Le diagramme des phases du C60 continue d'être un sujet de discussion et de controverse, malgré la grande quantité de travaux expérimentaux et théoriques fait au fil des ans. Ceci est principalement dû au manque d'études in situ, a l'existence d´états désordonnés présentant des pics de diffraction très mal résolus et à la coexistence de plusieurs polytypes de faible densité. Ce manuscrit présente une étude systématique in situ des transformations hétérogènes du C60 sous haute pression et haute température dans la gamme 1-10 GPa et 300-1200 K. Afin de discriminer les poly(a)morphes de densité similaire dans des échantillons hétérogènes, nous avons utilisé une combinaison de micro-diffraction et micro-tomographie. Les échantillons ont été synthétisés dans une cellule Paris-Edimbourg et caractérisés à l'aide de diffraction des rayons X in situ en dispersion angulaire. Des images tridimensionnels à haute résolution ont été obtenus sur des échantillons trempés par la méthode de micro-tomographie de diffraction/diffusion. Cette méthode permet l'analyse 3D de l'intensité de diffusion reconstruite à partir de séries de projections 2D. Une telle analyse est non destructive et offre une grande sensibilité (0,1% en volume), une haute résolution spatiale (μm3) et peut être multimodale, fournissant des données quantitatives sur la morphologie, la densité, la composition élémentaire ou la structure des matériaux. En outre, nous décrivons le développement d´un système de micro-tomographie in situ sous haute pression et haute température en utilisant une nouvelle cellule rotative Paris-Edimbourg (RoToPEC), combinée avec le rayonnement synchrotron. La capacité à tourner complètement la chambre de l'échantillon sous charge, surmonte la contrainte d'ouverture angulaire limitée des cellules ordinaires et permet l'acquisition de projections tomographiques pour l'imagerie de plein champ ainsi que pour l'imagerie par micro-diffraction. Cette méthode innovante permet l´étude des matériaux sous conditions extrêmes de pression, température ou stress, et pourra être appliquée dans des domaines variés tels que la physique, la chimie, la science des matériaux ou la géologie. Le potentiel de cette nouvelle technique expérimentale est démontré par l'étude de la polymérisation de C60 sous haute-pression et haute température. Mots-clés: C60, diagramme de phase, diffraction, micro-tomographie, haute pression et haute température / The C60 reaction diagram continues to be a subject of discussion and controversy, despite the vast amount of experimental and theoretical work done over the years. This is mainly due the lack of in situ studies, the highly disordered-states showing poorly resolved diffraction peaks and the coexistence of several low-density polytypes. This manuscript presents a systematic in situ study of high-pressure–high-temperature forms C60 in the range of 1-10 GPa and 300-1200 K. In order to discriminate poly(a)morphs with similar densities in heterogeneous samples, we used a combination of microdiffraction and microtromography. The samples were synthesized in a Paris-Edinburgh cell and characterized using in situ angular dispersive X-ray diffraction. Three-dimensional submicron images were obtained on quenched samples using diffraction/scattering microtomography. This method provides 3D analysis of the scattering intensity reconstructed from sets of 2D microdiffraction projections. Such analysis is non-destructive and provides high sensitivity (0.1% volume), high spatial resolution (µm3) and can be multi-modal providing quantitative information on the morphology, density, elemental composition or structure of materials. Additionally, we describe the development of in situ high-pressure–high-temperature microtomography using a new rotating Paris-Edinburgh cell (RoToPEC) combined with synchrotron radiation. The ability to fully rotate the sample chamber under load, overcomes the limited angular aperture of ordinary high-pressure cells for acquiring tomographic projections in both, full-field imaging or microdiffraction modes. This innovative method enables dynamic studies of materials under extreme pressure-temperature-stress conditions, impacting areas such as physics, chemistry, materials science or geology. The potential of this new experimental technique is demonstrated on the in situ investigation of of high-pressure–high-temperature polymerization of C60 . Keywords: C60, phase diagram, diffraction, microtomography, high-pressure–high-temperature

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4470.pdf: 1297687 bytes, checksum: f9b62c4b271de961a3a6053528edf8c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Animal models have often been used to investigate the neurobiology of emotional states (fear and anxiety). In this sense, the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the rat exposure test are effective to evaluate these states and EPM exposure (aversive stimulus) can result in activation of serotonergic pathways with projections to structures belonging to the defense system, such as , amygdala, septum, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray (PAG) and hippocampus. The hippocampus has a large amount of serotonin receptors (5- HT) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the present study, we used male mice of Swiss Albino, received surgical implantation of guide cannula and subsequent administration of drugs in the ventral hippocampus. After recovery, the animals were tested in EPM (Experiment 1 and 2) or the test exposure to the rat (Experiment 3 and 4). In Experiment 1, administration of midazolam (3.0 and 30.0 nmol) produced anxiolytic effect characterized by increased percentages of entries and time spent in the open arms of the EPM reduction measures and ethological (risk assessment) as percentages of dives stretched and secured. In Experiment 2, mice received combined injections Saline + Saline, Saline + MDZ, ondansetron (OND) + Saline and MDZ (30.0 nmol) + OND (0.03 nmol, antagonist of 5-HT3). Combined treatment of Sal + MDZ produced anxiolytic effect and this effect was reversed by the combined administration of OND + MDZ. The porcentanges of entries and time spent in open arms were lower (P> 0.05) than those found in group Sal + MDZ. Experiment 3 showed the effects of exposure of mice in the presence of mouse toy (RB = neutral stimulus) or mouse real (VR = aversive stimulus, Long Evans rats), under the administration of midazolam (3.0 14 and 30.0nmol). The animals were exposed to RV shortening the holding box (model effect) compared to animals exposed to RB. Animals treated with MDZ in two doses, there was an increase in transitions between the sides of the apparatus, increased time in the area of operation and increases the latency of escape to the protected area and contact time with the grid. In Experiment 4, we evaluated the effect of combined injection of midazolam and ondansetron protocol (Experiment 2). The MDZ 30.0 nmol produced anxiolytic effects and the blockade of this effect when the mice were combined administration of ondansetron and midazolam in the ventral hippocampus. Data from this study suggest that, first, control over emotional reactions and defense of the ventral hippocampus of mice exposed to EPM test or exposure to the rat are mediated via GABABenzodiazepines. Furthermore, there is a likely cross-modulation between GABAergic interneurons and 5-HT3, for blocking 5-HT3 via ondansetron can decrease the GABA release. / Modelos animais têm sido frequentemente utilizados para a investigação da neurobiologia dos estados emocionais (ansiedade e medo). Neste sentido, o labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) e teste de exposição ao rato são eficazes para avaliar esses estados e a exposição ao LCE (situação aversiva) pode resultar em ativação das vias serotonérgicas com projeções para estruturas pertencentes ao sistema de defesa, tais como, amídala, septo, hipotálamo, substância cinzenta periaquedutal (SCP) e hipocampo. O hipocampo apresenta grande quantidade de receptores de serotonina (5-HT) e do ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA). No presente estudo, foram utilizados camundongos machos, da cepa Suíco Albino, que receberam implantação cirúrgica de cânulas guia e posterior administração de drogas no hipocampo ventral. Após recuperação, os animais foram avaliados nos testes LCE (Experimento 1 e 2) ou exposição ao rato (Experimento 3 e 4). No Experimento 1, a administração de midazolam (3,0 e 30 nmol) produziu efeito ansiolítico caracterizado pelo aumento das porcentagens de entradas e tempo gasto nos braços abertos do LCE e redução de medidas etológicas (avaliação de risco) como porcentagens de mergulhos e esticadas protegidas. No Experimento 2, os camundongos receberam injeção combinada de Salina+Salina, Salina+MDZ, ondansetron (OND)+Salina e MDZ (30 nmol) + OND (0,03 nmol, antagonista dos receptores 5-HT3). O tratamento combinado de Sal+MDZ produziu, efeito ansiolítico sendo este revertido pela administração combinada de OND+MDZ. As porcentagens de entradas e tempo gasto nos braços abertos foram menores (P>0,05) do que àqueles encontrados no grupo Sal+MDZ. O Experimento 3 mostrou os efeitos da exposição dos camundongos na presença 12 do rato de brinquedo (RB= estímulo neutro) ou rato de verdade (RV= estímulo aversivo, rato Long Evans), sob a administração de Midazolam (3,0 e 30 nmol). Os animais expostos ao RV apresentaram diminuição do tempo de exploração da caixa (efeito do modelo) quando comparados aos animais expostos ao RB. Para os animais tratados com MDZ nas duas doses, houve aumento nas transições entre os lados do aparato, aumento do tempo na área de exploração e aumentos da latência de fuga para a área protegida e tempo de contato com a grade. No Experimento 4, foi avaliado o efeito da injeção combinada de midazolam e ondansetron (conforme descrito no Experimento 2). O MDZ 30 nmol produziu efeito ansiolítico e a administração combinada de ondansetron e midazolam no hipocampo ventral, reverteu este efeito. Os dados deste trabalho sugerem que, o controle sobre as reações emocionais e de defesa do hipocampo ventral de camundongos expostos ao LCE ou ao teste de exposição ao rato são mediados via receptores GABA-Benzodiazepínicos. Além disso, provavelmente ocorre modulação cruzada entre os interneurônios GABAérgicos e os serotoninérgicos do tipo 5-HT3, pois o bloqueio desses receptores com o ondansetron, pode diminuir a liberação de GABA.

In World War II, millions of men found themselves at one time or another in war captivity. Their daily lives in captivity have been documented in memoirs and historical studies, but despite the abundance of detail, the experience of war captivity as an experience of exclusion remains in-theorised. Western POWs held by Germany in particular were excluded not only from further involvement in direct combat, but also from the states of exception associated with the foreign slave labour and the racial persecutions particular to Germany at the time. While all around them people were killed for a number of reasons, their lives were protected – and in the case of Jewish soldiers extraordinarily so – for no other reason than to keep them alive. The first part of the thesis uses Carl Schmitt’s work on sovereignty and nomos to situate the POW camp within the framework of an international order where war is bracketed – gehegt. This order reveals itself as an order of war, in which law takes the role of the sovereign in guaranteeing the order. The second part then turns to the exception to this order, the POW camp, analysing its juridicopolitical situation on the example of Jewish POWs from Western forces held by Germany in the Second World War. The third part of the thesis looks at the wartime experiences of Emmanuel Levinas, who spent five years as a POW in Germany. The struggle Levinas’s work exhibits with the experience of captivity exemplifies this experience’s ultimate meaninglessness, and raises questions about the possibility of subjectivity without engagement.

The thesis sets out to examine key aspects of the identity formation of the second-generation of Sri Lankan professional expatriate community in Oman. Brought up in a multicultural environment, the respondents of the current study live in a contradiction in terms of their identity. Sri Lankan youths found themselves excluded from both cultures. They found themselves challenging the stereotypes produced by the mainstream society within which they lived, while also demanding freedom from the taboos and customs followed by their parents. Therefore, the thesis sets out to discover the sense of in between-ness felt by the second-generation respondents that was generated through their encounters with family and multicultural society they inhabited. Although a myriad of variables are known to influence an individual’s identity, the current study focuses on the following factors, identified here as having an impact on second-generation migrant identity formation: the complex nature of migration, the resulting cultural encounters and intergenerational tensions that play a role in shaping and framing of migrant youth identities. The study discusses media exposure, in the form of international satellite TV programming in the Middle East, and its possible impacts on migrant identity formation. The study moves from a media-centric view of social development to a more society-centred view in which media are one part of a matrix of migrant youth identity formation. The findings on identity formation of this research are further explored by examining the two main types of identity: hybrid and cosmopolitan, identified within the research as pertinent in understanding the second generation of Sri Lankan youths’ identity formation. By exploring the intergenerational tensions and the occurrence of in between-ness in identities among second-generation of the Sri Lankan professional expatriates in Oman, it is the aim of this research to add to the general understanding of the dynamics integral to the process of identity construction of migrant youths.

The 2003 to 2004 revolt against the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) in Nigeria provides a case study for investigating how a new scientific phenomenon becomes part of common sense in a culture with high levels of religiosity. Moscovici’s Social Representations Theory about how society familiarises itself with the unfamiliar provides a framework for the research which includes two media analyses, historical texts, online and paper administered surveys and interviews. The media analyses examine the OPV controversy and science in the media. Correspondence analysis provides a geometric tool for visualising how the variables in both media analyses position themselves for the construction of genres of science news. Factor analysis groups the attitude items in the survey while logistic regression predicts outcomes controlling for other variables. The media analyses found coverage of science in the period under review was generally positive and grew continually. The coverage of the OPV controversy was also generally positive but did not always mirror faithfully public opinion. Just as some Parisians in Moscovoci’s study likened psychoanalysis to a “symptom of an American invasion”, the initial description of the OPV by the people of northern Nigeria was a “western conspiracy against Muslims.” The survey found different levels of trust in public institutions with scientists and religious leaders similarly rated. Pessimism, fear and progress characterise the attitude variables but the association with knowledge is not linear and confirms the influence of cultural values. Interviewees also confirm survey findings in that they simultaneously have faith in religion and in science. Common sense in Nigeria is a mixture of science and religiosity and the public hold both in reverence: a phenomenon Moscovici refers to as cognitive polyphasia. The study also supports Durkheim’s view that science (in Nigeria) depends on public opinion.

The amphetamine derivative, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), is a popular drug often taken by young adults at dance clubs or rave parties. Laser light shows, fast-paced electronic music, and hot crowded dance floors are characteristic of these events, and Ecstasy users report that the acute effects of the drug are potentiated by these stimulatory conditions. However, it remains largely unknown how environmental stimuli impact the neurochemical and physiological effects of MDMA. The aim of the first study presented in this dissertation was to investigate how auditory stimuli (music, white noise, and no additional sound) influence MDMA conditioned place preference (CPP), self-administration, and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) responses. Findings revealed a significant CPP for animals exposed to white noise during MDMA conditioning trials. After self-administration of MDMA (1.5 mg/kg), NAcc DA and 5-HT were highest in rats exposed to music during the test session. The second study aimed to investigate the effects of ambient temperature (23°or 32°C) on long-term MDMA self-administration and neurochemical responses. Results indicated no difference in self-administration or locomotor activity rates for the high versus room temperature groups across sessions. However, MDMA (3.0 mg/kg) administered in high ambient temperature resulted in significantly greater NAcc serotonin release compared to when taken at room temperature, but no differences in dopamine response was determined between the two conditions. Overall, these results indicate that auditory and thermal stimuli can effect MDMA-induced behavioral and neurochemical responses. The last aim tested a novel apparatus and method for use in animal models of drug reinforcement. By combining traditional CPP and self-administration procedures, this approach provided more informative data and circumvented some inherent drawbacks of each method alone. In addition to confirming the ability to produce drug conditioned place preferences after short- and long-term experiments, the long-term version of the procedure revealed a significant positive relationship between lever response rate and CPP magnitude. Therefore, this experimental design can be used to identify subgroups of rats that may vary in sensitivity to drug motivational effects. Further study of these populations may be useful in the development of behavioral and pharmacological therapies for drug addiction. / text

Naked mole-rats are eusocial rodents that live in subterranean colonies with a strict reproductive and social hierarchy. Breeders are socially dominant and other colony members are non-reproductive subordinates. The effects of manipulating the serotonergic system on aggression are well studied in many species, but not in eusocial rodents like the naked mole-rat. For the current study, the effects of fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLX) on status-specific behaviours of subordinates (Experiment 1) and queens (Experiment 2) were evaluated both in-colony and in a social-pairing paradigm to investigate how the serotonergic system influences aggression in this species. In accordance with our main hypothesis, chronic treatment of FLX attenuated the frequency and duration of aggression in queens, but not subordinates, when paired with an unfamiliar conspecific. Further exploration of pharmacological manipulation on status-specific behaviours of this eusocial species may elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying their unique and rigid social hierarchy.

This thesis explores the way that sport can be used as a component of effective practice of neighbourhood regeneration. In particular, the thesis examines how and to what extent projects using sport for the purpose of engaging with young people affected by the deprivation of a neighbourhood can add to regenerating the area. The last decade has seen the shift of focus in British urban regeneration policy from physical renewal and economic development to tackling social and community-related matters concentrated in deprived neighbourhoods, such as unemployment, low income, low skills, poor housing, high crime rates, and poor health – in short, social exclusion. Young people who live in these neighbourhoods are greatly disadvantaged in respect both of their well-being at the present time and of their transition into adulthood. Use of sport for the purpose of alleviating these disadvantages is increasingly popular, although conclusive evidence of social benefits of sport participation has been lacking. The thesis identifies four sets of hypotheses that represent how sport may enhance the process of social inclusion; namely, personal development, diversion, social interaction/social networks, and the salience of sport. The normative and analytical framework is developed based on Amartya Sen’s ‘capability’ perspective so as to re-define the goal of neighbourhood regeneration, against which sport-related regeneration projects can be assessed their contribution. An in-depth qualitative case study, based on grounded theory, was carried out in deprived neighbourhoods in the East End of Glasgow. Main findings include: (1) young people in the area were trapped into the vicious circles of leisure deprivation, territoriality, and poor transition into adulthood; (2) the process of tackling youth-related problems in deprived areas can be represented with the analogies of ‘hooking’ and ‘signposting’; (3) a successful structure of a sport-related regeneration project can be represented by a ‘pyramid’, founded on financial sustainability nested in robust organisational base; (4) a project can enlarge its organisational base through a repeated process of ‘ownership’ and ‘evolution’, represented by an expanding ‘spiral’; and (5) sport-related projects are often too small to reach the majority of the ‘excluded’.

This study makes a contribution to the gender history of modern Scotland and addresses issues of ethnic diversity in the Scottish past. By examining the experiences of women in immigrant Jewish families and including gender analysis, it also forms an addition to British/Jewish history. The development of a Jewish community is examined in chronological format beginning with the arrival of immigrants from Eastern Europe and ending with aspects of Jewish acculturation. The thesis has three main aims: firstly it seeks to place women at the centre of the immigrant narrative; secondly it aims to explore the materiality of women’s lives as lived in the working class Jewish community of the Gorbals, and thirdly, it endeavours to analyse aspects of Jewish suburban life in Glasgow that were shaped and expressed through changes in gender relations. There is also a thematic element to the analysis that includes the following topics: Jewish settlement in Glasgow; ways of making a living; domesticity; upward mobility; women’s communal involvement, and lastly, the way that memories of Jewish life in Glasgow have been represented in different texts. The thesis makes use of multiple types of source material, including personal testimony, to argue that the identity of Glaswegian Jewry was shaped by the operation of gender as well as ethnicity and class; and in combination, these defined the social organisation of Glasgow Jewry. This approach demonstrates the intersection of culture with more customary social and economic aspects of the migration process and reveals the central roles played by women immigrants.

The thesis looks firstly at creativity and the creative process, approaching the subject from a whole range of different viewpoints, such as the psychological, philosophical, biographical and anthropological angles. Following from this there is an exploration of the ways in which creativity way be awakened and unfolded. Special attention is given to the conditions and situations that are likely to encourage creative development and to the blocks and difficulties that inhibit its expression. Particular reference is made, on the one hand, to art education and to the art, leisure, and teaching student, and on the other hand, to art therapy and the psychiatric patient. The themes of the individual and the community are explored in a complementary way in the final two chapters. The thesis emphasizes the viewpoint of the student and the patient, but since these people do not exist in a vacuum, this involves looking also at the teacher, the therapist and society. With reference to the psychiatric field, other specific questions arise, for example: How may creative opportunities assist the healing process? What are the reciprocal influences of art and mental illness? Throughout the thesis the term 'art' is used in the visual sense, but references are made to creativity in other fields where parallel conclusions apply. The emphasis has been placed on the adult, but the subject of 'Creativity and the Teaching Student' involves some references to child art and 'Creativity and the Community' involves all ages.