Individuals in the UAE and Abu Dhabi Emirate, in particular, have become increasingly concerned about their private information. This is mainly due to the use of technology, which makes accessing, transmitting and editing personal information faster and easier. Besides the use of technology, and the awareness and understanding of the privacy of expatriates, working in Abu Dhabi Emirate has had an impact on UAE citizens in terms of their rights to privacy. There is a need for organisations to comply with international bodies in protecting individuals rights to privacy and to increase the exploration of culturally sensitive information in the media. These issues have all led to the importance of and need to explore and identify Abu Dhabi Emirate employees perceptions, and the factors influencing their behaviour, towards privacy. The aim of this research was to investigate and analyse factors influencing employees information privacy behaviour and employees perceptions, awareness and behaviour on the handling of private information in the Abu Dhabi Emirate public sector, ADEC, as well as to provide practical recommendations to improve the privacy. The research methods used in this project are based on a mixed-method approach comprising both quantitative and qualitative strategies. Qualitative data collection in this research included face-to-face interviews and focus groups with Abu Dhabi Education Council. Quantitative surveys for all the Abu Dhabi Education Council were also utilised. The research identified the types of information that were considered private and defined privacy in the context of UAE culture. The main factors influencing privacy in Abu Dhabi Emirate employees were identified and analysed such as national culture, organisation culture and perceived benefits as examples. Following this, practical recommendations for changes to promote and enhance privacy in Abu Dhabi Emirate were offered. A model has been developed and designed based on the factors influencing individual information behaviour regarding private information handling, interrelated and influenced. This is essential to provide a practical model capable of acting as a guideline to help organisations, decision makers, and strategic planners in the Abu Dhabi Emirate public sector decide how best to approach privacy policy.

A Reestruturação da Auditoria Interna do Instituto Nacional Seguro Social - INSS, do Rio de Janeiro, teve como marco principal a mudança de foco do trabalho daquela auditoria. A Auditoria Interna antes do processo de modernização era apenas um instrumento de detecção de fraude, com caráter punitivo para as pessoas envolvidas. Com a reengenharia implantada, a partir do ano de 2000, o foco dos trabalhos foi direcionado a fim de lograr melhorias nos métodos de controle, gestão e prevenção de fraudes e erros. O objetivo desse estudo foi de examinar a percepção dos funcionários da Auditoria Interna Regional do INSS Rio de Janeiro sobre este processo de modernização. Analisou o comportamento humano em relação às resistências a nova metodologia de trabalho. Buscou-se analisar diversas bibliografias de autores renomados com o objetivo de fundamentar a pesquisa de campo que foi realizada com entrevistas semi-estruturadas de forma direta. Os entrevistados eram servidores públicos que exerciam a função de auditor interno na Auditoria Regional do Rio de Janeiro. Este estudo levantou pontos importantes sobre o processo de modernização da auditoria interna, em especial no que diz respeito treinamento dos funcionários envolvidos; resistências culturais ao fator de mudanças e controle na prevenção de fraudes. Nas entrevistas realizadas, foram detectados fatores de sucesso como o empenho das pessoas envolvidas na reestruturação. Descobriu-se que as recomendações dos relatorios de auditoria são colocados em prática, e a estrutura física foi reformulada com sucesso. Alguns fatores de insucesso também foram detectados; por exemplo, restrições legais que impedem a eficácia dos trabalhos; envio de grande quantidade de informação por meio eletrônico, os quais são absorvidos apenas parcialmente não se conseguindo interpretar todas as mudanças, principalmente por falta de treinamento, e o baixo nível técnico na área contábil. A equipe de Auditoria Interna do Rio de Janeiro, em pouco tempo estará aposentada. Atualmente não existe um processo de investimento de melhora na capacidade dos funcionários. Não há plano de carreira diferencial para os auditores internos. O quantitativo atual é próximo ao ideal, porém a capacidade técnica está muito abaixo do esperado para o desenvolvimento de atividades de auditoria que visem a melhoria de técnicas de controle, e principalmente de gestão dos recursos públicos. A partir disto ficou constatada a grande importância da melhoria dos recursos humanos envolvidos na Auditoria Interna do Rio de Janeiro. / The Internal Audit Restructuring of the Instituto Nacional de Seguridade social (National Institute of Social Security) INSS had as its main demarkation point the changing focus on the work developed by that department. Before the modernization process the Internal Audit was only an instrument for detecting frauds to punish to the people involved on them. With the reengineering implemented, as from the year 2000, the work focus was redirected to the improvements on the control, manage and errors and frauds prevention modules. This study objective was to analyze the Rio de Janeiro Regional INSS Internal Audits employees perception about this modernization process. It analyzed the human behaviour in relation to the resistances to the new work methodology. It searched to also analyze several reputed authors bibliographies with the objective of validating the field research performed with semi-structured direct interviews. The interviewers were civil service employees who worked as internal auditors in the Rio de Janeiro Reginonal Auditing. This study raised important questions about the internal audit modernization process, specially the ones related to the employees trainning, cultural resistance to the changes and control of fraud preventions. In the interviews made were also detected success factors like the people interest on the restructuring. It disclosed that audit reports are put in practice and physical structure was successfully altered. Some unsuccessfull factors were also disclosed like; legal restrictions obstructing the work effectivenesss, sending of large amount of information by eletronical means which are only partially absorbed not allowing the interpretation of all changes manly due to the lack of training and the low technical level on accounting areas. Most of the Rio de Janeiro Internal Audit team will be retired in a short term. Nowdays it does not exist an investment planning process to improve the personnel skills. It does not exist a differential career plan for the internal auditors. The current number of auditors is closely to the ideal; however their technical skills are below the ones expected in relation to the auditing activities development aiming an improvement on control techniques and mainly to the management of public resources. As from these findings it has been evidenced the great importance on the betterment of the Rio de Janeiro Internal Audit human resources.

Restoration landscape theories propound the observation that landscape mitigates human emotion, mental functioning, and behaviour. Those environments that positively affect these spheres are called "restorative". In recent years, many attempts have been made to quantify restorative landscapes, so that landscape architects and others can replicate them in the manipulated environment. An understanding of how certain combinations of landscape attributes affect humans is important in knowing the ramifications of certain designs. A major finding in recent years is that preferred landscapes—or those high in scenic beauty—are generally more restorative than less-attractive environments. One realm of the environment not dealt with, however, is the sacred landscape. One reason for this is the relative difficulty in narrowing down the term “sacred” to something measurable. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the nature of sacred landscapes, and then to test sacred landscapes against preferred landscapes to measure their restorative potential. This testing involved subjecting participants to a psychological stressor, and then exposing them to slides rated highly in either sacredness or preference. A control group was also tested, but viewed a blank screen rather than images. Implications of this research impact both researchers and practitioners in the fields of landscape architecture, environmental psychology, public land management, and visual resource management. This study found that sacred landscapes are very restorative, although not quite as restorative as environments that rate highly in scenic beauty. This confirms previous research efforts, and opens the study of restorative environments to other landscape typologies as well. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

Sustainable urban development is emerging out as tool to tackle climate change with a big difference mark. With cities acting as emitters of huge chunks of GHG gases, voices from all corners are intensifying pressure to mend the current urban development model and help find a solution. Several UN conferences fuelled the debate to include local people living in cities and held them accountable for their living behaviour towards the natural environment, and help change the existing unsustainable living patterns or practices which already exist in society. Since, it is the humans for whom these technological solutions have been provided, therefore, it becomes important how the humans themselves thinks while adapting or rejecting any sustainable solutions in their daily lives. The role of spatial planning becomes important here, because it involves all round planning which influences their daily living behaviour, considering individual as the ‘bearer’ of its ‘final outcome’. This thesis will help explore human dimensions in the sustainability debate, thoroughly arguing the factors humans consider in their daily lives, while making a new choice between sustainable and unsustainable practices which is introduced by the spatial planning around them. The study also helps to understand that regardless of individual negotiations, how residents motivated to adapt sustainable measures in their lives. This is being done by undertaking two theoretical viewpoints, the social-practice theory and the structure-agency theory.  Social-practice theory helped understand how daily living practices of the residents in Hammarby Sjöstad are related with spatial planning. This relationship between practices and spatial planning involves several rounds of negotiations between individuals and their existing daily routines, before a final choice is made. This second concept is understood through structure-agency theory. The case under study for this thesis is Hammarby Sjöstad, a district located in the south of Stockholm city in Sweden, which is being projected as a model for sustainable urban development. The data for the study was collected through qualitative research method, conducting interviews of the residents in Hammarby Sjöstad. The interviews conducted for the study found out that public transport, waste recycling and open spaces emerged as one of the most effective and efficient spatial planning in Hammarby Sjöstad, according to the respondents. The study also highlights individual cases where respondents have given specific reasons for making particular decisions, highlighting the individual negotiations.

Whether utilizing our smartphones for navigation or skyping our friend on our way, the use of ICTs affects the way that we walk through and stay in public places. "Dancing" mobile phone users are only one example of this. Their virtual activity becomes visible in public places. This master thesis is about contemporary demands on public space imposed by the new ICT generation, and aims to explore ethe behaviour of ICT users in public places. Therefore, it investigates the question of how the use of ICTs affects the way that people use public places and whar that means for urban planning. To this end, the thesis combines a literature review with an empirical study on the Münsterplatz in Bonn, Germany. The interviews and observations from this case study identified examples of characteristics of ICT users that are described in the literature; however, they also revealed new insights. Therefore, the thesis contributes to a greater understanding of the behaviour and demands of ICT users in public places and identifies ICT users as one user group, out-of-many, with specific demands on public space.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第19904号 / エネ博第336号 / 新制||エネ||67(附属図書館) / 32981 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 手塚 哲央, 教授 石原 慶一, 教授 杉万 俊夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

In diesem Buch wurde eine Übersicht und kritische Zusammenfassung des derzeitigen Forschungsstandes zu Human Activity Recognition (HAR), zu Deutsch Aktivitätserkennung bei Menschen, durchgeführt. Dabei ergab sich eine Forschungslücke im Rahmen der nicht überwachten Lernalgorithmen für HAR-Systeme. Für überwachte Lernalgorithmen muss je Anwendung ein annotierter Datensatz über mehrere Wochen mühselig erstellt werden, bevor das HAR-System zum Einsatz kommen kann. Dies entfällt mit dem neuen HAR-System. Des Weiteren ist das neue System in der Lage auch parallel laufende Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens (ADL, aus dem Englischen Activity of Daily Living) zu erkennen. Viele HAR-Systeme aus dem aktuellen Stand der Forschung sind dazu nicht in der Lage, da sie z.B. sequenziell arbeiten. Beide Probleme wurden mit dem neuen HAR-System erfolgreich gelöst. Das in diesem Buch vorgestellte HAR-System ist eine neuartige Kombination aus einem stochastischen Modell und einem kognitiven Ansatz. Das HAR-System wird in drei Phasen angewandt. Die erste Phase ist die sogenannte Initialphase. In dieser ersten Phase wird a priori Wissen gesammelt. Das neue HAR-System benötigt im Gegensatz zu den Systemen der aktuellen Forschung nur sehr wenig a priori Wissen. Es wird die Art und Anzahl der Sensoren und der ADL benötigt, welche in eine sinnfällige initiale Verbindung miteinander gebracht werden. Diese Verbindung ist eine vorläufige und gleichverteilte Initialbelegung der Sensor-ADL-Beziehung, die in der Lernphase individuell an die jeweilige Person und Anwendungsfall angepasst wird. Es wird ein neuartiges Markov Modell (MM) und ein neu entwickeltes Impulsmodell (IM) erlernt. Das genutzte MM unterscheidet sich von den aktuellen MM durch dessen Zustandsdefinitionen, die die Sensorereigniskombinationen abbilden, wodurch das Segmentierungsproblem wegfällt. Dadurch können auch wichtige Strukturen aus dem MM extrahiert werden, die das menschliche Verhalten darstellen. Diese Strukturen werden durch neuartige Modellvergleiche bewertet. Das Resultat dieser Bewertung wird wiederum in Kombination mit dem neuen kognitiven IM in einem speziell dafür entwickelten iterativen Ansatz verwendet, um die initiale Sensor-ADL-Beziehung zu individualisieren. Diese neue Sensor-ADL-Beziehung ist Grundlage für die dritte und letzte Phase: der Anwendungsphase. Im IM wird die Sensor-ADL-Beziehung in Kombination mit neu entwickelten Regeln angewandt, um eine finale ADL-Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung der erkannten ADL zu berechnen. Diese besagt, welches ADL derzeit am wahrscheinlichsten ausgeführt wird und welche ADL gerade parallel zu anderen ADL ausgeführt werden. Das neue HAR-System wurde mit drei Datensätzen unterschiedlichen Anspruchs und einem Benchmark getestet. Dieser Benchmark beinhaltete vier verschiedene stochastische Modelle des aktuellen Stands der Forschung. Das neue HAR-System ist in der Lage eine höhere Erkennungsrate als der Benchmark zu leisten und war im Durchschnitt 3,2% akkurater. Es erzielte eine 95-97%-ige Wiedererkennung der ADL. Durch die erstellten Konfusionsmatrizen ergab sich eine durchschnittliche Verbesserung von 42% in den Metriken für Sensitivität, Wirksamkeit und F-Maß. Ein weiterer großer Unterschied zum Benchmark ist, dass das neue HAR-System unüberwacht lernt. Dadurch fällt die Datenakquise im Vergleich zum Benchmark sehr gering aus und das neue HAR-System wirkt attraktiver für den Markt in dessen Anwendbarkeit.:1 Einführung in die Domäne 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Ambient Assistive Living 2 1.2.1 Menschliches Verhalten und technische Assistenz 4 1.2.2 Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens 5 1.3 Zielstellung und Abgrenzung 6 2 AAL-Systeme 9 2.1 Human Activity Recognition 9 2.1.1 Sensorik 11 2.1.2 Lernansatz 13 2.1.3 Ereignisstromanalyse 16 2.1.4 Abbildungsgrad menschlichen Verhaltens 18 2.1.5 Fazit und Anforderungen 19 3 Human Activity Recognition - Modelle 21 3.1 Datenbasierte Modelle 23 3.1.1 Deterministische Modelle 23 3.1.2 Stochastische Modelle 24 3.1.2.1 Bayes'sche Netze 25 3.1.2.2 Hidden Markov Modelle 26 3.1.2.3 Conditional Random Field 29 3.1.2.4 Neuronale Netze 30 3.1.2.5 Support Vector Machines 32 3.1.3 Vergleich und Fazit 34 3.2 Wissensbasierte Modelle 40 3.2.1 Datenbanken 40 3.2.2 Ontologien 41 3.2.3 Wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Ontologien 44 3.2.4 Fazit 45 3.3 Anforderungen und Forschungsfragen 46 3.4 Forschungsnaher Stand der Technik 49 3.4.1 Unüberwachter Klassifizierungsalgorithmus 49 3.4.2 Unüberwachtes Lernen mittels einer Ontologie 50 3.4.3 Wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Ontologie 51 3.4.4 Fazit 53 4 Lösungskonzept 57 4.1 Sensordatenschnittstelle und Definitionen 60 4.2 Initialphase 62 4.3 Lernphase 63 4.3.1 Markov Modell und menschliche Angewohnheiten 63 4.3.1.1 Das Markov Modell 63 4.3.1.2 Erlernen des Markov Modells 64 4.3.1.3 Lernen menschlicher Angewohnheiten 69 4.3.1.4 Schlussfolgerung 73 4.3.2 Abbildung des menschlichen Erinnerungsvermögen 74 4.3.2.1 Menschliches Lernen und Vergessen 74 4.3.2.2 Impulsmodell 75 4.3.2.3 Bestimmung der ADL für MM-Strukturen 78 4.3.2.4 Erlernen der Relevanzfaktoren 79 4.3.2.5 Schlussfolgerung 85 4.4 Anwendungsphase 85 4.4.1 Impulsmodell in der Anwendungsphase 85 4.4.2 ADL Erkennung 86 4.4.3 Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung der ADL 88 4.4.4 Schlussfolgerung und Zusammenfassung 90 5 Bewertung der Lösung 91 5.1 Testszenarien und Datensets 91 5.2 Datensätze des Benchmarks 93 5.3 Evaluierung 95 5.4 Komplexität der Lösung 107 5.5 Einschätzung der Vor- und Nachteile 108 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 115 6.1 Zusammenfassung 115 6.2 Ausblick und Weiterentwicklung 116 A Fallbeispiel 119 B Evaluierung 123 B.1 Ergebnisse des Benchmarks 123 B.2 Datenschnittstelle 126 B.3 Markov Modell 129 B.4 Strukturen und deren Signifikanz 135 B.5 Ergebnisse der Relevanzfaktorenberechnung 138 B.6 ADL-Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung der Lösung 138 Tabellenverzeichnis 141 Abbildungsverzeichnis 143 Literaturverzeichnis 145

Sustainable consumption is becoming more and more important when aiming to achieve a sustainable food industry in the future. A sustainable movement requires actions from diverse actors on the market such as politicians, organizations, retailers, consumers etc. This research focuses mainly on retailers and partly consumers. Past research examines consumer behaviour when it comes to sustainable consumption and companies’ incorporation of Corporate Sustainability. This research seeks to complement prior research by investigating two major retailers in the Swedish food industry, Axfood and ICA. Through semi-structured interviews, with Sustainability Managers working at these companies, the research collects qualitative data that contributes to a better understanding of the Swedish food retailing industry and how they address sustainability issues. The research highlight current trends on today’s market and identify crucial focus areas for the future.

PTSD patients show alterations of the immune system, mainly a ‘low-grade inflammation’. Psychotherapeutic treatments are meant to reduce symptom burden of PTSD patients but 30–50% of PTSD patients do not benefit from psychotherapy. Therefore, in this study, the predictive effect of cytokine levels on therapy outcome are investigated. Pro- (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in female PTSD patients (N = 17) were assessed under acute stress during a Trier social stress test (TSST) before therapeutic treatment. The predictive effects of IL-6 and IL-10 on therapy outcome (SCL_GSI, BDI) after an inpatient psychotherapeutic treatment at the University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden was investigated. Areas under the curve with respect to ground (AUCG) and increase (AUCI) for IL-6 and IL-10 levels during the TSST were calculated and used as predictors in regression analyses with pre-treatment scores. Models including all three predictors show good model fits (R2 = 0.255 to 0.744). Models including AUCG and AUCI scores show superior fits compared with models including pre-treatment scores alone (ΔR2 = 0.196 to 0.444). IL-6 AUCG and AUCI scores are significant predictors for post-treatment SCL-GSI and BDI (β = −0.554 to 0.853), whereas IL-10 AUCG significantly predicts SCL-GSI and BDI (β = −0.449 to −0.509). Therefore, pro- and anti-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-10 levels under acute stress before therapy predict therapy outcome of female PTSD patients regarding general symptom burden and depressive symptoms. Future studies should further address the link between inflammation and therapy outcome, especially underlying mechanisms and influencing factors.

Individual pro-social behaviour has been explored by academics and others in a variety of situations and contexts. Why people act selflessly on behalf of strangers is an intriguing topic and has not been studied in the specific context of the Crown courts before. This study has three phases. The first allows independent witnesses to describe their emotions, decision-making and motivations for taking part in the criminal justice process where there is no overt benefit for themselves to do so. The study identifies three key points in the witnesses’ journey through the process and tests the reactions of the witnesses at these points. This approach allows any changes in their thinking to be recorded and analysed. The second phase of the research asks other participants who have not been witnesses to imagine themselves becoming aware of three different scenarios where a violent crime is occurring. These participants are asked to think about their reactions to each scenario, and if they expect themselves to act as witnesses, asks what their motivations would be. The imagining witnesses’ reflections are compared to those of the real witnesses from Phase 1. Finally, phase three disseminates the results from phases one and two to senior professionals working in the criminal justice sector. Their thoughts and suggestions are also applied to the results to identify and encourage best practise.