As espécies do gênero Paspalum destacam-se pela maior resistência ao frio, produção e qualidade de forragem, quando comparados a outras gramíneas estivais nativas do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de híbridos interespecíficos de Paspalum, em relação à produção de forragem nos municípios de Eldorado do Sul e Coronel Barros e tolerância ao frio em Eldorado do Sul. “Foram avaliados os híbridos: “140”, “131”, ‘138”, “129”, “78”, “176”, “142”, “208”, “165”, “172”, “197”, “329”, “491”, “89”, “162” originados pelo cruzamento de P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. lepton; juntamente os híbridos: “1” e “44”, cruzamento de P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecótipo “Azulão”; e os híbridos “43”, “31”, “90”, cruzamento de P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecótipo “Azulão”; ou P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecótipo “Baio”; ou P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. lepton, respectivamente. A cultivar Aruana (Panicum maximum) foi utilizada como testemunha. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas por meio de cortes, totalizando sete cortes. A variável massa seca de folhas foi a que apresentou maior correlação com a massa seca total. Ao selecionar os híbridos com maior massa seca total também estão sendo selecionadas as plantas de maior altura e diâmetro. Os híbridos apomíticos “129”, “138”, “208”, “329”, híbridos sexuais “78” e “165” e o híbrido “1” (modo de reprodução não determinado) apresentaram ao longo das avaliações altas produções de massa seca total e massa seca de folhas e em alguns cortes se destacaram, sendo superiores aos seus progenitores. Portanto foram selecionados para seguir no programa de melhoramento visando à obtenção de cultivares mais adaptadas às nossas condições de clima sub-tropical. / The genus Paspalum species stand out for the highest resistance to cold, production and forage quality compared to other native summer grasses of Rio Grande do Sul. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of interspecific hybrids of Paspalum in relation to the production of forage in Eldorado do Sul and Coronel Barros cities and cold tolerance in Eldorado do Sul. They were evaluated hybrids "140", "131", "138", "129", "78", " 176 ","142”, "208 "," 165 "," 172 "," 197 "," 329 "," 491 "," 89 "," 162 " originated by crossing P.plicatulum (4c-4X) x P. lepton; and hybrids, "1" and "44", crossing P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecotype "Azulão"; and hybrid "43", "31", "90", crossing P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecotype "Azulão"; or P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecotype "Baio"; or P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. lepton, respectively. Cultivar Aruana of Panicum maximum was used as control. The design was a randomized block with three replications. The evaluations were made through cuts, totaling seven cuts. The variable dry mass of leaves showed the highest correlation with total dry matter. When selecting hybrids with higher total dry matter are also being selected plants of greater height and diameter. The apomictic hybrids "129", "138", "208", "329", sexual hybrids "78" and "165" and the hybrid "1" (mode of reproduction not determined) presented during the evaluations high productions of total dry mass and dry mass of leaves, and in some cuts stood out and were higher than their parents. So, they were selected to follow in the breeding program aimed at getting cultivars more adapted to sub-tropical conditions.

Duas famílias de híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos que exibem propriedades de condução iônica, chamados \"ORMOLYTES (organically modified electrolytes)\", foram preparadas pelo processo de Sol-Gel. A Família I foi preparada de uma mistura de 3-Isocianatopropiltrietoxisilano (IsoTrEOS), 0,0\' Bis (2-aminopropil) polietilenoglicol e sais de lítio. Estes materiais apresentam ligações químicas entre as fases orgânica (polímero) e inorgânica (sílica). A Família II foi preparada pelo método de ultra-som de uma mistura de tetraetoxisilano (TEOS), polietilenoglicol e sais de lítio. As fase orgânica e inorgânica não estão quimicamente ligadas nestas amostras. Também foram preparados os polímeros iônicos convencionais poli ( óxido propileno) (PPO) complexados com dois sais diferentes: LiClO4 and LiBF4. A condutividade iônica &#963 do Li+ nestes materiais foram estudadas pela espectroscopia de impedância AC. Valores acima de 10-4 ohm-1.cm-1 foram encontrados à temperatura ambiente. Suas propriedades dinâmicas e estruturais foram estudadas utilizando-se Espectroscopia de Alta Resolução Multinuc1ear em Sólidos por RMN de 1H, 7Li, 13C, 29Si em função da temperatura, -100&#176C e 90&#176C. Um estudo sistemático de RMN foi feito mudando-se a concentração de lítio, o tamanho da cadeia polimérica e a razão em massa polímero/sílica. A estrutura e as propriedades de condução iônicas de ambas famílias foram comparadas com ênfase sobre a natureza das ligações entre as componentes orgânica e inorgânica. Estudos similares de RMN, mudando-se a concentração de lítio e de sal foram feitas para o PPO / Two families of hybrid organic-inorganic composites exhibiting ionic conduction properties, called ORMOLYTES (organically modified electrolytes), have been prepared by the sol-gel process. The family l has been prepared from mixture of 3-isocyanatopropy1triethoxysilane (IsoTrEOS), 0,0\' Bis (2-aminopropyl)polyethyleneglycol and lithium salt. These materiaIs present chemical bonds between the organic (polymer) and the inorganic (silica) phases. The family II has been prepared by ultrasonic method from a mixture of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), polyethyleneglycol and lithium salt. The organic and inorganic phases are not chemical1ybonded in these samples. It has been also prepared the conventional ionic conducting polymers poly(propylene-oxide) (PPO) complexed with two different salts: LiClO4 and LiBF4. The Lt ionic conductivity (J of these materials has been studied by AC impedance spectroscopy. Values of &#963 up to 10-4 ohm-1.cm-1 have been found at room temperature. Their dynamic and structural properties have been studied using solid-state high-resolution NMR measurements of 1H, 7Li, 13C, 29Si nuclei as a function of the temperature, between 100&#176C and 90&#176C. A systematic NMR study has been done changing the lithium concentration, the polymer chain length and the polymer to silica weight ratio. The structures and the ionic conduction properties of both families were compared with emphasis on the nature of the bonds between the organic and inorganic components. Similar NMR study, changing the lithium concentration and the salt has been done for PPO

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, quantitativamente e qualitativamente, a estabilidade de um híbrido experimental em duas concentrações diferentes (concentrado e diluído) aplicado sobre a simulação de uma dentina sensível. Dentes molares humanos foram selecionados e tiveram suas coroas seccionadas abaixo do sulco oclusal de forma a obter espécimes de discos de dentina que foram planificados e polidos até atingirem a espessura de 1,0 milímetro. Os espécimes foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=9) de acordo com os tratamentos de superfície propostos: saliva artificial (SAL), adesivo dentinário autocondicionante (AD), híbrido experimental concentrado (TC) e híbrido experimental diluído na proporção de 1:3 (TD). Dois métodos foram empregados para avaliar a estabilidade: condutância hidráulica (permeabilidade dentinária) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foi realizada a leitura da permeabilidade dentinária em 6 tempos experimentais: Mínima (sem tratamento), Máxima (com túbulos abertos), Tratamento (após aplicação dos respectivos tratamentos), Erosão (após 5 minutos de imersão em ácido cítrico 0,05M pH 3,8), Escovação (após escovação de 3900 ciclos) e Erosão Pós (repetição da erosão após o processo de escovação). A microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi realizada em espécimes de dentina com área central de aplicação dos tratamentos e tecido natural nas laterais para evidenciar as características da película aplicada. As leituras foram feitas após a aplicação dos tratamentos, após a erosão, após a escovação e após a erosão pós escovação, para todos os 4 tratamentos propostos. O teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) de Medidas Repetidas com 2 fatores de variação foi aplicado juntamente com o teste de comparações múltiplas pareadas (Tukey). Para permeabilidade dentinária todos os tratamentos reduziram a condutância hidráulica (Lp) em relação à Máxima. TC e TD apresentaram os menores valores (24% e 15%) respectivamente. O TD continuou apresentando valores semelhantes estatisticamente após a Erosão (36%), sendo estatisticamente semelhante ao TC (55%).. No tempo Escovação o TD apresentou Lp estatisticamente semelhante aos tempos Tratamento e Erosão. Todos os grupos apresentaram-se estatisticamente semelhantes entre os tratamentos nos tempos Escovação e Erosão Pós. A análise das MEVs evidencia túbulos dentinários com conteúdo no seu interior nos grupos TC e TD, mantendo-se durante todos os tempos experimentais. O AD apresentou uma película evidente, que começou a se destacar e exibir falhas a partir do tempo Erosão. Conclui-se que o TD apresentou o melhor comportamento sendo capaz de diminuir a permeabilidade dentinária, formando uma película fina, transparente, imperceptível, capaz de vedar (totalmente ou parcialmente) e penetrar dentro dos túbulos dentinários, resistindo aos desafios erosivos e abrasivos. / The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, quantitatively and qualitatively, the stability of an experimental hybrid with two different concentrations (concentrated and diluted) applied at a simulation of a sensitive dentin. Human molar teeth were selected and their crowns were sectioned below the occlusal groove in order to obtain specimens of dentine disks that were ground flat and polished to achieve a thickness of 1.0 millimeter. The specimens were divided into 4 groups (n = 9) in accordance with proposed surface treatments: Artificial saliva (SAL) dentinal self-etching adhesive (AD), concentrated experimental hybrid (TC) and experimental hybrid diluted in the ratio 1: 3 (TD). Two methods were used to assess the stability: hydraulic conductance (dentin permeability) and scanning electron microscopy. The dentin permeability in 6 experimental times was carried out: Minimum (no treatment), Maximum (with open tubules), treatment (after application of their treatments), erosion (after 5 minutes of immersion in citric acid 0.05M pH 3, 8), brushing (brushing after 3900 cycles) and Post erosion (erosion was repeated after brushing). The scanning electron microscopy was performed on dentin specimens with a central area of application of treatments and natural tissues on the sides to show the film characteristics applied. Readings were made after application of treatments, after erosion, after brushing and after erosion after brushing, for all 4 treatments proposed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures with two variation factors was applied with the multiple comparisons paired test (Tukey). For dentin all treatments reduced hydraulic conductance (Lp) in relation to Maximum. TC and TD showed the lowest values (24% and 15%) respectively. The TD continued to show statistically similar values after erosion (36%), being statistically similar to TC (55%). In brushing time the TD Lp was statistically similar to Treatment and erosion times. All groups were statistically similar between treatments in brushing and Post Erosion times. The analysis of SEM shows dentinal tubules with content inside on the TC and TD groups, remaining during all experimental period. AD presented a clear film, which began to stand out and show failure from erosion time. It follows that the TD had better behavior being able to decrease permeability of dentin by forming a thin film transparent, imperceptible, capable of sealing (fully or partially) and penetrate within the dentine tubules, resisting the erosive and abrasive challenges.

As espécies do gênero Paspalum destacam-se pela maior resistência ao frio, produção e qualidade de forragem, quando comparados a outras gramíneas estivais nativas do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de híbridos interespecíficos de Paspalum, em relação à produção de forragem nos municípios de Eldorado do Sul e Coronel Barros e tolerância ao frio em Eldorado do Sul. “Foram avaliados os híbridos: “140”, “131”, ‘138”, “129”, “78”, “176”, “142”, “208”, “165”, “172”, “197”, “329”, “491”, “89”, “162” originados pelo cruzamento de P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. lepton; juntamente os híbridos: “1” e “44”, cruzamento de P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecótipo “Azulão”; e os híbridos “43”, “31”, “90”, cruzamento de P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecótipo “Azulão”; ou P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecótipo “Baio”; ou P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. lepton, respectivamente. A cultivar Aruana (Panicum maximum) foi utilizada como testemunha. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas por meio de cortes, totalizando sete cortes. A variável massa seca de folhas foi a que apresentou maior correlação com a massa seca total. Ao selecionar os híbridos com maior massa seca total também estão sendo selecionadas as plantas de maior altura e diâmetro. Os híbridos apomíticos “129”, “138”, “208”, “329”, híbridos sexuais “78” e “165” e o híbrido “1” (modo de reprodução não determinado) apresentaram ao longo das avaliações altas produções de massa seca total e massa seca de folhas e em alguns cortes se destacaram, sendo superiores aos seus progenitores. Portanto foram selecionados para seguir no programa de melhoramento visando à obtenção de cultivares mais adaptadas às nossas condições de clima sub-tropical. / The genus Paspalum species stand out for the highest resistance to cold, production and forage quality compared to other native summer grasses of Rio Grande do Sul. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of interspecific hybrids of Paspalum in relation to the production of forage in Eldorado do Sul and Coronel Barros cities and cold tolerance in Eldorado do Sul. They were evaluated hybrids "140", "131", "138", "129", "78", " 176 ","142”, "208 "," 165 "," 172 "," 197 "," 329 "," 491 "," 89 "," 162 " originated by crossing P.plicatulum (4c-4X) x P. lepton; and hybrids, "1" and "44", crossing P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecotype "Azulão"; and hybrid "43", "31", "90", crossing P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecotype "Azulão"; or P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecotype "Baio"; or P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. lepton, respectively. Cultivar Aruana of Panicum maximum was used as control. The design was a randomized block with three replications. The evaluations were made through cuts, totaling seven cuts. The variable dry mass of leaves showed the highest correlation with total dry matter. When selecting hybrids with higher total dry matter are also being selected plants of greater height and diameter. The apomictic hybrids "129", "138", "208", "329", sexual hybrids "78" and "165" and the hybrid "1" (mode of reproduction not determined) presented during the evaluations high productions of total dry mass and dry mass of leaves, and in some cuts stood out and were higher than their parents. So, they were selected to follow in the breeding program aimed at getting cultivars more adapted to sub-tropical conditions.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-23T19:23:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Lidia - 0412.17doc (003).pdf: 1798159 bytes, checksum: 5a60beb26c5f7be125eb337773512792 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-30T21:25:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Lidia - 0412.17doc (003).pdf: 1798159 bytes, checksum: 5a60beb26c5f7be125eb337773512792 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-30T21:29:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Lidia - 0412.17doc (003).pdf: 1798159 bytes, checksum: 5a60beb26c5f7be125eb337773512792 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-30T21:29:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Lidia - 0412.17doc (003).pdf: 1798159 bytes, checksum: 5a60beb26c5f7be125eb337773512792 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-12 / O milho (Zea mays L.) utiliza a hibridação como o principal processo de produção de sementes. Neste, ocorre a eliminação da inflorescência masculina das plantas genitoras femininas para que ocorra o cruzamento com os polinizadores conhecidos como genitores masculinos. O despendoamento mecânico pode ser realizado por arranque dos pendões, sendo realizado por um equipamento mecânico denominado “Wheel Puller’ (pneu) ou “Cutter” (faquinha). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de três métodos diferentes de despendoamento mecânico em campos de produção de sementes híbridas de milho. O experimento foi realizado na safra 2016/2017, em área de produção localizada no município de Indianapolis-MG e foram avaliados três tipos de despendoamento, os quais constituíram os tratamentos: T1 (“puller”), T2 (“cutter 2 vezes + puller”) e T3 (“cutter 1 vez + puller”). Foram mensurados: número de folhas acima da espiga, umidade na colheita, umidade após secagem, peso líquido das espigas no campo, peso líquido das espigas após a secagem, rendimento de debulha, peso líquido de sementes debulhadas, rendimento na pré-limpeza, sementes limpas para classificação, e massa de 1000 sementes. Os tratamentos T2 e T3 obtiveram melhores resultados em relação ao número de folhas acima da espiga, o que pode ter influenciado também em melhores valores de peso líquido de espiga e rendimento na usina. No entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos em relação a umidade de colheita e peso de mil grãos. / The maize (Zea mays L.) hybridization is the main process of seed production, in which the objective is the elimination of the male inflorescence of the female genitor plants so that the crossing occurs with the pollinators known as male genitors. Mechanical detassaling can be performed by pulling the tassels which is done by a mechanical equipment called Wheel Puller (tire) or by Cutter (slides). The objective of this work is to evaluate three different mechanical detasseling methods in corn hybrid seed production. The experimente was carried out in the 2016/2017 harvest in a seed production field in Indianapolis-MG and was evaluated three detasseling methods, which the treatments consisted of: T1 (“puller”), T2 (“cutter 2 times + puller”) e T3 (“cutter 1 time + puller”). It was measured: number of leaves above the ear corn, harvesting moisture, ear moisture after drying, ear corn weight in the field, ear weight after drying, shelling yield, shelled seeds weight, pre-cleaning yield, clean seeds for classification, and 1000 seeds. Treatments T2 and T3 had better results in number of leaves above the ear corn, which might have influenced in better results for ear corn weight and yield. Although there was no significant difference between treatments concerning harvesting moisture and 1000 seeds weight.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-21T19:27:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fabiodantasjannuzzi.pdf: 5020116 bytes, checksum: 3eef3d88e1f883cf43be7bd3dea90314 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-22T12:40:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fabiodantasjannuzzi.pdf: 5020116 bytes, checksum: 3eef3d88e1f883cf43be7bd3dea90314 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T12:40:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabiodantasjannuzzi.pdf: 5020116 bytes, checksum: 3eef3d88e1f883cf43be7bd3dea90314 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-18 / Este trabalho, realizado a partir de uma pesquisa de campo desenvolvida em Santa Bárbara do Monte Verde (MG), tem como tema central a dinâmica que está presente na formação das vivências e das experiências de um grupo de pessoas no que concerne a saúde e a doença e, como conseqüência, as práticas terapêuticas advindas destes processos. O corpo-sujeito agencia vários significados e significantes que ao se imiscuírem e se interconectarem com outros contextos passam a fazer parte na composição das concepções de saúde e doença e, em última análise, dos interstícios sociais da localidade estudada, estabelecendo o chamado espaço “entre”. Ou seja, um espaço onde se interpenetram vários aspectos das redes de relações sociais sem que exista uma fronteira ou limite específico destes elementos e, assim, promovem o modo de estar no mundo de cada sujeito. Analisar-se-á como são estabelecidas as ações e interações dos pacientes com seu meio social, com os agentes promotores de cuidados em saúde – tendo o Programa de Saúde da Família como pano de fundo - e entre eles próprios. Há de se destacar que os pacientes transitam por um universo multifacetado de possibilidades terapêuticas sem que se tenha constatado fragmentações e seletividades como, por exemplo, ter que escolher entre medicações, rezas ou chás. Estes elementos consolidam um conjunto de práticas no qual a busca pela saúde agrega simultaneamente diversos fatores e cenários. Dessa forma, duas questões essenciais deste trabalho são: existe um nível de tensão entre os integrantes do sistema de saúde oficial e os cuidadores por métodos populares ou rezadeiras? E a partir disto, como se estabelecem as práticas relacionadas à saúde e à doença presentes no cotidiano dos pacientes? / This study, conducted from a field research held in Santa Bárbara do Monte Verde (MG), has as its central theme the dynamics that are present in the formation of lived experiences of a group of people with regard to the health and the sickness and, as result, the therapeutics practices arised from these processes. The body-subject agency several meanings and significants that when interpenetrate and interconnect with other contexts will become part in the composition of the concepts of health and sickness and, ultimately, the social intertices of the town studied by establishing the so-called space “between”. That is, an area where interpenetrate many aspects of the networks of social relations without a specific boundary or limit of these elements and thereby advancing the mode of being-in-the-world in each subject. The analyze will be established about the actions and interactions of patients with their social ambience, with the promoters of health care – with the Program of Family Health as a background – and among themselves. There is to highlight that patients transiting by a multifaceted universe of therapeutics possibilities without evidence of fragmentation and specificity such as having to choose between medications, prayers or teas. These elements consolidate a set of practices in which the search for health adds simultaneously several factors and sceneries. Thus, two key issues of this study are: there is a level of tension between members of the health official system and the popular methods or non-professional caregivers? And from this, how are the practices related to health and sickness established in daily life of patients?

Submitted by Amanda Silva (amanda.osilva2@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-05T13:59:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Fábia de Oliveira Luna.pdf: 6070926 bytes, checksum: 5c0233b17f6af6c3a2f420f1d6eb3248 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T13:59:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Fábia de Oliveira Luna.pdf: 6070926 bytes, checksum: 5c0233b17f6af6c3a2f420f1d6eb3248 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) and the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) belong to the mammalian Order Sirenia, classified respectively as critically endangered and as vulnerable in Brazil. Both species have been hunted commercially since the sixteenth century, resulting in a drastic reduction or elimination of manatees in some places. This hunting pressure may have caused isolation of the populations resulting in geographic genetic isolation, with a reduction of their genetic diversity. The objective of this study is to understand the genetic diversity and population structure of the West Indian manatee (T. manatus) in Brazil; verify the existence of hybridization between the manatees T. manatus and T. inungus; define the degree of relatedness of individuals in captivity; and provide strategies for the conservation of the species. In northeastern Brazil, a large number of dependent calves strand on beaches. Many of these calves have been rescued alive and rehabilitated for future release. Previously, the identification of release sites did not take into account the genetic issues. Through this study, it has been possible to identify suitable release sites based on phylogenetic traits of the manatees. The genetic structure of the population was studied using nuclear DNA in the program STRUCTURE, and comparing FST and RST values. On the Northeast coast one population was identified, which is subdivided in two subpopulations. A different genetic population was found in the Northwest of the Amazon River estuary (extreme north of Brazil, Guyana and Venezuelan). Manatees from the Estuary of the Amazon River grouped with Amazonian manatees from the Santarém region to form a third population. A total of four manatee Management Units were identified along the Brazilian coast, which should be treated separately for management and conservation needs. Using a combination of molecular markers (mtDNA and nDNA) and cytogenetic analyses the existence of hybridization between T. manatus and T inunguis was confirmed, although this does not appear to be a frequent occurrence. Some of the dependent calves rescued, and other individuals transferred from irregular captive conditions to the CMA/ICMBio, were kept together and breeding occurred. Maintaining related manatees together can lead to inbreeding. It was possible 29 to establish the degree of relatedness between individuals kept at CMA/ICMBio and verify the extistence of inbreeding. To avoid inbreeding, hybridization, and overpopulation in captivity, it is necessary that males and females be separated immediately, thereby preventing reproduction ex-situ. The present study allows us to establish actions for the conservation of the West Indian manatee. Actions that should be prioritized include: protection and restoration of habitat with the creation and implementation of specific protected areas; creation and maintenance of travel corridors that allow gene flow; reduction and elimination of anthropogenic pressures on the species; stopping pointless reproduction in captivity; designing further studies in the north of Brazil to better understand the hybridization and implement the action plan.

Ce projet à caractère dual civil et militaire vise à développer de nouvelles contre-mesures médicales d’urgences hautement efficaces en cas d’intoxications accidentelles ou volontaires aux organophosphorés toxiques (gaz de combat et pesticides). Ces poisons agissent comme des inhibiteurs irréversibles de l’acétylcholinestérase, enzyme clé principalement localisé dans notre système nerveux, par phosphorylation du site actif enzymatique. Cependant, un nucléophile puissant capable de pénétrer jusqu’au site actif de la protéine peut également l’hydrolyser. Notre recherche réside sur l’élaboration de molécules hybrides possédant deux systèmes clés : une partie réactivatrice neutre capable de restaurer l’activité enzymatique et un ligand du site périphérique capable de vectoriser la structure hybride à l’entrée du site actif. Une librairie de nouveaux hybrides bifonctionnels a ainsi été synthétisée, évaluée et décrite dans ces travaux de thèse. L’ensemble de ces hybrides démontre une activité égale ou supérieure à celle des réactivateurs de référence. Nous avons même découvert le premier hybride universel surpassant l’activité de réactivation des antidotes actuellement commercialisés pour des intoxications aux gaz de combat et aux pesticides. / Remediation of both acute and chronic intoxications by organophosphorus nerve agents, both chemical warfare agents and pesticides, continues to be a challenge of paramount importance. These manmade poisons act as covalent and irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, a key enzyme mostly located in the nervous system, through phosphylation of its active site. The phosphylated active site residues do not undergo spontaneous hydrolysis. However, hydrolysis can be achieved through the use of strong nucleophiles able to enter the buried active site of the protein. Our research is based on the rational design of hybrid structures containing two key elements: a neutral reactivator to restore the enzyme activity, and a peripheral site ligand giving selectivity by targeted binding to a site at the entrance of the enzyme active site gorge. A library of novel reactivators based on acridine, quinoline and original oxoassoanine analogues was synthesised, evaluated and is herein described. Delightfully, most of these hybrids proved to be equally or more potent than the drugs currently in use. Outstandingly, we have discovered the first broad-spectrum reactivator that outperformed all known reactivators for both chemical warfare agent and pesticide intoxications.

Cette thèse a visé à comprendre et à recréer artificiellement un mécanisme d'auto-assemblage présent dans la soie d'araignée. Les gouttes de glue microniques qui existent sur la soie d'araignée dîte de capture servent à fournir à la toile ses propriétés adhésives. Ces gouttes jouent pourtant un autre rôle : elles améliorent grandement les propriétés mécaniques de la soie, et permettent de préserver l'intégrité structurelle de la toile. La localisation de l'instabilité de flambage au sein des gouttes de glue, site de surcompression par les ménisques capillaire, implique que ce système de gouttes sur fibre se comporte sous compression comme un liquide, alors que sous tension il possède un régime solide. Les araignées ont donc trouvé un moyen de créer des hybrides mécaniques liquide-solide.La première partie de ma thèse fut dédiée à la caractérisation d'échantillons naturels, qui a permis dans la seconde partie de construire un système entièrement artificiel qui reproduit la soie d'araignée de capture, grâce à des microfibres flexibles longues de plusieurs centimètres. Une simple goutte de liquide mouillant permet la création efficace d'un système semblable aux échantillons naturels. La caractérisation fine de ces systèmes de gouttes sur fibre enroulables a mené à un très bon accord entre les résultats expérimentaux, les simulations numériques et une analogie avec les transitions de phase, notamment pour des propriétés telles que le seuil d'activation, l'existence d'une hystérésis ou encore la morphologie de l'enroulement. Ces résultats ont permis la conception de techniques non conventionnelles dans des domaines tels que les méta-matériaux et la micro-fabrication. / This PhD work aimed to understand and recreate artificially a self-assembling mechanism involving capillarity and elasticity present in spider silk. The primary function of the micronic glue droplets that exist on spider capture silk is to provide the spider web with adhesive properties. These droplets play yet another role: the dramatic enhancement of silk mechanical properties, as well as the preservation of the integrity of the web structure. The localization of the buckling instability within the glue droplets, site of over-compression due to the capillary meniscii implies that under compression this special drop-on-fibre system behaves like a liquid, whereas under tension it has a classical elastic spring regime. Spiders have thus found a way to create liquid-solid mechanical hybrids.The first part of my thesis aimed to the characterization of natural samples, which allowed in the second part to build a completely artificial system that mimics the natural samples, through fabrication of centimeter-long micronic soft fibres. The simple addition of a wetting liquid droplet made for an effective system with mechanical properties quantitatively close to that of spider capture silk.Fine characterization of the created drop-on-coilable-fibre systems yielded very good agreement between experimental results and predictions from numerical simulations and a analogy with phase transition, especially for properties such as the threshold for activation, the existence of an hysteresis and the coiling morphology. All those results added up to the design of unconventional techniques in field such as metamaterials and micro-fabrication.

Cette thèse décrit la préparation de matériaux hybrides organiques-inorganiques aux propriétés ciblées. Dans la première partie de ce travail, le procédé sol-gel a été couplé aux techniques d'auto-assemblage pour la préparation de matériaux hybrides organiques-inorganiques. Cette combinaison est d'un grand intérêt, non seulement d'un point de vue fondamental, mais aussi parce qu'elle permet la production de nouveaux matériaux hybrides fonctionnels à structuration hiérarchique. Deux familles ont été étudiées, avec deux types de liens : urée ou uréthane. L'influence de paramètres tels que la longueur des chaînes alkyle et alkylène et le solvant sur la nanostructure a été analysée. Le comportement hystérétique d'une classe des matériaux à liens uréthane a été exploité. Dans la seconde partie de ce manuscrit, le procédé sol-gel a été utilisé pour préparer des électrolytes hybrides organiques-inorganiques composés de biohybrides siloxane/poly(e-caprolactone) à liens uréthane, contenant des proportions fortement variables de triflate de potassium dans un cas, et un mélange de triflates de lithium et d'europium dans l'autre exemple. Dans les deux cas, des prototypes de dispositifs électrochromes ont été construits, avec une structure sandwich constituée de quatre couches comprenant deux couches externes formées de films d'oxyde conducteur transparent, un film électrochrome d'oxyde de tungstène (WO3) et une couche active conductrice d'ions constituée des échantillons d'ormolyte. Les transmittances optiques moyennes, les contrastes de couleur et les temps de réponse associés aux processus de coloration/décoloration ont été déterminés. Le changement de couleur a été quantifié dans le prototype à base du mélange Li/Eu.Le carbonate de calcium (CaCO3) est un composé minéral très important dans la Nature, qui peut exister sous six formes polymorphiques différentes. Parmi elles, la phase amorphe (ACC) métastable est utilisée par beaucoup d'organismes comme intermédiaire transitoire pour former des objets composés de monocristaux de calcite ou d'aragonite à morphologie élaborée. L'ACC a un potentiel inédit dans le domaine de l'orthopédie étant donné sa vitesse de croissance, son caractère immunogène et les propriétés mécaniques des os qui en dérivent. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé une méthode de synthèse faisant appel à la poly(vinylpyrrolidone) pour retarder la cristallisation de l'ACC et à plusieurs liquides ioniques et tensio-actifs pour changer la morphologie de calcite. / This thesis is focused on the preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid systems with targeted properties. In the first part of the work, the sol-gel process and self-assembly techniques were employed for the preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. This combination is of great interest, not only from the fundamental point of view, but also because it allows the production of novel functional and hierarchically structured hybrid materials. Two families of materials were obtained, featuring two different types of cross links: urea and urethane. The influence of parameters such as the alkyl and alkylene chain length and the solvent on the nanostructure was analyzed. In the second part of the work the sol-gel method was used to prepare organic-inorganic hybrid electrolytes composed of novel di-urethane cross-linked poly(e-caprolactone)/siloxane biohybrids incorporating a wide range of potassium triflate concentration in one example and a mixture of lithium triflate and europium triflate in the other example. In both cases prototype ECDs have been constructed using a four layer-sandwich configuration comprising two outermost layers composed of transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films, an EC film of tungsten oxide (WO3) and an IC active layer of selected ormolyte samples. The average optical transmittance, colour contrast, optical density and device response time associated with the colouring/bleaching processes have been determined. The colour change has been quantified in the prototype based on the Li/Eu mixture. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is an important biomineral in Nature, that can exist in six different polymorphic forms. Among them, the metastable amorphous CaCO3 phase (ACC) is used in many organisms as a transient intermediate to form single crystals of calcite and aragonite with elaborate shapes. ACC has a tremendous potential in the orthopedic field. Herein we have employed poly(vinylpyrrolidone) to retard the crystallization of ACC. In addition, several ionic liquids and surfactants were employed to tune the morphology of calcite.