Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Most poverty studies ignore the dimension of time and are merely concerned if an individual meets certain money-metric or non-income welfare (e.g., access to services and asset ownership) criteria. They fail to recognise the limited time (24hours per day) available to complete tasks and the added difficulties they have even though there is an abundance of money-metric and asset-related non-money-metric poverty studies. (Kim et al. 2014:1). For example, individuals/households deemed poor by standard measures cannot afford market alternatives to assist them with non-market work (like childcare). Therefore, they find themselves spending all their time in market and non-market work without taking time for rest and improving themselves. Recognising non-market work and the allocation of time allows for a greater understanding into the role of women and Africans whose non-market work are unrecognised by standard economic measures such as GDP (Ferrant 2014:1). There are also only a few in-depth studies on time poverty, but they fail to utilise the most current data. Therefore, this study seeks to provide insights into how household production impacts on South African welfare. It explores the income, time poor and the extent of time allocation differences for various personal characteristics. It estimates the likelihood of time poverty based on an individual’s time schedule and the factors which most likely results in time poverty.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Most poverty studies ignore the dimension of time and are merely concerned if an individual meets certain money-metric or non-income welfare (e.g., access to services and asset ownership) criteria. They fail to recognise the limited time (24hours per day) available to complete tasks and the added difficulties they have even though there is an abundance of money-metric and asset-related non-money-metric poverty studies. (Kim et al. 2014:1). For example, individuals/households deemed poor by standard measures cannot afford market alternatives to assist them with non-market work (like childcare). Therefore, they find themselves spending all their time in market and non-market work without taking time for rest and improving themselves.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Most poverty studies ignore the dimension of time and are merely concerned if an individual meets certain money-metric or non-income welfare (e.g., access to services and asset ownership) criteria. They fail to recognise the limited time (24hours per day) available to complete tasks and the added difficulties they have even though there is an abundance of money-metric and asset-related non-money-metric poverty studies. (Kim et al. 2014:1). For example, individuals/households deemed poor by standard measures cannot afford market alternatives to assist them with non-market work (like childcare). Therefore, they find themselves spending all their time in market and non-market work without taking time for rest and improving themselves. Recognising non-market work and the allocation of time allows for a greater understanding into the role of women and Africans whose non-market work are unrecognised by standard economic measures such as GDP (Ferrant 2014:1). There are also only a few in-depth studies on time poverty, but they fail to utilise the most current data. Therefore, this study seeks to provide insights into how household production impacts on South African welfare. It explores the income, time poor and the extent of time allocation differences for various personal characteristics. It estimates the likelihood of time poverty based on an individual’s time schedule and the factors which most likely results in time poverty. In this study, various time concepts and measures were explored adding to the scarcely found South African time poverty studies which lack in-depth exploration. At the same time the study highlighted household production, an aspect closely linked to time poverty which affects certain groups of people more (females and Africans), and its welfare implications completely ignored by standard measures of the economy. The study also aimed to examine the relationship between time and income poverty. The study utilised the 2000 and 2010 South African Time Use Survey data by focusing on two main themes: time use patterns (to better understand household production) and time poverty (to measure it and understands its relationship with income poverty). The descriptive results revealed that both mean SNA (System of National Accounts internationally agreed standard for production)) and non-SNA production time increased over time at the cost of the non-productive time. Also, mean paid and unpaid work increased over time.

Couples make dynamic joint decisions, including how much each spouse works at home and in the market throughout life. By building a dynamic model of taxation, I quantify the welfare gains of moving to a gender-based tax. Further, I explore the implications of a gender-based income tax for labor market and time-use choices within a couple, taking into account changing labor market attachment through life. The key finding is that while gender-based taxation always improves household and social welfare, the model-specific household time allocations and government policy implications depend on underlying assumptions about gender differences. I model the inefficiency of income tax due to pooling old individuals and young individuals who differ in their skill distribution and use of time. Because age is correlated with ability and time investments in education, allowing tax rules to vary with age shrinks labor distortions. I use an overlapping generations model to study the effect of an age-based income tax on efficiency. I analytically show the efficiency gains and I numerically estimate a welfare gain equivalent to 5% of aggregate consumption when age-based taxes are implemented. Adult women generally, and married women in particular, spend more time than men doing housework and childcare activities. While gender differences in time-use patterns among adults at home are readily accepted and well documented, the onset and development of gender time-use differences over the adolescent years and into early adulthood are not well understood. In this research, I describe the development of time-use gender differences over the teenage years and into the early adult years using American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data, with a focus on activities relating to family duties and child care activities. I find gender divergence in home duties prior to the teenage years, which sharply stratifies upon high school graduation. Further, I find that time-use outcomes disproportionately impact women from disadvantaged socio-economic and family backgrounds. / text

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of London, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 555-577).

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-02-16T16:22:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JúlioJA_TESE.pdf: 1730499 bytes, checksum: a0c711b1299ec9f724ad42d24c86a033 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-03-21T14:41:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JúlioJA_TESE.pdf: 1730499 bytes, checksum: a0c711b1299ec9f724ad42d24c86a033 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-03-21T14:44:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JúlioJA_TESE.pdf: 1730499 bytes, checksum: a0c711b1299ec9f724ad42d24c86a033 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T14:49:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JúlioJA_TESE.pdf: 1730499 bytes, checksum: a0c711b1299ec9f724ad42d24c86a033 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The suitability of an irrigation system depends on the availability and quality of the water, the chemical, physical and physical-water characteristics of the soil, the agronomic requirements of the plants and the local atmospheric conditions. The present study aims to develop irrigation systems technologies in the organic production of 'Pacovan' banana in the Açu-RN Valley region and determine the infiltration of water into the soil in different management systems, seeking technical, social and environmental viability , In addition to providing the interaction between education, Research and Extension. The experimental design was randomized blocks with sub-divided plots and with eight replications, the blocks being represented by four irrigation systems: sprinkler, drip and micro-sprinkler alternative and alternative. The sample space was 32 plots and each plot occupied an area of 144 m2, including 24 clumps of banana trees in the spacing 4 x 2 x 2 m. The planting was carried out during the month of December 2010, the harvest began in January 2012, having already harvested all production of plants mothers, daughters and grandchildren. The productivity parameters of banana fruits and the speed of infiltration of water in the soil were evaluated. It was verified that the sprinkler irrigation system presented the best relative yield in the average weight of the bunches with 14.78 kg, average length of the fruits with 15.46 cm and yield of 24.63 megagrams ha-1. The best infiltration rate was 9.27 cm and the water infiltration velocity in the soil was 2.01 cm h-1 in an area with native forest / A adequação de um sistema de irrigação depende da disponibilidade e qualidade da água, das características químicas, físicas e físico-hídricas do solo, das exigências agronômicas das plantas e das condições atmosféricas do local. O presente estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver tecnologias de sistemas de irrigação na produção orgânica de bananeira ‘Pacovan’ na região do Vale do Açu-RN e determinar a infiltração de água no solo em diferentes sistemas de manejo, buscando a viabilidade técnica, social e ambiental, além de proporcionar a interação entre Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com parcelas sub-divididas e com oito repetições, sendo os blocos representados por quatro sistemas de irrigação: aspersão, gotejamento, microaspersão e alternativo. O espaço amostral foi de 32 parcelas e cada parcela ocupou uma área de 144 m2, comportando 24 touceiras de bananeiras no espaçamento 4 x 2 x 2 m. O plantio foi realizado durante o mês de dezembro 2010, a colheita iniciou-se em janeiro de 2012, tendo já colhido toda produção das plantas mães, filhas e netas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de produtividade de frutos de bananeiras e a velocidade de infiltração de água no solo. Verificou-se que o sistema de irrigação por aspersão, foi o que apresentou melhor rendimento relativo no peso médio dos cachos com 14,78 kg, comprimento médio dos frutos com 15,46 cm e produtividade de 24,63 megagramas ha-1. A melhor taxa de infiltração foi de 9,27 cm e a velocidade de infiltração de água no solo foi de 2,01 cm h-1 em área com mata nativa / 2017-02-16

In chapter 1, a comprehensive meta-analysis is conducted to synthesize the effectiveness, cost, and cost-effectiveness of lifestyle diabetes prevention interventions and compare effects by intervention delivery agent and channel. Sixty-nine studies meet inclusion criteria. The results show that participants receiving intervention with nutrition education experienced a reduction of 2.07 kg (95% CI: 1.52 to 2.62; p<0.001; 95% CI: 88.61% to 92.87%) in weight at 12 months with effect sizes over time ranging from small (0.17, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.30; p=0.012; 95% CI: 80.42% to 91.14%) to medium (0.65, 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.82; p<0.001; 95% CI: 98.52% to 98.94). In sum, lifestyle interventions are effective in reducing body weight and glucose-related outcomes. Dietitian-delivered interventions achieve greater weight reduction compared to those delivered by other personnel. In chapter 2, this study attempts to examine the effects of household relative deprivation on children's health outcomes. A modified household production model is developed with energy intake, energy expenditure and a composite good as main inputs in the health production. A two-stage Stackelberg game facilitates the need to model the parent-child interaction which follows similar structure as You and Davis (2011). We use three measurements of relative deprivation based on per capita household income and four reference groups based on combinations of geographic and demographic characteristics. The results show that relative deprivation is negatively associated with child health. In chapter 3, we define "process benefits" as the direct effect on utility from engaging in an activity and examine how "process benefits" associated with food activities, both uptake and duration, are related to factors such as socio-economic status and demographics. A household production model is utilized to demonstrate the vital role of process benefits in home food production and the implications it will have for nutrition based policies targeting resources. The results display that the process benefits are associated with some demographic characteristics. This implies that shortfalls in food activities are not simply a matter of technology or resource shortfalls, but also reflect disutility associated from these activities which in turn will attenuate the impact of policies design to merely address resource shortfalls. / Ph. D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1995. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 534-557).

No description available.

Ma thèse de doctorat a comme objectif de contribuer d'un point de vue théorique et empirique à la littérature sur les modèles collectifs avec production domestique. On veut montrer que les modèles collectifs représentent un instrument alternatif aux modèles unitaires de représentation du comportement individuel. Les modèles collectifs peuvent être utilise pour analyser la distribution des ressources au sein du ménage et pour évaluer le pouvoir de négociation de l'homme et de la femme. Ce dernier a des effets sur l'offre de travail, sur la consommation et sur le bien-être des individus dans le ménage. Dans les deux premiers chapitres, en utilisant les données de l'American Time Use Survey, on veut estimer les offres de travail de marché de l'homme et de la femme. Dans le première on se concentre sur la question de l'identification de la règle de partage lorsque il n'y a pas des facteurs de distribution observés. Dans le deuxième travail on prend en compte les solutions en coins. Dans les troisième et le quatrième chapitre on veut étendre les modèles sur les ménages agricoles du pays en voie de développement à l'approche collective. Dans le premier travail on se concentre sur la propriété de séparabilité du model lorsque les individus du ménage sont engagés dans la production d'un bien non-marchand et peuvent ne pas travailler sur le marché. Dans le deuxième on conduise des simulations en utilisant des données italienne. / The objective of this research project is to contribute from both a theoretical and empirical perspective to the literature about collective models of household behavior accounting for household production. In particular, the aim is to show that the collective models represent an alternative tool with respect to unitary models of household behavior with the advantage to allow the analysis of intra-household distribution of resources. This has some effects on individual labor supply, consumption and material well-being. In the first two chapters, using the American Time Use Survey, the objective is to estimate man and woman's market labor supply. In the first work we prove a new identification result of the sharing rule for the case where no distribution factor is observable. The second work develops a theoretical model of labor supply with domestic production that is consistent with corner solutions. In the third and fourth chapter the objective is to extend the farm-household literature to the collective approach. In the first work we focus on the separability property on the model when both the price of the domestic produced good and the price of individual time are endogenously determined within the household. We present some statics comparative results. In the second work, using Italian ISMEA data, we carry out a simulation.