La récupération et le recyclage des systèmes catalytiques dans la formation de liaisons carbone-carbone reste un défi scientifique important pour des raisons économiques et environnementales. Leur immobilisation sur des polymères insolubles permet une séparation simple par filtration et une purification facile des composés finaux. Les organosilices sont des gels de silice modifiés par des fragments organiques. Elles ont été appliquées comme supports pour une grande variété de catalyseurs. Dans ce travail, différentes organosilices ont été préparées par le procédé sol-gel ou par des méthodes de post-fonctionnalisation. Les matériaux contenant des alkylidènes de ruthénium ont été testés pour des réactions de métathèse d'oléfines, tandis que ceux qui sont dérivés de prolinamides sont des organocatalyseurs chiraux efficaces pour les aldolisations asymétriques (recyclage possible jusqu'à 5 fois). Enfin, on a contrôlé les propriétés morphologiques et texturales des silsesquioxanes pontées en ajustant les conditions de synthèse lors de l'hydrolyse-polycondensation de sels d'imidazolium silylés contenant des fonctions urée. / The recovery and recycling of catalytic systems in carbon – carbon bond forming reactions remains a scientific challenge of economical and environmental relevance. Their immobilization onto insoluble polymers allows a simple separation of the final compounds by filtration and an easy purification. Organosilicas are silica gels modified with organic moieties, which have been applied as versatile supports for a great variety of catalysts. In the present work, several organosilicas have been prepared by sol-gel procedures and post-functionalization methods. Some materials containing ruthenium alkylidenes were successfully tested in olefin metathesis reactions, whereas silica-supported prolinamides resulted in efficient chiral organocatalysts in asymmetric aldolizations (recycling up to 5 runs possible). Finally, the control of the morphologic and textural properties of self-assembled bridged silsesquioxanes was possible by adjusting the synthetic conditions in the hydrolytic polycondensation of silylated imidazolium salts containing urea functions.

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Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), a esquizofrenia é reconhecida como um transtorno neuropsiquiátrico grave que afeta mais de 21 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Para diminuir os sintomas associados a esta doença, a maioria dos pacientes esquizofrênicos fazem uso concomitantemente de antipsicóticos, antidepressivos, ansiolíticos e anticonvulsivantes. O desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para a determinação desses fármacos em fluidos biológicos é importante para ajustar as doses administradas, minimizar os efeitos adversos e verificar a anuência do paciente à terapia. A química analítica moderna tem se direcionado para a simplificação, através da miniaturização dos sistemas analíticos. Neste contexto, pode-se destacar a técnica de microextração em sorvente empacotado (MEPS). O desenvolvimento de novas fases extratoras para MEPS, como, os monolitos de sílica híbrida permitem pré-concentração seletiva dos analitos. Neste projeto monolitos de sílica híbrida funcionalizados com grupos aminopropil ou cianopropil foram sintetizados pelo processo sol-gel. Estes monolitos apresentaram estrutura contínua, uniforme e porosa, como evidenciado pelas imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As análises de espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) dos monolitos de sílica híbrida exibiram picos facilmente identificáveis, característicos dos grupos cianopropil e aminopropil. Estes monolitos foram avaliados como fase estacionária para a MEPS para a determinação de fármacos em amostras de plasma por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa em Tandem (LC-MS/MS). As variáveis MEPS (influência do pH na sorção dos analitos, número de ciclos aspirar/dispensar, etapa de limpeza do sorvente e solvente de eluição) foram otimizadas para aumentar a eficiência da extração. Em comparação com a fase de sílica híbrida aminopropil, a fase de sílica híbrida cianopropil apresentou maior capacidade de sorção para os fármacos em estudo. O método desenvolvido, MEPS/LC-MS/MS, empregando a fase extratora de sílica híbrida cianopropil, apresentou linearidade adequada com concentrações que variaram desde o limite inferior de quantificação (0,05-1,00 ng.mL-1) até o limite superior de quantificação (40-10.500 ng.mL-1) com coeficientes de determinação (R2) maiores do que 0,9955. Este método apresentou precisão com coeficientes de variação (CV) inferiores a 14% e exatidão com erro padrão relativo (EPR) de -12 a 14%. O método MEPS/LC-MS/MS foi aplicado com êxito para análise simultânea de cinco antipsicóticos (olanzapina, quetiapina, clozapina, haloperidol e clorpromazina), em combinação com sete antidepressivos (mirtazapina, paroxetina, citalopram, sertralina, imipramina, clomipramina e fluoxetina), dois anticonvulsivantes (carbamazepina e lamotrigina) e dois ansiolíticos (diazepam e clonazepam) em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos para fins de monitorização terapêutica. / According to World Health Organization (WHO), schizophrenia is recognizably a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder that affects more than 21 million people worldwide. To lessen the symptoms associated with the disease, most schizophrenic patients use other classes of drugs such as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants concomitantly with antipsychotics. Developing analytical methods to quantify these drugs in biological fluids is important in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to adjust doses, minimize adverse effects, and check patient adherence to the therapy. Regarding miniaturization and automation, microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) is a promising sample preparation technique. Sample preparation of biological matrixes is an important step in analytical processes: it removes endogenous components from the sample and pre-concentrates trace-level analytes. The development of new phases for MEPS such as the hybrid silica monoliths allows selective pre-concentration of the analytes. The present study reports on the synthesis of two hybrid silica monoliths functionalized with aminopropyl or cyanopropyl groups by the solgel process; evaluates these monoliths as selective stationary phase for MEPS to determine drugs in plasma samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); and discusses important factors (influence of pH on the sorption of analytes, number of draw/eject cycles, washing step, and elution solvent) related to the optimization of MEPS efficiency. The prepared hybrid silica monoliths consisted of a uniform, porous, and continuous silica monolithic network, as shown by scanning electron microscopy (MEV) images. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the hybrid silica monoliths displayed readily identifiable peaks, characteristic of the cyanopropyl and aminopropyl groups. Compared with the aminopropyl hybrid silica phase, the cyanopropyl hybrid silica phase exhibited higher binding capacity for most of the target drugs. The developed method, MEPS/LC-MS/MS, afforded adequate linearity at concentrations ranging from the lower limit of quantification (0.05 to 1.00 ng.mL-1) to the upper limit of quantification (40 to 10500 ng.mL-1); the coefficients of determination (R2) were higher than 0.9955. The precision of the method presented coefficients of variation (CV) lower than 14%; the relative standard error (RSE) of the accuracy ranged from -12 to 14%. The developed MEPS/LC-MS/MS method allowed for simultaneous analysis of five antipsychotics (olanzapine, quetiapine, clozapine, haloperidol, and chlorpromazine) in combination with seven antidepressants (mirtazapine, paroxetine, citalopram, sertraline, imipramine, clomipramine, fluoxetine), two anticonvulsants (carbamazepine and lamotrigine), and two anxiolytics (diazepam and clonazepam) in plasma samples from schizophrenic patients, which should be valuable for TDM purposes.

Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), a esquizofrenia é reconhecida como um transtorno neuropsiquiátrico grave que afeta mais de 21 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Para diminuir os sintomas associados a esta doença, a maioria dos pacientes esquizofrênicos fazem uso concomitantemente de antipsicóticos, antidepressivos, ansiolíticos e anticonvulsivantes. O desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para a determinação desses fármacos em fluidos biológicos é importante para ajustar as doses administradas, minimizar os efeitos adversos e verificar a anuência do paciente à terapia. A química analítica moderna tem se direcionado para a simplificação, através da miniaturização dos sistemas analíticos. Neste contexto, pode-se destacar a técnica de microextração em sorvente empacotado (MEPS). O desenvolvimento de novas fases extratoras para MEPS, como, os monolitos de sílica híbrida permitem pré-concentração seletiva dos analitos. Neste projeto monolitos de sílica híbrida funcionalizados com grupos aminopropil ou cianopropil foram sintetizados pelo processo sol-gel. Estes monolitos apresentaram estrutura contínua, uniforme e porosa, como evidenciado pelas imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As análises de espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) dos monolitos de sílica híbrida exibiram picos facilmente identificáveis, característicos dos grupos cianopropil e aminopropil. Estes monolitos foram avaliados como fase estacionária para a MEPS para a determinação de fármacos em amostras de plasma por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa em Tandem (LC-MS/MS). As variáveis MEPS (influência do pH na sorção dos analitos, número de ciclos aspirar/dispensar, etapa de limpeza do sorvente e solvente de eluição) foram otimizadas para aumentar a eficiência da extração. Em comparação com a fase de sílica híbrida aminopropil, a fase de sílica híbrida cianopropil apresentou maior capacidade de sorção para os fármacos em estudo. O método desenvolvido, MEPS/LC-MS/MS, empregando a fase extratora de sílica híbrida cianopropil, apresentou linearidade adequada com concentrações que variaram desde o limite inferior de quantificação (0,05-1,00 ng.mL-1) até o limite superior de quantificação (40-10.500 ng.mL-1) com coeficientes de determinação (R2) maiores do que 0,9955. Este método apresentou precisão com coeficientes de variação (CV) inferiores a 14% e exatidão com erro padrão relativo (EPR) de -12 a 14%. O método MEPS/LC-MS/MS foi aplicado com êxito para análise simultânea de cinco antipsicóticos (olanzapina, quetiapina, clozapina, haloperidol e clorpromazina), em combinação com sete antidepressivos (mirtazapina, paroxetina, citalopram, sertralina, imipramina, clomipramina e fluoxetina), dois anticonvulsivantes (carbamazepina e lamotrigina) e dois ansiolíticos (diazepam e clonazepam) em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos para fins de monitorização terapêutica. / According to World Health Organization (WHO), schizophrenia is recognizably a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder that affects more than 21 million people worldwide. To lessen the symptoms associated with the disease, most schizophrenic patients use other classes of drugs such as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants concomitantly with antipsychotics. Developing analytical methods to quantify these drugs in biological fluids is important in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to adjust doses, minimize adverse effects, and check patient adherence to the therapy. Regarding miniaturization and automation, microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) is a promising sample preparation technique. Sample preparation of biological matrixes is an important step in analytical processes: it removes endogenous components from the sample and pre-concentrates trace-level analytes. The development of new phases for MEPS such as the hybrid silica monoliths allows selective pre-concentration of the analytes. The present study reports on the synthesis of two hybrid silica monoliths functionalized with aminopropyl or cyanopropyl groups by the solgel process; evaluates these monoliths as selective stationary phase for MEPS to determine drugs in plasma samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); and discusses important factors (influence of pH on the sorption of analytes, number of draw/eject cycles, washing step, and elution solvent) related to the optimization of MEPS efficiency. The prepared hybrid silica monoliths consisted of a uniform, porous, and continuous silica monolithic network, as shown by scanning electron microscopy (MEV) images. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the hybrid silica monoliths displayed readily identifiable peaks, characteristic of the cyanopropyl and aminopropyl groups. Compared with the aminopropyl hybrid silica phase, the cyanopropyl hybrid silica phase exhibited higher binding capacity for most of the target drugs. The developed method, MEPS/LC-MS/MS, afforded adequate linearity at concentrations ranging from the lower limit of quantification (0.05 to 1.00 ng.mL-1) to the upper limit of quantification (40 to 10500 ng.mL-1); the coefficients of determination (R2) were higher than 0.9955. The precision of the method presented coefficients of variation (CV) lower than 14%; the relative standard error (RSE) of the accuracy ranged from -12 to 14%. The developed MEPS/LC-MS/MS method allowed for simultaneous analysis of five antipsychotics (olanzapine, quetiapine, clozapine, haloperidol, and chlorpromazine) in combination with seven antidepressants (mirtazapine, paroxetine, citalopram, sertraline, imipramine, clomipramine, fluoxetine), two anticonvulsants (carbamazepine and lamotrigine), and two anxiolytics (diazepam and clonazepam) in plasma samples from schizophrenic patients, which should be valuable for TDM purposes.

Les résultats présentés dans ce manuscrit décrivent la synthèse et l'étude de silices hybrides organiques-inorganiques visant des applications dans le domaine de la santé. Les précurseurs polysilylés synthétisés sont des dérivés de la triazine comportant des motifs de reconnaissance moléculaire du type donneur-accepteur-donneur qui peuvent complexer des molécules complémentaires, tel que l'acide cyanurique, via des liaisons H. La préparation de matériaux hybrides à partir de ces précurseurs complexés ou non, ainsi que leur mise en forme pour obtenir des nanoparticules, sont réalisées dans des conditions nucléophiles. Ces matériaux sont sensibles aux pH puisque des pH légèrement acides peuvent entrainer la dissociation du complexe. Des précurseurs du même type sont également utilisés pour la fonctionnalisation de nanoparticules de type MCM-41 afin de créer des nanomachines. Ces dernières se sont révélées très efficaces lors d'études in vitro en présentant une mort cellulaire significative pour le cancer du sein. / In this thesis hybrid organic-inorganic silicas have been synthesized and studied for applications in health field.The synthesized polysilylated precursors are based on triazine derivatives including donor-acceptor-donor molecular recognition motifs which can complex complementary compounds, like cyanuric acid, via hydrogen bonds. Hybrid bulk materials as well as nanoparticles, with or without complex, are obtained upon nucleophilic catalysis from these precursors and are shown to be pH-sensitive since a slightly acidic pH could destabilize the complex.In addition, such type of precursors is also used to functionalize MCM-41 nanoparticles in order to prepare nanomachines. In vitro studies showed the efficiency of these systems with significant cell death for breast cancer.

Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la recherche contre le cancer, l'un des enjeux majeurs de notre société. L'objectif est d'optimiser l'action des principes actifs notamment en réduisant leurs effets secondaires chez le patient. Pour cela nous souhaitons développer des nanotransporteurs siliciques pH-sensibles capables de s'accumuler spécifiquement dans les tumeurs solides grâce à l'effet EPR.Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit décrivent donc la synthèse de nouveaux dérivés actifs du 5-Fluorouracile capables de former un complexe via liaisons H avec un précurseur de silice hybride possédant un motif de reconnaissance moléculaire de type triazine. Ce complexe piégé dans le solide grâce au procédé sol-gel permet alors de créer les systèmes autonomes et pH-contrôlés de délivrance de dérivé actif sans relargage prématuré. Ces systèmes, évalués in-vitro sur des cellules de cancer du sein, présentent des cytotoxicités très importantes.Les résultats encourageants obtenus laissent envisager des évaluations in-vivo de nos systèmes. Dans ce sens, nous améliorons donc actuellement nos nanomachines en introduisant un cœur d'oxyde de fer permettant le suivi par imagerie IRM et de confirmer ainsi leurs actions sur des tumeurs solides. / This thesis is part of the research against cancer, one of the major challenges for our society. The objective is to optimize the action of active compounds by reducing side effects for the patient. For this we want to develop pH-sensitive silicic nanocarriers able to accumulate specifically in solid tumors through the EPR effect.The work detailed in this manuscript describes the synthesis of new 5-Fluorouracil derivatives anticancer drugs able to complex via H-bonds hybrid silica precursor with triazine molecular recognition motif. This complex trapped in the solid through sol-gel process is then used to create autonomous and pH-controlled drug delivery system with non-premature release. These systems, evaluated in-vitro on breast cancer cells, have significant cytotoxicity.The encouraging results obtained suggest in-vivo experiments for our systems. For that, we are currently improving our nanomachines by introducing a heart of iron oxide for MRI imaging and confirm their efficiency on solid tumors.