debts in accordance with personal and family finance and deal with responsible approach to loans, impacts of unpaid debts and solutions how to avoid the debt trap.

No description available.

South Africans carry high debt levels and many deal with the threat of over-indebtedness. In particular, the debt situation of the youth is of utmost concern. This study was undertaken to gain an understanding of how the liability usage of households fluctuates over the life course. The main objective was to identify and describe how debt is accumulated by young South Africans and how household characteristics and events may be related to the uptake of household liabilities. This study conducted a comprehensive literature review culminating with the development of a heuristic model that identified variables that may affect household debt uptake. Quantitative statistical analysis techniques were employed on secondary data acquired from the South African Audience Research Foundation’s All Media and Products Survey for the years 1999 until 2013. The findings identified that household debt follows a familiar life cycle pattern. A number of independent variables were shown to affect household debt uptake. Furthermore, certain of these variables are related to the trajectories of the life course. / Taxation / M. Acc. Sci.

Submitted by MARCO ANTONIO BORGES (marcoabo@yahoo.com) on 2016-12-29T23:39:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Monografia_Marco_Borges_final_protocolo.pdf: 1475419 bytes, checksum: 2bdf046a99b07047a77b094ecde2cb32 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Marco, boa tarde Por gentileza, retirar a acentuação do nome Getúlio e submeter novamente o arquivo. Att on 2016-12-30T13:51:45Z (GMT) / Submitted by MARCO ANTONIO BORGES (marcoabo@yahoo.com) on 2016-12-30T15:23:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Monografia_Marco_Borges_final_protocolo.pdf: 1474578 bytes, checksum: 77fc797b0e6aae88f089845229138c2d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-12-30T17:15:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Monografia_Marco_Borges_final_protocolo.pdf: 1474578 bytes, checksum: 77fc797b0e6aae88f089845229138c2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-30T17:59:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monografia_Marco_Borges_final_protocolo.pdf: 1474578 bytes, checksum: 77fc797b0e6aae88f089845229138c2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / This paper investigates the determinants of household debt-service ratio, using disaggregate data from the Household Budget Surveys of 2002/2003 and 2008/2009 from IBGE. The results show strong evidence of the influence of payroll loans on the increase of debt-service ratio in Brazilian families in the period considered. It was also found that indebtedness is associated with the occurrence of financial difficulties affecting spending on housing, health and food at the household. Assessing the influence of debt on the likelihood of financial difficulties, we conclude that the existence of debt increases more strongly the vulnerability of families whose heads are female, over the age of 60, with more than 11 years of schooling or belonging to the 40% higher incomes. In households headed by women, the impact of debt on financial vulnerability can be attributed to socioeconomic factors and adds to the already high vulnerability of these families. In the other cases identified (householders over 60 years, more than 11 years of schooling and families between the 40% higher income) financial vulnerability is lower, but the impact of debt is greater than average due to the high debt-service ratio. This may indicate an inadequate volume, interest rate or term in the credit offered to this segment. / Este trabalho investiga os determinantes do comprometimento de renda familiar com o pagamento de dívidas, utilizando os dados desagregados das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares de 2002/2003 e 2008/2009 do IBGE. Os resultados mostram forte evidência da influência do Crédito Consignado sobre o aumento do comprometimento de renda das famílias brasileiras no período considerado. Também verificamos que o endividamento está associado à ocorrência de dificuldades financeiras que afetam gastos com habitação, saúde e alimentação no domicílio. Avaliando a influência do endividamento sobre probabilidade de ocorrência de dificuldades financeiras, concluímos que a existência de dívidas aumenta mais fortemente a vulnerabilidade das famílias cujos chefes são do sexo feminino, com idade acima de 60 anos, com mais de 11 anos de estudo ou pertencentes às 40% maiores rendas. Nos domicílios chefiados por mulheres, o impacto do endividamento sobre a probabilidade de ocorrência de dificuldades financeiras pode ser atribuído a fatores socioeconômicos e vem se somar à já elevada vulnerabilidade destas famílias. Já os demais casos identificados (chefes de família com mais de 60 anos, mais de 11 anos de estudo e famílias entre as 40% maiores rendas) apresentam vulnerabilidade financeira mais baixa, porém nestes domicílios o impacto do endividamento é maior do que a média devido ao elevado comprometimento de renda. Isto pode indicar uma inadequação no volume, taxa ou prazo do crédito ofertado para este segmento.

In South Africa household debt has increased rapidly over the past few years, therefore illustrating the importance of analysing liability usage behaviour of individual members within the household. In order to comprehend the behaviour of South Africans regarding liability usages, this study provides insight into why individuals find it necessary to obtain liability products as well as to indicate whether liability products are used to address the financial needs for the purpose it was developed for. To achieve the aim of this study, it was firstly necessary to develop a theoretical framework for the process of selecting credit products when satisfying financial needs. Secondly, the characteristics and intended usage purposes of different credit products available in South Africa were discussed and a debt classification framework was developed. Finally, data obtained from the Finscope South Africa survey was analysed according to the developed frameworks following a combination of two approaches. Firstly, a qualitative approach was used to identify the different financial needs which are satisfied when using liabilities. The financial needs identified were classified according to Alderfer’s existence relatedness growth (ERG) theory and the factors that have an influence on liability usage. Secondly, a quantitative approach was followed to indicate which financial needs are fulfilled when using different credit products. The results of this study suggest that individuals do not use liabilities only for the purpose what the products were originally developed for. The findings clearly indicated that individuals mainly use liabilities to satisfy basic needs which are classified as existence needs according to Alderfer’s ERG theory. Based on the data analysis a variety of factors such as access to credit and certain demographic characteristics have an influence on liability usage behaviour of individuals. The results further show that individuals mainly use informal, unsecured, short-term loans when satisfying their financial needs which might indicate that South Africans are unable to access formal credit products. / Financial Accounting / M. Phil. (Accounting Science)

In South Africa household debt has increased rapidly over the past few years, therefore illustrating the importance of analysing liability usage behaviour of individual members within the household. In order to comprehend the behaviour of South Africans regarding liability usages, this study provides insight into why individuals find it necessary to obtain liability products as well as to indicate whether liability products are used to address the financial needs for the purpose it was developed for. To achieve the aim of this study, it was firstly necessary to develop a theoretical framework for the process of selecting credit products when satisfying financial needs. Secondly, the characteristics and intended usage purposes of different credit products available in South Africa were discussed and a debt classification framework was developed. Finally, data obtained from the Finscope South Africa survey was analysed according to the developed frameworks following a combination of two approaches. Firstly, a qualitative approach was used to identify the different financial needs which are satisfied when using liabilities. The financial needs identified were classified according to Alderfer’s existence relatedness growth (ERG) theory and the factors that have an influence on liability usage. Secondly, a quantitative approach was followed to indicate which financial needs are fulfilled when using different credit products. The results of this study suggest that individuals do not use liabilities only for the purpose what the products were originally developed for. The findings clearly indicated that individuals mainly use liabilities to satisfy basic needs which are classified as existence needs according to Alderfer’s ERG theory. Based on the data analysis a variety of factors such as access to credit and certain demographic characteristics have an influence on liability usage behaviour of individuals. The results further show that individuals mainly use informal, unsecured, short-term loans when satisfying their financial needs which might indicate that South Africans are unable to access formal credit products. / Financial Accounting / M. Phil. (Accounting Science)