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När nya bostäder uppförs eller befintliga bostäder byggs om krävs parkeringsplatser för brukarna. Antalet platser som krävs fastställs i kommunala parkeringsnormer. Minimi, maximi och flexibla parkeringsnormer är några vanligt förekommande typer avparkeringsnormer som används runt om i Sveriges kommuner. Det är viktigt att forma en funktionell policy för parkering då efterfrågan på mark i städerna stiger i takt med en ökad befolkning. En funktionell policy är grundläggande för att skapa en balans mellan behov och tillgänglighet då de påverkar ägandet av bil men även val av färdmedel. Parkeringsfrågan blir en viktig beståndsdel i en tillfredställande stadsutveckling eftersom den påverkar markanvändningen och därmed möjligheten till en åtråvärd stadsmiljö. På senare tid har kommuner infört mobilitetsåtgärder i sina parkeringsnormer. Mobilitetsåtgärder innefattar samnyttjande av parkering, bil och cykelpooler vilketreducerar behovet av parkering. När en parkering anläggs försvinner möjligheten att bevara parker och grönområden vilket resulterar i förlust av biologisk mångfald.Växjö kommun tog år 2019 fram en ny parkeringsnorm som ersatte den tidigare. Den nya parkeringsnormen baseras på bruttototalarean (BTA) av en byggnad, zonindelning av kommunen tillsammans med mobilitetsåtgärder. I den äldre normen beräknades parkeringsbehovet för flerbostadshus till 0,5 parkeringar per lägenhet. Genom att undersöka flerbostadshus med varierande utformning och därmed olika BTA; är syftetmed arbetet att identifiera om parkeringsnormer påverkar utformningen av bostäder för att begränsa markbehovet av parkering. Studien undersöker också träbyggnationer kontra betongkonstruktioner för att se om förändringen av BTA påverkar parkeringsbehovet. Den äldre normen ställs mot den nya för att se om den nya kommer att minska antalet parkeringsplatser som krävs när nya bostäder byggs i Växjö, men även undersöka om den nya kommer göra det dyrare eller billigare att anlägga parkeringar.Av fyra undersökta typhus visade tre av husen att den nya parkeringsnormen leder till flerantal parkeringar än den äldre och dessa tre typhus innefattade enbart bostäder. Den nya normen kommer således generera ett ökat parkeringsbehov vid byggnation som enbart innefattar bostäder. Resultatet visar dock också att när byggnader uppförs i blandad funktion, där bostäder kombineras med lokal för till exempel handel, kommer färreparkeringar att behöva anläggas jämfört med den äldre normen. Resultatet visar då att i Växjö kommun är det fördelaktigt att kombinera funktioner vid byggnation för att begränsa markanvändningen vid parkering.Undersökningen visade också att en parkeringsnorm baserad på BTA vid träbyggnationer generade i sex av åtta undersökningar ett ökat antal parkeringsplatser än samma byggnad uppförd i betong. Det visar att parkeringsbehovet kan förändras beroende på stommaterialeftersom träbyggnation har generellt tjockare byggelement än betong och generar därmed en högre BTA.Resultatet för kostnader påverkas av antalet parkeringar som behöver anläggas. I sex av åtta undersökningar krävs det extra parkeringsplatser vid val av en KL-trästomme i ställetför betong, vilket leder till ökade kostnader vid byggnation. Den äldre parkeringsnormen, som genererade färre parkeringar, fick en lägre total byggnadskostnad än den nya parkeringsnormen antagen i Växjö kommun / In case of constructing a new building or remodelling parkingnorms apply, which regulate the number of parkingspots for its users. Minimum, maximum and flexible parking norms are common norms used in Sweden´s municipalities. It is important to form a functional policy for parking as the cities land receives greater demand in step with an increased population. It is fundamental to create a balance between need and accessibility as they affect car ownership but also the choice of transport. In order to succeed with a satisfactory urban development, the issue of parking becomes an important component as it affects land use and thus the possibility of a desirable urban environment.In 2019, Växjö municipality developed a new parking norm that replaced an older one. The new parking norm is based on gross floor area (GFA), of a building together with the possibility of mobility measures while the old parkingnorm was based on the number of apartments. By examining apartment buildings with varying design and measurements of GFA, the purpose of this study is to identify whether parkingnorms affect the design of homes in order to limit the need of land for parking spots. Furthermore, this study examens the difference in terms of costs but also if wooden buildings requires more parkingspots than a concrete buildings. The results show that in order to limit land use for parking in Växjö, construction with mixed functions must be used. This type of building generates a smaller number of parking spaces compared to the old norm that was based on the number of apartments. The study also showed that in six out of eight cases a parking norm based on GFAgenerated an increased amount of parking spots for wooden constructions than for the same buildings built in concrete. Costs are affected by the number of parking spaces that need to be built. In six out of eight cases, at least one extra parking space is required when choosing a CLT frame instead of concrete, which leads to increased construction costs.

Att utnyttja befintliga byggnader som annars står tomma kan vara en del av lösningen på problemet gällande bostadsbrist i Sverige. Vid ändring av äldre bebyggelse som är det viktigt att beakta de kulturhistoriska och arkitektoniska värdena. Vid ombyggnation till bostäder och energieffektivisering är det viktigt att detta genomförs varsamt på äldre värdefull bebyggelse. Syftet med arbetet är att bidra till en ökad förståelse för hur en äldre byggnads arkitektoniska och kulturhistoriska värden kan bevaras trots att det sker en funktionsändring från en verksamhet till en annan. Målet för arbetet är att undersöka hur en gammal skolbyggnad kan ändras till bostäder samtidigt som kulturella och arkitektoniska värden bibehålls, energianvändningen minskar och funktionella bostäder skapas. Arbetet baseras på en fallstudiebyggnad som är en skolbyggnad från 1850 som ligger i Vanstad, Skåne.   En inledande litteraturgenomgång behandlar äldre bygg- och installationstekniska lösningar, kulturvärde och kvalitéer i bostäder. Vilka regelverk som skall följas vid ombyggnation och ändrad användning, utformningskrav enligt BBR och energieffektiviseringsåtgärder vid ombyggnation behandlas också. Även fyra exempel gällande energieffektiviseringar av äldre tegelbyggnader studeras. Fallstudiebyggnaden är inte K-märkt men pekas ut som värdefull och värd att bevara i handlingar tillhandahållna av Sjöbo kommun. Generellt så rekommenderas det att byggnader uppförda före 1900-talet skall bevaras i så autentiskt skick som möjligt.   Utifrån insamlad information genom inventering av arkivmaterial och inventering av fallstudiebyggnaden tas en beskrivning av fallstudiebyggnaden fram, som ligger till grund för utvecklingen av ett utformningsförslag för ändring av skolbyggnaden till bostadsändamål. Det efterfrågas mindre lägenheter från Sjöbo kommun vilket utformningsförslaget tagit hänsyn till. Utformningsförslaget resulterade i 7 stycken lägenheter där 6 av 7 har en boarea mellan 35 m2 och 55 m2. På grund av byggnadens ålder och äldre byggnadstekniker så når byggnaden inte upp till dagens energikrav. Förslaget till bostadsutformning inkluderar åtgärder som bedöms vara möjliga att genomföra för att sänka energianvändningen. Varje lägenhet granskas också för att kontrollera vilka kvalitéer som uppnås i bostäderna. De åtgärder som förespråkas är: tilläggsisolering av ytterväggar och yttertak, tätning av klimatskal, byte av ventilationssystem, uppvärmningssystem, installation av solceller samt förbättring av fönster och dörrar.   Resultatet visar hur det går att utforma funktionella bostäder i en äldre kulturhistoriskt värdefull byggnad. Att tillämpa energieffektiviseringsåtgärder för minskad energianvändning och förbättrat inomhusklimat påvisas också i resultatet. Gällande lönsamheten i genomförandet sett till ombyggnation, ändrad användning, energieffektivisering och lägenhetsutformning kan vidare studier ske mer ingående på den konkreta energibesparingen och LCC-kalkyler för vidare ekonomisk insikt. / To use existing buildings that would otherwise be empty could be a part of the solution regarding the housing shortage in Sweden. When changing older buildings, it is important to consider the cultural and architectural values. When changing usage to dwellings and improving energy efficiency it is important that it is carried out carefully on older valuable buildings. The purpose of the work is to contribute to an increased understanding of how the architectural and cultural-historical values of an older building can be preserved despite a change in use from one function to another. The goal of the work is to examine how a cultural-historical valuable building can be changed to functional dwellings in conjunction with reduced energy usage. The work is based on a case study of a school building from 1850 in Vanstad, Skåne.   An introducing review of theory is a bout older building and installation solution, cultural value and qualities in dwellings. Which acquis to follow during reconstruction and change of usage, design requirements according to BBR and actions to reduce energy usage. Four different studies regarding reduction in energy usage on older brick buildings are studied. The case study building is not K-marked but is pointed out as a valuable building that is worth preserving in documents from Sjöbo. It is recommended that buildings constructed before the 1900s should be kept as authentic as possible.   Based on information gathered through inventory of archive material and inventory of the case study building a description on the case study building is made which is the basis for a design proposal for changed usage from school building to housing. Sjöbo is requesting smaller apartments which the design proposal considers. The design proposal resulted in 7 apartments where 6 out of 7 has a living space between 35 m2 and 55 m2. Because of the buildings age and older building techniques the building does not reach todays energy requirement. The design proposal documents which actions that is possible to implement to reduce the energy usage. Every apartment is reviewed to control which qualities is achieved in the dwellings. The measures advocated is: additional insulation on walls and roof, sealing of the climate shell, change of ventilations system, heating system, installation of solar cells and improvement of window and doors.   The result shows how it is possible to design functional dwellings in an older cultural-historical valuable building. To apply energy efficiency measures to reduce the energy usage and improving the indoor climate is also demonstrated in the result. Regarding profitability considering reconstruction, changed usage, reduction in energy usage and design of dwellings more in-depth studies could be made regarding the actual energy savings and LCC calculations for further economic insight.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-03T19:26:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Reuter Schneck.pdf: 5168869 bytes, checksum: 117b2eaaed9751212603a9e4d30d8740 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-03T19:26:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Reuter Schneck.pdf: 5168869 bytes, checksum: 117b2eaaed9751212603a9e4d30d8740 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-15 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nos últimos anos, tem sido expressiva a oferta de unidades habitacionais em empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social (EHIS), sendo a maioria fomentada por programas de subsídio e financiamento do governo federal. Em contrapartida, o grande número de obras acaba por aumentar os impactos ao meio ambiente, inerentes ao processo de produção dos edifícios. Além disso, verifica-se no setor uma preferência por edificações cujo tipo arquitetônico adotado é possivelmente mais oneroso do que outras alternativas, além de uma reduzida qualidade das unidades habitacionais. Portanto, a eficiência na execução destes empreendimentos é um aspecto relevante no que diz respeito à otimização no uso dos recursos - tanto naturais como financeiros. No âmbito do conceito do tripé da sustentabilidade, torna-se fundamental o conhecimento das relações do tipo arquitetônico e demais decisões tomadas na etapa de projeto, quando se tem maior influência em fatores que podem reduzir custos, aprimorar quesitos de habitabilidade e ainda minimizar os impactos ambientais. Neste sentido, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é investigar a influência do tipo arquitetônico em impactos ambientais, no custo e em quesitos de habitabilidade em empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social (EHIS). Para tanto, foi utilizado o projeto e o orçamento de um EHIS localizado no município de São Leopoldo/RS, fornecidos por uma empresa construtora e cujo tipo arquitetônico com planta em forma H é amplamente difundido na região. A partir desse projeto, denominado Projeto-base, foram feitas simulações do tipo arquitetônico visando aprimorar quesitos de habitabilidade e aumentar o índice econômico de compacidade (IeC), partindo do pressuposto de que com o aumento do IeC reduz-se a quantidade de materiais aplicados nos projetos e, consequentemente, minimiza-se os impactos ambientais além dos custos de produção. Os projetos simulados, denominados Projetos-propostos, tiveram a energia incorporada (EI) e a emissão de CO2 dos materiais estimadas, com o intuito de compará-las com o Projeto-base. Em seguida, foram investigadas as diferenças no custo e também em quesitos de habitabilidade, visando à comparação entre o Projeto-base e os Projetos-propostos. Os resultados apontam para uma redução de 7% da EI e 8% de emissão de CO2 em benefício do projeto-proposto. Em termos de custos de produção, o projeto-proposto apresentou redução de 7%, além de melhorias nos quesitos de habitabilidade como conforto térmico e lumínico, funcionalidade e flexibilidade de planta. / In recent years, there has been a significant supply of housing units in social housing design (SHD), mostly fomented by grant programs and federal government funding. In contrast, the large number of works ultimately increase environmental impacts, inherent in the process of buildings production. Still, there are lots of buildings whose architectural type adopted are demonstrably more expensive than other alternatives, with a reduced quality in housing units. Therefore, the efficient implementation of these projects is an important aspect with regard to optimizing the use of resources - both natural and financial. Under the concept of the triple bottom line, it is crucial to understand the relationships of the type and other architectural decisions taken at the design stage, when it has the greatest influence on factors that can reduce costs, improve habitability and also minimize the environment impacts. In this sense, the main objective of this research is to investigate the influence of architectural type in environmental impacts, cost and habitability in social housing design (SHD). For this, we used the design and budget of a SHD located in São Leopoldo/RS and whose H-shaped design is widespread in the region. From that project, called Base-project, simulations were made of plants aiming to improve habitability questions and increase the economic index of compactness (EIC), on the assumption that with increasing EIC it is possible to reduce the amount of materials used in projects and hence to minimize environmental impacts and production costs. The Proposed-projects had the embodied energy (EE) and CO2 emissions of materials estimated, in order to compare them with the Base-project. Next, it was investigated the differences in cost and also in habitability, evaluated and compared among all projects. The results indicate a reduction of 7% of EE and 8% of CO2 emissions in favor of the Proposed-project. In terms of production costs, the Proposed-project declined by 7%, in addition to improvements in habitability such as luminic and thermal comfort, functionality and flexibility of the plant.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-08-06T18:22:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Postay.pdf: 3569727 bytes, checksum: 4d066a333e97647bdda37f1b5c173ac2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-06T18:22:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Postay.pdf: 3569727 bytes, checksum: 4d066a333e97647bdda37f1b5c173ac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Ministério das Cidades / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / A construção civil consome uma grande quantidade de matérias primas e energia. No consumo de energia especificamente, o segmento residencial é muito expressivo pois utiliza o equivalente aos setores comercial e público juntos, em todas as fontes de energia, envolvendo desde a energia para a produção de materiais e componentes, como a energia utilizada na fase de uso das edificações. No Brasil, o setor de habitação de interesse social (HIS) teve um impulso significativo com o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV), que objetiva a redução do deficit habitacional brasileiro e a promoção do crescimento econômico. Práticas de ações voltadas à economia e otimização da construção, desde a fase de projeto até a execução, são muito oportunas, tendo em vista a atual crise energética que o país vem enfrentando e a escala do segmento de HIS. Neste contexto, o projeto tem papel crucial como indutor da racionalização da construção, pois, a escolha dos materiais e decisões quanto à arquitetura tem influência direta no consumo de materiais e impactos relacionados. O estudo busca investigar o efeito da compacidade do projeto (através do índice econômico de compacidade – IeC) em diferentes sistemas construtivos, utilizados em empreendimentos de habitação de interesse social (EHIS), na energia incorporada (EI) e nas emissões de CO2. A pesquisa analisou cinco projetos de edifícios do PMCMV, e para cada um considerou três sistemas construtivos (alvenaria estrutural com blocos cerâmicos, alvenaria estrutural com blocos de concreto e paredes de concreto). A pesquisa foi conduzida através de três etapas: (1) quantificação dos materiais dos projetos; (2) análise da energia incorporada e emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2) dos materiais de construção através de dados publicados na literatura e em dados do software Cambridge Engineering Select; (3) verificação da correlação entre compacidade, energia incorporada e emissões de CO2. Quanto ao consumo de materiais, os resultados mostram diferença aproximada de 20% em massa (kg) entre os projetos com menor e maior índice econômico de compacidade, e diferença entre 16% a 20% na análise de EI e emissões de CO2, quando são analisados projetos de um mesmo sistema construtivo. / Civil construction consumes a large amount of raw materials and energy. In energy consumption specifically, the residential segment is very significant because it uses, in all energy sources, the equivalent of the commercial and public sectors together, ranging from the energy to materials and components production, such as the energy used in the use phase of buildings. In Brazil, the social housing sector had a significant growth with the program “Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV)” (my house, my life), which aims to reduce the Brazilian housing deficit and to promote economic growth. Actions aimed at saving and optimization of construction are very timely, from the design stage to execution, given the current energy crisis the country is facing, and the scale of social housing segment. In this context, the design plays a crucial role as an inducer of the rationalization of construction, therefore, the choice of materials and decisions on the architecture has a direct influence on materials consumption and related impacts. The study aims to investigate the relationship between design compactness (through economic index of compactness) and construction systems used in social housing developments (EHIS) with embodied energy and CO2 emissions. The research examined five designs of buildings of MCMV, considering construction systems (structural masonry with ceramic bricks, masonry with concrete blocks and concrete walls) for each design. The study was conducted through three steps: (1) quantification of the materials of the designs; (2) analysis of the embodied energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, from data published in the literature and in the CES Selector software; (3) verification of the relationship between compactness and construction systems, with consumption of EI and CO2 emissions. Regarding the consumption of materials, the results show an approximate 20% difference in weight (kg) between projects with lower and higher economic index of compactness, and the difference between 16% to 20% in EI analysis and CO2 emissions, considering the same construction system.

The presented dissertation concerns selected topics on flat construction in the 60's - experiments and prefabricated housing estates - and examines them closely in four different layers - political, ideological, architectonic and social. The work is structured into four main chapters, which constitute four pillars to uncover the history of flat construction and its context. The initial hypothesis of the dissertation was that the birth of panel housing estates at the end of the 50's, as well as its form and content in the upcoming decade, was influenced by the different starting points of the four mentioned layers. The viewpoint of state socialism and its ideology stemmed from the situation, when architecture in the whole socialistic block seized to be the instrument of Stalinist political representation in the spirit of the socialist realism and it became an important instrument of social reform on the promoted path to communism. This opinion, projected on an economic level, lead to an assumption that an affordable and high-quality collective housing makes the society effectively economically modernized. The living in these housing estates was intended to become the "display window" of the socialist lifestyle as well as the means of a morally higher type of consumer society. In the atmosphere of...

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. / In 1994, the South African government introduced low-cost housing construction through Reconstruction and Development Programme. The programme was intended to improve the quality of lives of the country's citizens. Many communities across the country benefited from the programme. However, concerns regarding the quality of low-cost housing produced through this programme have been raised. The programme has produced low-cost housing with many structural defects such as gaping wall cracks, roof leaks, unstable roof, water penetration and seepage. To protect the beneficiaries of low-cost housing against the inferior workmanship, unsuitable material and inappropriate construction methods, building standards and regulations have been introduced. The low-cost housing inspectors have been given power to enforce and ensure that the building standards and regulations are followed and met by low-cost housing contractors. Regardless of the measures, the programme still produces low-cost housing built with many structural problems. Hence, the researcher has conducted a research to assess the effectiveness and adequateness that inspection process contributes to quality assurance in low-cost housing construction projects in the Metropole. The findings of the research provided an overall low-cost housing inspectors' experience in the construction industry, education, training, knowledge, roles and responsibilities and the perception of the low-cost housing inspectors on the current housing inspection. The primary conclusion of this research suggest that the low-cost housing inspectors lack training in housing inspection, are not aware of their roles and responsibilities and lack knowledge in building standards and regulations. This resulted to failure to enforce and ensure that the contractors comply with building standards and regulations during the low-cost housing construction projects in the Metropole. The primary recommendations are to establish a standard continuous training and education for low-cost housing inspectors. Provide courses and training to improve the level of knowledge of building standards and regulations by low-cost housing inspectors and review the roles and responsibilities of low-cost housing inspectors and establish awareness of them among the affected parties.

Orientadores: Ariovaldo Denis Granja, Núbia Bernardi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T23:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ruiz_JoycedeAndrade_M.pdf: 5293185 bytes, checksum: a8da6d2436860055c75eb52e1292b8a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Proposta: A Engenharia de Valor (EV) é uma abordagem sistemática que busca o melhor balanço funcional entre custo, confiabilidade e desempenho de um produto. Ela concentra os esforços na análise das funções, gerações de ideias e busca por alternativas de forma a proporcionar reduções de custos e garantia da entrega do valor, funcionalidade e qualidade desejados para o produto. A EV insere-se na abordagem proativa do custeio-meta uma vez que busca sua operacionalização para alcance do custo-meta, durante o processo de desenvolvimento de produto (PDP), especialmente nas fases de concepção e de projeto. Um programa característico de EV utiliza além de ferramentas, como a Análise de Função e do diagrama FAST, o instrumento do plano de trabalho que visa organizar e orientar as etapas do estudo com foco nos resultados. De uma forma geral, um plano de trabalho de EV contempla as etapas preparatória, informativa, analítica, criativa, avaliativa, de escolha, implementação, apresentação e acompanhamento. Com base no exposto a presente pesquisa traz a proposição de uma sequência para aplicação da EV em produtos de edificações da construção civil. Método de pesquisa/Abordagens: O método de pesquisa utilizado foi a simulação de aplicações em estudos de casos específicos da construção civil. Foram realizadas duas simulações, a primeira num caso chamado de "piloto", que analisou a construção de um banheiro acessível com dois objetivos em sua execução, o de validar a sequência proposta e o de gerar reduções de custos com garantia da entrega de valor aos clientes e usuários. A segunda num caso chamado de "principal" que focou na análise de um Empreendimento Habitacional de Interesse Social (EHIS), com o objetivo de viabilizar oportunidades de intervenção no projeto sugeridas por pesquisas anteriores no mesmo EHIS. Resultados: O resultado da pesquisa consiste na proposição de uma sequência para aplicação da EV em produtos da construção civil. Para isso foi elaborado o fluxo lógico do processo a ser seguido que contém os principais elementos da EV como o plano de trabalho e as ferramentas para exercício das funções de cada produto. Contribuições/Originalidade: A pesquisa contribui com a iniciativa de trabalhar as funções de produtos de edificações da construção civil para proporcionar a análise das mesmas relacionadas aos atributos de valor dentro do contexto em que está inserido. Com isso, foi possível gerar reduções de custos sem prejudicar a entrega de valor, até mesmo majorando-a com a incorporação de novos itens nos produtos, custeados pelas economias obtidas anteriormente / Abstract: The Value Engineering (VE) is a systematic approach that aims the best functional balance between cost, reliability and performance of a product. The VE's study concentrate efforts on the function analysis, generation of ideas and search for alternatives with the objective to provide cost reductions and to ensure the value delivery, functionality and quality desired for the product in study. The EV is part of the proactive approach of target costing being the operational tool that provides the achievement of the target cost at a product development process (PDP), especially in the design and project phases. A typical EV application program contains the required tools such as Function Analysis and FAST diagram, among other, and the instrument of the work plan that aims to organize and guide the steps of the study to guarantee the focus on the results. A general work plan includes the follow steps: preparatory, informative, analytical, creative, evaluative, choice / decision, implementation, monitoring and presentation. The present research brings to propose a sequence for VE implementation in construction products. The research method used was the strategy of case study. Were performed two case studies, the first named as "pilot study", to examine the construction of a handicap bathroom with two goals in its execution, to validate the proposed sequence for VE application and to generate cost savings with the guarantee of delivering value to customers and users. The second case study, named "principal study", focused on the analysis of a social housing enterprise (EHIS), in which the sequence proposed was applied in order to feasible the opportunities for intervention in the project design suggested by a previous research in the same enterprise. The mainly research result consists in the proposal of a sequence with guidelines for VE implementation in construction products. To provide it was developed a logical flow of the process to be followed which contains the main elements of the EV as the work plan and the tools to analyze the functions. This research contributes to the initiative of working the functions of construction products providing a cross analysis related to the attributes of value within the context in which it is inserted. Based on the case studies with the application of the proposed sequence was possible to generate cost reductions without jeopardize the delivery of value, even subsequently adding it to the incorporation of new items in the products, funded by the saves obtained before / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Inom sociologins, miljöpsykologins och kulturgeografins verksamhetsområde undersöks det bland annat hur människan påverkas av den byggda miljön. Det är därför väsentligt att undersöka hur människor förhåller sig till den byggda miljön och framför allt till byggnader genom att lyfta fram strukturer som kan användas i arbetet för jämställdhet. Ett sätt att bidra positivt i jämställdhetsintegrering vid byggnadsutformning är att lyfta fram genusperspektivet i samtliga processer vid ett byggnads- utformningsprojekt. För att lyckas med att utforma genusanpassade byggnader som tar hänsyn till brukarens olika behov, är tillgång till könsuppdelade data en förutsättning för att utformning av byggnader ska ske på ett jämställt sätt. Idag finns det brist på genusuppdelade data i många områden vilket leder till konsekvenser av olika grader.  Studien syftar till att bidra med ökad förståelse om hur brist på könsuppdelade data leder till byggnadsutformningar som inte är lämpliga för brukaren med olika kön. Målet är därmed att identifiera vilka utrymmen samt vilka byggnadsdelar i en byggnad som kan tänkas vara genuskritiska och beroende av könsuppdelade data. Ett annat syfte med arbetet är att undersöka hur bör data samlas in och användas för att byggnader utformas på ett sätt som passar bra för båda könen.  Studien baseras på en litteraturstudie samt en intervjustudie. Intervjustudien utgörs av fyra perspektiv varav en arkitekt, en politiker, en SIS:s projektledare inom bostadsutformning samt två byggherrar. Intervjuerna syftade till att undersöka hur ovannämnda aktörer förhåller sig till genusperspektivet inom byggnadsutformning och vilka utrymmen och delar i byggnader kan vara viktiga gällande genus- perspektivet, samt vad de ser för utmaningar och möjligheter med att samla in och använda köns- uppdelade data vid utformning av byggnader. Litteraturstudien utfördes delvis för att få en förståelse för ämnet samt för att kunna jämföra information från intervjustudien med resultatet från litteraturen.  Resultatet från studien visar att det är brukarens behov i form av genusuppdelade data som avgör hur en jämställd byggnad ska se ut. Litteraturstudien visade att trots byggnadsplanerarnas försök till en genusanpassad byggnadsutformning och implementering, kan upplevelse och användning av byggnader skiljas mellan män och kvinnor. Analysen av intervjustudien och dess jämförelse med litteraturstudien visade att byggnadsdelar så som kök, hygienrum, sovrum, gemensamma ytor samt toaletter på offentliga platser kan tänkas vara könskritiska utrymmen i en byggnad. Detta för att antropometriska mått hos män och kvinnor ökades något efter flera decennier då måttsättning av flesta byggnadsdelar är baserad på antropometriska studien som utfördes i slutet av 1960-talet. Dessutom biologiska förutsättningar så som graviditet, förlossning, klimakteriet, menstruation och så vidare ger upphov till att kvinnor har andra behov när det gäller användning av olika utrymmen och byggnadsdelar och därmed är de i behov av mer bättre anpassad utformning än dagens byggnadsutformning. En annan faktor som gör byggnadsdelar könskänsliga är styrkor hos olika kön. Analysen visade att faktorer så som köksinredning, fönstersättning, balkongens säkerhet, dörröppning, ljudisolering av sovrumsväggar samt termiska komforten kan leda till byggnadsfunktioner som kan ha könsspecifika betydelse.  Resultatet visar att det är centralt att man använder sig av data som är könsuppdelad och fri från partiskhet för att kunna uppnå byggnadsutformning som passar bra för båda könen. För att uppnå detta är det viktigt att det ska finnas konkreta byggregler som tar hänsyn till genusperspektivet, att aktörer har kommunikation och samråd genom en genomförandestrategi och processordning, att involvera brukaren i projektet vid ett tidigt skede samt att det finns en maktbalans mellan manliga och kvinnliga aktörer där jämnt antal män och kvinnor har beslutfattande och ledande roller, vilka ska ha relevanta kompetens och kunskap om genus- och jämställdhetsfrågor. Det är viktigt att ta fram ett verktyg som man kan kontrollera genuskvalitéerna på ett mätbart sätt eller i form av en checklista.  Forskningsområdet som har belysts i denna studie är under utveckling och kompletterande forskning är nödvändigt. Förslagsvis skulle fortsatta studier kunna undersöka om det finns skillnader på män och kvinnor med samma funktionsnedsättning vid användning av olika byggnadsdelar. Ett annat förslag skulle kunna vara att undersöka hur försäkringsbolagen och bankväsendet ser på genuskvalitéer inom en byggnadsutformning då de håller på att ta över bostadspolitiken. / In the field of sociology, environmental psychology, and cultural geography, it is investigated, among other things, how humans are affected by the built environment. It is therefore important to examine how people relate to the built environment and, especially to buildings by highlighting structures that can be used in the work for gender equality. One way to make a positive contribution to gender integration in building design is to highlight the gender perspective in all processes in a building design project. To succeed in designing buildings based on gender equality that consider the user's different needs, access to gender data is a prerequisite for the design of buildings to take place in an equal manner. Today, there is gender data gap in many areas, which leads to consequences with different degrees.  The aim of the study is to contribute to an increased understanding of how a gender data gap leads to building designs that are not suitable for the user with different genders. The goal is therefore to identify which spaces and components in a building may be gender critical and dependent on gender data and how data should be collected and used to ensure that buildings are designed in a way that is suitable for both sexes.  The study is based on a literature study and an interview study. The interview study considers the perspective of four actors which are an architect, a politician, a project manager in housing design from Swedish institute for standard and two investors. The interviews aimed to examine how the above- mentioned actors relate to the gender perspective in building design and what spaces, parts and functions in buildings can be important regarding the gender perspective and what they see as challenges and opportunities in collecting and using gender data in building design. The literature study was done to gain an understanding of the subject and to compare information from the interview study with the results from the literature.  The results from the study show that it is the user's needs in the form of gender data that determine what a gender-equal building should look like. The literature study showed that despite the building planners' attempts at a gender-adapted building design and implementation, the experience and use of buildings can be distinguished between men and women. The analysis of the interview study and its comparison with the literature study showed that spaces such as kitchens, hygiene rooms, bedrooms, common areas and toilets in public places can be considered gender-critical building components. This may be because anthropometric measurements in men and women increased slightly after several decades, as the measurement of most building components is based on the anthropometric study carried out in the late 1960s. In addition, biological conditions such as pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, menstruation and so on leads to women having different needs during using of different building components; therefore, they need different building designs than today's designs. Another factor that makes building components gender sensitive is the strengths of different genders. The analysis showed that factors such as kitchen interior design, window replacement, balcony security, door opening, sound insulation of bedroom walls and comfort temperature can lead to building functions that can have gender-specific significance.  The results show that it is pivotal to use gender data that is free from bias to achieve building designs that are suitable for both sexes. To accomplish this, it is important that there are specified building rules that consider the gender perspective; communication and consultation between actors through an implementation strategy and process order; to involve the user of the building in the project at an early stage and that there is a balance of power between men and women actors. An equal number of men and women that have decision-making and leadership roles, who must have relevant skills and knowledge of gender and equality issues are important factors for achieving gender-adapted building. It is necessary to have tool that enable checking the gender qualities in a measurable way or in the form of a checklist.  The research area in this study is under development and additional research is needed. For example, further studies could investigate whether there are differences between men and women with the same disability when using different building components or how insurance companies and the banking system view gender qualities in a building design when they are taking over housing policy.

Housing is an important role in society as people spend large parts of their lives there. A home is a place that must contain all essential living functions but also be constantly adapted to new needs that arise. This has led to, that Sweden since industrialization in the 1850s, has gone through several different changes that have affected housing design. This has resulted in that residential architecture today is being categorized as different eras. In many cases, it is not an individual event that has driven this change, but rather a series of events that have gained great significance in interaction. With constant societal changes and changing lifestyles that, for example, the outbreak of Covid-19 has brought, demands are also placed on homes to follow societal developments and adapt to these new needs. The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper insight into the connection between housing design and human life needs to be able to understand how housing design can be adapted to major societal changes that create new needs. To achieve the purpose and answer the research questions, a literature study was conducted on the characteristic eras of housing design from 1850 until today. In addition to the literature study, four interviews were also conducted with different architects who have solid experience in housing design to create a deeper understanding of the connection between living needs and housing architecture. The study's more important conclusions are that human living needs have always been the driving force to create a change in the living environment. The changes that have taken place over the years have aimed to improve the housing situation for society as a whole and constantly improve something that has been shown to be deficient in previous housing design. However, the results have been variable as some parts of the living environment have improved while others have been poorly designed. It is based on the fact that too much focus has been on solving a specific problem, which has led to the whole aspect of the living environment has been forgotten. The study has also found that the societal change that Covid-19 brought has led to an increase in time spent at home as well as working from home. This has persisted even after the pandemic to a greater extent than before, which has resulted in that the demand for a workplace at home has increased. As a result, qualities such as envelopment and seclusion have also become more important in parallel with social surfaces and proximity to nature. This is the result of people spending more time at home today, which has created new needs for both functions and qualities.