Строительные нормы и правила устанавливают основные требования к проектированию жилых зданий и отражают национальные законы и административные правила проектирования жилых зданий. Выполнен анализ нормативных документов строительной отрасли в Китае и Российской Федерации. Целью данного исследования является проведение сравнительного анализа и выявление сходств и различий между кодексами жилищного строительства регионов России и Китая. Результаты анализа кодексов жилищного строительства могут послужить теоретической основой для дальнейших исследований в области жилищного строительства в обеих странах. / Building codes establish the basic requirements for the design of residential buildings and reflect national laws and administrative regulations for the design of residential buildings. An analysis of regulatory documents of the construction industry in China and the Russian Federation was carried out. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis and identify similarities and differences between the housing construction codes of the regions of Russia and China. The results of the analysis of housing codes can serve as a theoretical basis for further research in the field of housing construction in both countries.

本文主要目的在釐清集合住宅的設計價值，並進一步分析「設計」影響台灣集合住宅「價值」的關鍵因素。本研究以Sharkawy（1994）所提出的「設計經濟中各種決策間抵換模型」（PHYS-FI: A Physical-Financial Model for Design Economy Trade-offs）為基礎，發展適用於分析台灣集合住宅設計的經濟模型。本研究透過十五個業者，包含建設公司、代銷業者、建築師事務所及營造廠，蒐集近三年來北台灣381筆集合住宅大樓資料，對設計經濟作實證分析。實證結果顯示對建設公司集合住宅大樓開發，特定的設計行為（公設比、機房二次施工、柱皮面積、陽台二次施工、陽台設計、雨遮設計、外露樑設計、容積率提高、高度、露台、法定空地專用、室內挑空、景觀配合）對集合住宅開發的經濟價值有不同的影響，可以對建設公司在考量集合住宅開發經濟利益上的設計方式提出一定程度的解釋。經過本文研究，實證模式的整體的解釋力（Adj-R2）達到87.8％，反映出實證資料期間的北台灣集合住宅設計，因為開發商極盡追求開發經濟利益的結果，對於財務價值追求的設計方式已發生非正面的影響情形。 / The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the design value of housing project, and analyze further that influences the key design factor of Taiwan housing development value. This paper is based on Sharkawy(1994) “PHYS-FI: A Physical-Financial Model for Design Economy Trade-offs” to develop the economy model of design for Taiwan housing projects. We collected the data of 381 housing projects from 2006 to 2008 in northern Taiwan. The empirical results found that the ratio of public area, utility room, post areas, balcony, rain hiding, roof beam area, floor area ratio, height, platform, building coverage, and view factors can explain properly the design value of housing projects. The results show that design value of housing development in Taiwan has been distortion through illegal or disappropriate of floor area added.

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 50-54. / by Jon William Alff. / M.Arch.

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xiv, 92 p. : ill. (some col.) / Passive House is a voluntary, performance-based energy standard for buildings. Passive Houses use on average 90% less energy for space conditioning than code-designed houses; Passive House therefore offers an ambitious performance target for home energy retrofits. Retrofits built to the Passive House standard in Europe have demonstrated a high level of energy performance. In the U.S., few Passive House retrofits exist to date; for this reason, design and cost information for such retrofits is lacking. This study establishes an exemplar through designing the Passive House retrofit of an older home in Eugene, Oregon. The retrofit's cost-effectiveness was examined by comparing projected "business as usual" (BAU) life cycle costs to those associated with retrofit. While the BAU scenario resulted in the lowest cost over a 30-year life cycle, the difference is relatively small; minor adjustments to key variables make the retrofit financially viable. / Committee in charge: Dr. Alison G. Kwok, Chairperson; Peter Keyes, Member; Jan Fillinger, Member

Energy conscious design should become an inherent part of the design process. This study shall present energy conscious guidelines in a format that can be integrated into the decision-making process. The three elements which can be manipulated through this design process are outlined to provide a source of reference for the designer. The passive solar energy systems, the landscaping, and the building form allow an integration and optimization of their inherent components to achieve energy conscious design. The material is specifically formatted to appeal to the designer's need to quickly locate the material and then to easily review its contents. An outline format is maintained throughout the study that remains concise in presentation with abundant references to illustrations. This study does not attempt to fully educate the user on the subjects presented, nor is all the information contained herein. These guidlines attempt to provide a basis for energy conscious design in the decision-making process and to encourage the designer to become more versed in these areas. / M. Arch.

A atuação do Estado brasileiro na questão habitacional ocorreu de maneira diversa, seja na regulação, no fomento, ou ainda na produção direta de moradias que, neste caso, tem como resultado formal de destaque os conjuntos habitacionais. Construídos em diferentes momentos históricos, eles ganham significância com a atuação do Banco Nacional da Habitação e do sistema financeiro a ele vinculado, quando são construídos, justamente no período de mais intensa urbanização da história do Brasil, inúmeros e imensos conjuntos habitacionais nas periferias urbanas. Por vezes compreendendo bairros inteiros, os conjuntos habitacionais diretamente se relacionam à maneira como se deu o processo de desenvolvimento urbano e crescimento territorial, processo este que, mesmo apresentando variantes, continua presente nas grandes cidades brasileiras, como é o caso de Fortaleza. Esta cidade é, então, tomada como objeto de estudo empírico para a realização desta pesquisa de mestrado que tem por objetivo analisar a produção de habitação social no seu espaço urbano metropolitano, através da identificação de mudanças e permanências que caracterizam tal processo, advindas de práticas e políticas distintas de provisão de moradia, tanto na forma como no tempo. Mesmo que se tratando de um contexto urbano específico, pretendeu-se tomar um caso paradigmático como o de Fortaleza para compreender como se processam estas mudanças e permanências e, posteriormente, contrastá-la com os processos atuais de produção de habitação social. Com caráter notadamente empírico, a análise da produção habitacional aqui realizada objetiva, enfim, identificar e discutir alguns dos elementos que caracterizam a dinâmica das políticas de moradia popular, da arquitetura das unidades habitacionais e dos espaços que os conjuntos habitacionais configuram. / The performance of the Brazilian government regarding the social housing issue took place in different ways, either in regulating, enhancing, or directly building social housing. In this case, it should be highlighted as an important result the housing estates produced thorough different historical periods, but that has gained significance with the performance of the National Housing Bank. Through the BNH and the financial system linked to it, the construction of several and huge housing estates located in urban peripheries has started, precisely during the most intense Brazilian urbanization period, and sometimes including entire neighborhoods and which directly relate to how was the process of urban development and territorial growth. That process, although presenting variants, it is still present in large Brazilian cities such as Fortaleza. This city is therefore taken as an object for the empirical analysis carried out thorough this research that aims to analyze the production of social housing in the urban metropolitan space of Fortaleza city, by identifying changes and continuities that feature this process, from distinct practices and policies of social housing provision, both in shape and in time. Even though dealing with a specific urban context, it is intended to take the paradigmatic case of Fortaleza to understand the dynamics of these changes and continuities and then contrast them with the current processes of social housing production. Focusing especially in an empirical analysis of social housing production, the study here presented aims to identify and discuss some of the elements that characterize changes and continuities of social housing policies, design and spaces.

A atuação do Estado brasileiro na questão habitacional ocorreu de maneira diversa, seja na regulação, no fomento, ou ainda na produção direta de moradias que, neste caso, tem como resultado formal de destaque os conjuntos habitacionais. Construídos em diferentes momentos históricos, eles ganham significância com a atuação do Banco Nacional da Habitação e do sistema financeiro a ele vinculado, quando são construídos, justamente no período de mais intensa urbanização da história do Brasil, inúmeros e imensos conjuntos habitacionais nas periferias urbanas. Por vezes compreendendo bairros inteiros, os conjuntos habitacionais diretamente se relacionam à maneira como se deu o processo de desenvolvimento urbano e crescimento territorial, processo este que, mesmo apresentando variantes, continua presente nas grandes cidades brasileiras, como é o caso de Fortaleza. Esta cidade é, então, tomada como objeto de estudo empírico para a realização desta pesquisa de mestrado que tem por objetivo analisar a produção de habitação social no seu espaço urbano metropolitano, através da identificação de mudanças e permanências que caracterizam tal processo, advindas de práticas e políticas distintas de provisão de moradia, tanto na forma como no tempo. Mesmo que se tratando de um contexto urbano específico, pretendeu-se tomar um caso paradigmático como o de Fortaleza para compreender como se processam estas mudanças e permanências e, posteriormente, contrastá-la com os processos atuais de produção de habitação social. Com caráter notadamente empírico, a análise da produção habitacional aqui realizada objetiva, enfim, identificar e discutir alguns dos elementos que caracterizam a dinâmica das políticas de moradia popular, da arquitetura das unidades habitacionais e dos espaços que os conjuntos habitacionais configuram. / The performance of the Brazilian government regarding the social housing issue took place in different ways, either in regulating, enhancing, or directly building social housing. In this case, it should be highlighted as an important result the housing estates produced thorough different historical periods, but that has gained significance with the performance of the National Housing Bank. Through the BNH and the financial system linked to it, the construction of several and huge housing estates located in urban peripheries has started, precisely during the most intense Brazilian urbanization period, and sometimes including entire neighborhoods and which directly relate to how was the process of urban development and territorial growth. That process, although presenting variants, it is still present in large Brazilian cities such as Fortaleza. This city is therefore taken as an object for the empirical analysis carried out thorough this research that aims to analyze the production of social housing in the urban metropolitan space of Fortaleza city, by identifying changes and continuities that feature this process, from distinct practices and policies of social housing provision, both in shape and in time. Even though dealing with a specific urban context, it is intended to take the paradigmatic case of Fortaleza to understand the dynamics of these changes and continuities and then contrast them with the current processes of social housing production. Focusing especially in an empirical analysis of social housing production, the study here presented aims to identify and discuss some of the elements that characterize changes and continuities of social housing policies, design and spaces.

Housing projects assigned in architecture design studio are considered as an exercise having several pedagogical objectives which constitute a suitable ground of maturation for students after completing their first and second year design studio. The aim of the research is to make an overview of the way housing design projects are conducted in the third year architectural design studio at the Middle East Technical University Department of Architecture, focusing on the last five years in particular. But in the first place, the background of housing assignments is reviewed in order to understand how teaching methods and problem definitions have evolved in the past. The objectives and the learning outcomes expected from these studio exercises, the approaches and tendencies that determine the way the project exercises are examined and lastly the teaching methods, strategies and tools are studied depending on the written and visual documents related to the studio works and interviews with the studio critics.

African women in the past were not given equal opportunities with men in planning and construction of their houses. As a result there is no clear indicative level of participation of women during the planning and construction of their houses. The People’s Housing Process is one of the approaches adopted by government and community organizations to encourage community participation in their housing projects but; women’s involvement is still not clear. Therefore this research is aiming to understand the activities performed by women, their roles in related activities, and the methods that they used to get involved in the planning and construction of their houses. A Qualitative research has been conducted to identify the level of women’s engagement in planning and construction of their houses in the People’s Housing Process (PHP) project at Piesang River. The findings of the study revealed that the Urban Poor Fund (UPF) savings system, together with the government subsidy for housing, empowered women to participate in planning and construction of their houses at Piesang River. Moreover; the findings indicated that town planning procedures and bylaws were not properly applied during project planning and implementation. In conclusion this dissertation recommends the formation of Municipal Community Partnership (MCP) for Piesang River FedUP community and EThekwini municipality, in which both stakeholders work together to address the way forward for the project in preference to continuing blaming each other for the shortfalls. / M.T.R.P. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2013.