The right to shelter is viewed internationally as a basic human right, and this is supported by the South African constitution through the Bill of Rights. The current state of accessibility to housing in South Africa is, however, being eroded by issues such as the rapidly decreasing ability of a growing section of the population to afford market related housing. There are several policies – the latest of which being the inclusionary housing policy - being instituted by the National Department of Housing that in whole or in part attempt to address this issue of affordability. The success of these housing policies in addressing this issue has not yet been fully determined. The aim of this research was to take a specific housing policy – the framework for inclusionary housing - and determine its impact on the affordability of housing and from this, and outline potential implementation hurdles that should be addressed in order for the policy to be effective. Due to the lack of research in this area from a South African perspective, this was an exploratory study which used semi-structured interviews of housing industry experts as a means of gaining insight. The research ascertained that an inclusionary housing policy will have a very limited impact on the affordability of housing in South Africa, but the social benefits that it will bring to the country in terms of integration will far outweigh this. The research further determined that there are serious problems in the execution and implementation of housing delivery in South Africa which are directly related to the cost of land, the current government subsidy schemes, the township establishment process and the capacity of local government. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

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Multiple housing affordability indexes are used to measure and assess housing affordability. Each index has its own definition of affordability, causing varying viewpoints on what is to be considered affordable or unaffordable. Four indexes were used in this study: two from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), one from the National Association of Realtors (NAR), and the last from the National Low Income Housing Coalition. The indexes were applied to Census data to assess the housing affordability situation of both homeowners and renters in the census tracts of Cache County, Utah. The measures together show distinct differences in the housing markets throughout the county. The study provides implications for housing counselors, educators, lenders, and policy makers, and provides suggestions for preventing housing crisis, including the benefits of the residual income approach for determining housing affordability

Housing Situation of Young People in the Czech Republic Abstract The thesis contributes to a discussion of a social stratification and inequalities in society. The aim of the work is to review a housing situation of Czech households, with the emphasis on the age of the head of household, from several complementary perspectives. Housing conditions of young households are described by the concept of the financial and physical affordability of housing on the basis of objective data about their income situation and the cost and quality of housing. Therefore, we can identify households that have limited access to adequate housing e.g. because of their social background or current social position in the society. The paper also examines the subjective opinions of respondents on the quality and the financial burden of housing. To achieve these objectives, data from the Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) of the Czech Statistical Office are analyzed for the years 2005-2011. The analysis also contains the regional perspective, which is used to compare the housing affordability for households living in the different areas of the Czech Republic. Also for this reason results of the thesis could be useful as a basis for housing policy makers. Keywords: young households, housing affordability, housing...

It is claimed that low-income people in Dhaka city do not have the financial ability to enjoy adecent housing environment. There is a clear lack of knowledge on how low-income people,drawing upon both their available income together and support from formal financial institutions,would be able to afford housing. It is commonly considered a fact that their access to formalfinancial means is largely hindered by their poor financial status, along with the absence of anyform of land tenure security. The case of this study demonstrates, on the contrary, the adequatefinancial ability of the urban poor when it comes to meeting rent and payments for other necessaryservices. This study therefore primarily responds to the critical issue of whether the government isunaware of informal housing practices, or is simply ignorant of low-income housing provision.In this study, perspectives on change are analyzed in order to comprehend the obstacles andchallenges embedded within the housing organizations of Dhaka city. Within the local governanceparadigm, the concepts of deliberative dialogue and partnership are explored with the aim toreveal both the resources rooted in ‘informal’ low-income housing practices, and the resources atstake for the ‘formal’ housing gatekeepers. Different land tenure security options are explored inorder to understand their compatibility with the informal nature of low-income housing. Thetheory of social business is critically reviewed, and used to examine whether low-incomeaffordable housing could be seen as a product resulting from partnerships between vested actors,for whom the low-income community could be considered to be both a beneficiary and a partner.This study suggests that outside the boundary of ‘formal’ housing, there is an unexplored andfunctional ‘informal’ housing market where de facto owners purchase ‘business tenure security’from the slum lords, while de facto tenants buy ‘house rental tenure security’ in exchange forregular rental payments. Within this informality, an innovative financial organization (the JhilparCooperative) has emerged as a creative platform for business investment. This study reveals thatJhilpar’s inhabitants pay more than 30 percent of their monthly income for housing. As anabsolute value, this is more than what is being paid by middle-class – and even many high-income– people. The slum inhabitants also pay more for a limited supply of basic services, such aselectricity.This study concludes that the formal housing gatekeepers lack a complete knowledge of‘informality’ – a notion reflected in, for example, the actual financial ability of the urban poor; thestrength and potentials of systematic community-based cooperative business; and housing relocationdecisions (employment-housing nexus). This fundamental lack of knowledge precludesthe housing gatekeepers from taking the right decisions to achieve affordable low-incomehousing. These deficiencies have led to low-income housing projects that have barely benefitedthe urban poor, benefiting other income groups instead. Low-income housing projects utilizingland title provision, sites and services schemes, and relocation to other places (amongst otherstrategies) disregard the nature, strength, and potentials of housing ‘informality’ in the slums inthe most pronounced manner. This identified knowledge gap also rules out private and publichousing gatekeepers employing their resources as enablers or providers. To improve this impassewith regard to affordable low-income housing, this study advocates a ‘social business model forlow-income housing’ as the most effective option for the Jhilpar community, wherebypartnerships would be built on an ‘investment’ mindset, through a shift away from conventional‘give away’ practices. / QC 20120221

Mixed-use development is one of the canonical elements of modern urban planning theory and practice. The principles of this approach to development are applied throughout the world and have seen a resurgence in the last several decades as part of the rise of populist movements such as smart growth and new urbanism. At the same time, cities across the industrialized world have been reshaped within the broader context of fundamental restructuring in the labour market over the past several decades. The urban core of the post-industrial city has increasingly become the site of residential development amongst various complementary land uses, marketed to an upwardly mobile professional class. Who benefits from this kind of mixed-use development in the housing market? Despite its popularity, mixed-use development is not often examined with regard to the affordability of housing. This study explores the affordability of housing in areas zoned as mixed-use in the old City of Toronto in relation to shifts in the occupational structure of the city’s workforce between 1991 and 2006. Using census data and spatial analysis methods, the cartographic and analytical outputs of this study demonstrate two major findings: first, that housing in mixed-use areas was more expensive than the rest of the city over the study period; and second, that socioeconomic polarization between classes of occupations is not only evident in mixed-use areas, but in some ways more pronounced than in the rest of the city. Based on these findings, the study concludes with a realistic assessment of why and how academics, practitioners and policymakers active in urban planning should step up efforts to couple the revitalization of Toronto’s urban core with gains to the affordability of housing.

With the change in political and economic situations, increased urbanization and the growing population in China leads to extended housing needs, which results in various problems for the real estate market, such as the pronounced rise of housing price and unreasonable housing supply system. At present, the major issue that the government is facing with is how to improve the housing availability and provide space to the urban residents to solve the problem that many urban residents are unable to afford housing. In order to fully understand the housing market in Beijing city, this paper adopted quantitative methods of Housing Price to Income Ratio, Residual Income, and the Housing Affordability Index to examine the housing affordability of Beijing urban residents from 2004 to 2013, based upon the data collected from Beijing Statistic Yearbook mostly. The analysis revealed that there is a declining trend of housing affordability in Beijing and the gap between residential housing prices and urban households’ incomes and the difference between the poor and the rich is obvious.

Housing affordability is the relationship between households’ income and housing expenditure. The public are very concerned about the high price of residential housing in Beijing, which is considered go beyond the income of average citizens. In order to fully understand the China’s real estate market, the paper first analyses the land policy, housing reform and housing finance, etc. Then this paper examine to what the extent the high housing price had led to low levels of housing affordability from 2000 until 2009 among Beijing urban households. The ratio analysis has been conducted to measure housing affordability. Meanwhile, we compute the housing-induced poverty, find maximum affordable housing prices for all the income classes, and suggest the housing assistance that should be provided to urban households in Beijing. Approximately, only 20% Beijing urban residents have purchase affordability for a standardized new residential housing, no matter which approach is used, strong statistical evidences reveal that there is an incessant large gap between residential housing prices and urban residents’ incomes in Beijing.

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Housing affordability has been impacted by rising house prices in Europe and it is argued that home-sharing is making housing less affordable. The purpose of this thesis is to provide empirical evidence whether home sharing has a relationship on housing affordability by utilizing an extensive set of Airbnb listings data acquired from multiple European urban cities between the years of 2011and 2020. We conduct a panel data analysis using a fixed effects model to regress the relationship between the accumulated Airbnb supply and price-to-income ratio. The results display statistically insignificant results between the price-to-income ratio and the accumulated supply of Airbnb, implying that there is not enough statistical evidence to determine the relationship between short-term rental and European housing affordability. We unfold this relationship through analyzing transmission mechanisms such as supply reallocation, changes in demand and positive and negative externalities, and reassure the validity of our results through the use of comprehensive robustness tests. Additionally, we explore the agglomeration of the Airbnb listings by separating cities to further distinguish that the varying relationship depends on the size of the Airbnb market. We find that cities with high Airbnb supply have a positive relationship with the price-to-income ratio.