In agricultural catchments, hydrological processes play an important role in the export of nutrients. Water that enters a catchment during a rain event (event water) can have different flow paths and residence times. These affect the transport and biogeochemical transformation of nutrients until the water discharges at the outlet where catchments are usually monitored.This work focused on the contributions of event water and pre-event water (water that was already stored in the catchment before a rainfall event) to the stream. The work is necessary for further studies to develop an understanding of the relation of nutrients export and water flow paths. The method was based on isotopic hydrograph separation and performed on existing data. The stable isotope signature of oxygen in water (δ18O) was used as a tracer. A new study is planned using δ18O to distinguish different flow paths and residence times of water, and therefore a sequential rainfall collector was tested and improved for this purpose.The results of the hydrograph separation show that up to 54% of an increased discharge from a rainwater event is event water, but also that data in a higher temporal resolution is needed to quantify contributions of event water to the runoff for all the events. Additional and more advanced experiments of the rainfall collector would be an advantage, but it can also be used in the field as it is today. Based on the analysis and the revised sequential rainfall collector, a sampling strategy for future work is described. / I ett jordbruksavrinningsområde spelar hydrologiska processer en viktig roll vid export av näringsämnen. Vatten som adderas till ett avrinningsområde från ett regnevent (eventvatten) kan ha olika flödesvägar och olika uppehållstider. Dessa påverkar transporten och omvandlingen av biogeokemiska näringsämnen olika tills det att vattnet lämnar avrinningsområdet via ett utlopp.Arbetet har fokuserat på vilket bidrag eventvatten och vatten som redan lagrats i avrinningsområdet före regnhändelsen (pre-eventvatten) har till avrinningen till en flod. Arbetet är viktigt för att utveckla en förståelse för vattenflödesvägar som är nödvändiga för ytterligare undersökning av export av näringsämnen. Metoden baserades på en isotopisk hydrograf-separation och utfördes på existerande data. Spåraren som användes var den stabila isotopen av syre i vatten (δ18O). Eftersom en ny studie planeras med användning av δ18O för att skilja olika flödesvägar och uppehållstider för vatten, har en sekventiell regnuppfångare också testats och förbättras.Resultaten av den hydrografa separationen visar att upp till 54% av en ökad avrinning i floden som resultat av ett regnevent är eventvatten, men även att det finns behov av data med högre tidsmässig upplösning behövs för att kunna kvantifiera bidrag från eventvatten till avrinningen för alla event. Fler och mer avancerade tester av regnfångaren skulle vara en fördel, men den kan även i dagsläget användas i fält. Baserat på resultat från experiment av regnuppfångaren föreslås kort en provtagningsstrategi för framtida arbeten.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Bacia do Rio Iguaçu-Sarapuí integra a região hidrográfica da Baía de Guanabara. Sua área de drenagem, com cerca de 726 km2, corresponde a aproximadamente 20% do total da área de contribuição à Baía, da ordem de 4600 km2 . Os municípios abrangidos pela bacia do Rio Iguaçu são: Nova Iguaçu, Duque de Caxias, Belford Roxo, São João de Meriti, Nilópolis, Mesquita e uma pequena parte do município do Rio de Janeiro. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo utilizar metodologias destinadas à identificação das unidades de paisagem na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Iguaçu, baseado nos conceitos de Paisagem Integrada e utilizando como suporte tecnologias digitais de geoprocessamento. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foram utilizados dados de diferentes fontes e órgãos governamentais de planejamento que trate desta temática. Os dados ao qual o texto se refere são: bases cartográficas em diferentes escalas de abordagem, Imagens Sensoriais Landsat 7, relatórios e diagnóstico da área em estudo. A identificação das unidades de paisagem na bacia do Rio Iguaçu-Sarapuí é feita a partir da delimitação das unidades de relevo e informações sobre o uso do solo, aspectos geológicos e pedológicos. O trabalho foi baseado no apoio das tecnologias digitais de geoprocessamento que permite uma melhor correlação entre diferentes tipos de informações tanto dos aspectos físicos, geológicos como também das ações antrópicas, classificando-as quanto ao grau de intervenção. O resultado do trabalho nesta região foi a elaboração de um diagnóstico ambiental das limitações e susceptibilidade ao desenvolvimento de determinadas atividades distribuindo-as espacialmente na bacia. A utilização de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica, em especial o Arc Gis 9.2 teve uma importância relevante na elaboração da pesquisa. Uma vez que este sistema trabalha com grandes volumes de informações e na análise integrada de objetos complexos, além de permitir a elaboração de um banco de dados espacial no próprio projeto. O que o diferencia dos demais Sistema de Informação Geográfica, tornando-o uma ferramenta eficiente na gestão integrada dos recursos naturais. / The Iguaçu River Falls is part of the river basin of Guanabara Bay. Its drainage area, with about 726 km2, corresponds to approximately 20% of the total area of contribution to the Bay, the order of 4600 km2. The municipalities covered by the Iguaçu River basin are: Nova Iguaçu, Duque de Caxias, Belford Roxo, São João de Meriti, Nilópolis, mosque and a small part of the city of Rio de Janeiro. This study aims to develop and present methodologies for the identification of landscape units in the RiverBasinFalls. For the development of this research used data from different sources and government planning addressing this issue. The data to which this text refers are in different cartographic scales approach, Sensory Landsat 7 Images, reports and diagnosis of the study area. The identification of landscape units in the Iguaçu River basin is made from the division of relief units and information on land use, geological and soil. The work will be based on support of digital technologies of GIS allows a better correlation between different types of information both from physical, geological as well as from human activity, classifying them as to the degree of intervention. The expected outcome of work in this region is a diagnosis of the limitations and susceptibility to development of certain activities spatially distributing them in the basin.By analysis of the statement of Geomorphology and identifying the main relief units between them we can highlight: the escarpment of the sea, hills and massive coastal and finally the unit talus / colluvial and alluvial plain. These compartments correlated with the predominant use of land, allowed the generation of seven landscape units: 1 - floodplain with sprawl; 2 - Lowland river floodplains with a predominance of mangroves and Environmental Protection Area; 3 - Hills of occupation and livestock farming; 4 - Massive Coastal Living with a predominance of rain forest, 5 - massively intrusive fragments of Atlantic Forest 6 - Talus / Colluviums with occupation and livestock farming; 7 - sheer cliffs with forest.

As concentrações do gás óxido nitroso (N2O), um importante agente do efeito estufa, têm aumentado significativamente nos últimos cem anos. As razões para este aumento atmosférico de N2O se encontram parcialmente inexplicadas e esta lacuna ainda é mais grave em relação aos ambientes aquáticos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar os fluxos de N2O entre a atmosfera e as águas de alguns rios da Bacia Amazônica. As áreas de estudo estão localizadas na Amazônia Brasileira, nos estados de Rondônia e Amazonas. Os rios foram amostrados mensalmente, entre setembro de 2005 e fevereiro de 2006. A água dos rios foi coletada por meio de bombas de imersão, no meio do canal, a 60% da profundidade total, contada a partir da superfície. Para evitar o contato com o ar, as amostras eram colocadas em frascos de 2 L preenchidos com 60 mL de N2 . O método denominado headspace foi utilizado a fim de equilibrar o N2O dissolvido com o N2. Para transporte ao laboratório, 25 mL do gás resultante eram transferidos para dentro de frascos de penicilina selados. Amostras do ar atmosférico foram coletadas cerca de um metro acima da água e estocadas da mesma maneira. As concentrações de N2O foram quantificadas por cromatografia gasosa, em equipamento Shimadzu GC-14. Para calcular o fluxo evasivo do N2O utilizou-se o modelo teórico de fluxo difusivo. Em um setor da bacia do rio Ji-Paraná (até o município de Ji-Paraná), com uma área de drenagem de 32.793 km2, observaram-se fluxos de N2O anuais de 0,33.105 mol, resultando em uma emissão para a atmosfera de cerca de 0,46Mg N.ano-1. No rio Negro, com uma área de drenagem de 69.6808 km2, os fluxos anuais de N2O foram da ordem de 3,32.105 mol N2O, e a emissão de N para atmosfera de 4,64 Mg.ano-1. Nos 2.147.736 km2 da bacia do rio Solimões estes valores foram de 4,05.105 mol N2O.ano-1 e cerca de 5,67 MgN.ano-1, respectivamente. Comparados ao transporte de N pela descarga, estes valores representam uma fração muito pequena do ciclo deste elemento nas bacias de drenagem destes rios. / The concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O), an important component of the greenhouse effect, have significantly increased in the last hundred years. The reasons for this atmospheric increase in N2O are still partially not explained and this uncertainty is worse in relation to aquatic environments. The objective of this study was to quantify fluxes of N2O from rivers of the Amazon to the atmosphere. The studied area is located in the Brazilian Amazon, in the states of Rondônia and Amazonas. The rivers were monthly sampled from September 2005 to February 2007. River water was collected with immersion pumps, lowered in the middle of the channel to 60% of total depth. To avoid contact with air, water was pumped into a 2 L graduated cylinder, from which the samples were taken with a 60 mL syringe pre-filled with N2. A headspace metodology was used to equilibrate the dissolved N2O with N2, within the syringe. The resulting gas sample was stored in evacuated and sealed 25 mL vials. Atmospheric samples were taken from one meter above the water column and stored the same way. N2O concentrations were determined within 15 days of collection on a Shimadzu GC-14 ?Green House Analyzer?. A theoretical diffusive flux model was used to calcule N2O fluxes. At the sector of the Ji-Paraná river basin constrained upstream from the county of Ji- Paraná, with an area of 32,793 km2, annual fluxes of N2O were on the order of 0.33 mol.year-1, which resulted in an emission to the atmosphere of 0.46 MgN.year-1. In the Negro basin, which encompasses an area of 69,6808 km2, fluxes were an order of magnitude higher, 3.33.105 mol.N2O.year-1, resulting in an annual emission of 4.64 MgN. At the 2,147,736 km2 of the Solimões basin, these values were, respectively 4.05.105 mol N2O and 5.67 MgN.year-1. Compared to the values of N exported in discharge, these fluxes constitute a small fraction of the nitrogen cycle in these basins.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maycon Patricio de Hollanda.pdf: 2102332 bytes, checksum: a634a767fbb8a76a1897076e187fba8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-19 / A utilização não sustentável dos recursos naturais tem gerado condições de escassez ou até mesmo esgotamento de alguns destes recursos. A água é um dos recursos naturais mais ameaçados pela exploração não sustentável. O estudo em bacias hidrográficas possibilita a integração dos fatores que condicionam a qualidade e a quantidade dos recursos hídricos, com os seus reais condicionantes físicos e antrópicos. A modelagem matemática constitui uma importante ferramenta para o gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos e o estudo geográfico de bacias hidrográficas. Do exposto, objetivou-se, avaliar a aplicabilidade do TOPMODEL para simular a vazão máxima (Qmáx), lâmina de escoamento superficial (LES) e hidrogramas de escoamento superficial em eventos de precipitação na microbacia hidrográfica do córrego Jaqueira (MCJ). A área de estudo possui 0,22 km², cinco tipos de uso e cobertura do solo, e um rio perene. Os dados de entrada do modelo constituíram-se do Indice topográfico, gerado a partir do MNT com resolução de 7m X 7m, da capacidade de água disponível na zona radicular, obtida por meio da média ponderada de cada valor para cada cobertura do solo, do déficit inicial de umidade na zona radicular, sendo considerado como 40% do SRmáx, da velocidade de propagação em canal, calculado a partir do tempo de concentração, e do armazenamento exponencial e da transmissividade efetiva do solo, ambos obtidos em literatura. Foram escolhidos 20 eventos durante o período de 19 de julho de 2009 a 28 de dezembro de 2011, no qual foram escolhidos de forma aleatória 6 eventos para calibração e 14 eventos para validação do modelo. Os eventos simulados no processo de calibração mostrou tendência de subestimar a Qmáx e LES em média 71% e 51%, respectivamente, ao final do processo foi calculado a média dos parâmetros de entrada tendo como critério os valores dos eventos que apresentaram valores positivos de eficiência, para serem utilizados no processo de validação. Após simular os 14 eventos destinados ao processo de validação do modelo, observou-se a tendência do modelo em simular 4 tipos de hidrogramas, que são, eventos em que os valores de Qmáx e LES foram subestimados em média de 50%, eventos que apresentam simulações com dois picos de Qmáx, em que o primeiro pico é subestimado e o segundo superestimado, eventos que apresentaram os melhores valores de eficiência com um pico bem definido, e eventos que apresentaram os piores valores de eficiência. Sendo que em resumo o modelo subestimou a Qmáx em 71% dos eventos e a LES em 51% dos eventos. Cabe destacar os eventos 6, 10 e 14 onde apresentaram eficiência acima de 0,70, e os eventos 9 e 11,em que por não terem suas amplitudes de intensidade de precipitação englobadas no processo de calibração apresentaram os piores resultados entre todos os eventos de validação analisados. Apesar do TOPMODEL apresentar baixa eficiência em diversas simulações dos hidrogramas de vazão de escoamento superficial, o modelo é promissor na modelagem dos hidrogramas, uma vez que os valores de vazão analisados na MCJ são muito pequenos / The unsustainable use of natural resources has generated conditions of scarcity or even exhaustion of some of these resources. Water is a natural resource most threatened by unsustainable exploration. The study watersheds enables integration of the factors that influence the quality and quantity of water resources, with its real physical and human constraints. Mathematical modeling is an important tool for the management of water resources and geographical study watershed. From the above, our aim was to evaluate the applicability of TOPMODEL to simulate the maximum flow (Qmáx), blade runoff (LES) and the runoff hydrographs for rainfall events in the microbasin hydrographic Jaqueira (MCJ). The study area has 0.22 km ², five types of land use and land cover, and a perennial river. The input data of the model consisted of topographic index, generated from the DEM with resolution of 7m x 7m, the available water capacity in the root zone, obtained by weighted average of each value for each ground cover, the initial deficit of moisture in the root zone, considered as 40% of SRmáx, propagation velocity in the channel, calculated from the time of concentration and storage exponential transmissivity and effective soil, both obtained in literature. 20 events were chosen during the July 19th, 2009 to December 28th, 2011, which were randomly selected for calibration 6 events and 14 events for model validation. The simulated events in the calibration process tended to underestimate the Qmáx and LES averaged 71% and 51%, respectively, at the end of the process was calculated average of the input parameters and values as a criterion of events that showed positive values efficiency to be used in the validation process. After the 14 events designed to simulate the process of validating the model, we observed a tendency of the model to simulate four types of hydrographs, which are events in which the values of Qmáx and LES were underestimated on average by 50%, events that showing simulations with two peaks Qmáx, where the first was underestimated and the second peak was overestimated, events that showed the best efficiency with a well defined peak, and events that showed the worst performance. In summary the model underestimated the Qmáx in 71% of events and the LES in 51% of events. It is worth mentioning events 6, 10 and 14 when it showed an accuracy of 0.70, and events 9 and 11, as for not their amplitudes of rainfall intensity encompassed by the calibration procedure gave the poorest results among all events Validation analyzed. Despite the low efficiency in TOPMODEL present several simulations of flow hydrographs of runoff, the model is promising in modeling of hydrographs, once that the values of flow analyzed in MCJ are very small

Se por um lado a estimação das vazões máximas pelos métodos tradicionais, estatístico (Análise de Frequência Local - AFL) e determinístico (Cheia Máxima Provável - CMP), vem sendo alvo de críticas, por outro, a Análise de Frequência Conjugada (AFC) e o método do Hidrograma Máximo Mais Provável (HMMP), mais recentemente proposto, evidenciam-se como ferramentas promissoras. A AFC consiste da combinação entre técnicas probabilísticas e determinísticas e o HMMP utiliza os conceitos do Hidrograma Unitário Curvilíneo (HUC) de Mockus e da distribuição temporal de chuvas dada por Huff. Este trabalho tem o intuito de aplicar os métodos AFL, AFC e HMMP de maneira a avaliar os procedimentos e peculiaridades de cada método e assim possibilitar uma análise comparativa. Os referidos métodos foram aplicados para as séries de vazões dos aproveitamentos hidrelétricos UHE Sobradinho e UHE Três Marias, localizados na bacia do rio São Francisco, e a estação fluviométrica Paso de Los Libres localizada na bacia hidrográfica do rio Uruguai. Foram avaliadas a estabilidade e a sensibilidade dos métodos à extensão da série, à variação da magnitude das menores vazões das séries de valores máximos e a influência da presença de outliers, nos valores máximos determinados. As análises da estabilidade e sensibilidade apresentam diferenças máximas entre as estimativas de vazões decamilenares de 321% para a Análise de Frequência Local, 64% para a Análise de Frequência Conjugada e 82% para o Hidrograma Máximo Mais Provável. Conclusões importantes foram obtidas, dentre as quais o fato dos métodos AFC e HMMP apresentarem vantagens em relação ao método AFL para todas as análises realizadas. O método do HMMP apresentou variação pouco significativa quanto à presença de outliers e influência da presença dos menores valores, sendo considerado o mais promissor dentre os três métodos e para as séries analisadas no presente trabalho. / If, on one hand, the estimation of peak flows by traditional statistical analysis (Local Frequency Analysis - AFL) and deterministic methods (Probable Maximum Flood - PMF) has been criticized, on the other, the Conjugated Frequency Analysis (AFC) and the method of Hydrograph Maximum Most Probable (HMMP), recently proposed, are highlighted as promising tools. The AFC consists of a combination of deterministic and probabilistic techniques and HMMP uses the concepts of Curvilinear Unit Hydrograph (HUC) by Mockus and temporal distribution of rainfall given by Huff. This paper aims to apply the AFL, AFC and HMMP methods in order to assess the procedures and peculiarities of each method and thus provide a comparative analysis. The methods were applied to the series of flows of hydroelectric Sobradinho and Três Marias, located in the São Francisco basin, and Paso de Los Libres fluviometric station located in the basin of the River Uruguay. Stability and sensitivity of the methods to extend the series, the variation of the magnitude of lower flows series of maxima and the influence of the presence of outliers in certain maximums were evaluated. The stability and sensitivity analyzes presented maximum differences between estimated decamilenares flow of 321% for the Analysis of Local Frequency, 64% for the Analysis of Combined frequency and 82% for Hydrograph Maximum Most Probable. The method presented HMMP negligible variation for the presence of outliers and influence of the presence of minor amounts, and it is considered the most promising among the three methods and for the series analyzed in this work.

This thesis deals with the flood control. In particular, the design of a set of small water reservoirs with retention effect (polders) and their effect on flood flows. The work is divided into two parts, the first part refers to the bachelor thesis. In this thesis is description of the catchment, rainfall-runoff process and the evaluation of the ratio. That was got the necessary information for the design of polders. This is an abbreviated repetition of the contents of the thesis, which is a continuation of this work. The second part deals with the specific design of two reservoirs, including hydro calculations and drawings. For this work were used ArcGIS - ArcMap, Hydrog and to create drawings AutoCAD 2010.

Diploma thesis “Hydraulic Assessment of a Stream Revitalization Effect on a Floodplain Retention Capacity“ assess availability of revitalized stream and its floodplain to transform floods and compare determined values with transformed floods from model of technically modified stream, both by using coupling 1D/2D BASEMENT computational model. In the first part is overall introduction to research issue. In the second part the territory of interest is described and the hypothesis are set. In the third part are described input data, used tools, computational model, its making and computational versions. In the fourth part the hypothesis are evaluated. It was determined, that for in this thesis used terrain and hydrographs are floods smaller than Q20 transformed much more by revitalized stream and that technically modified stream can speed up the flood, floods Q50 and Q100 are more transformed by technically modified stream. For generalization of the results would be appropriate to make research on bigger ammount of case studies based on combination of 1D/2D and rainfall-runoff model.

The main priority thesis is to evaluate the current status and future follow- variant solution functions and the resulting operating small water reservoir Točenka in Babice u Kelč. Thanks smyvům of the field lines in the upper part of the basin has been a complete clogging the tank up to the spillway . Task is to assess the current status of the tank and identify measures for future use.

Diploma thesis deals with flood protection at small basin flow Mlýnka. Object of thesis is first design of flood protection – dry reservoir. Part of thesis is theoretical, which describes general design, constructional solution and basic information about operation and maintenance. Next part of thesis describes specific design of dry reservoir. In the end, there are evaluations and comparison with bachelor thesis. Programs, which were used for elaboration, are AutoCAD, ArcGIS, HYDROG, HEC, MS Office.

Rain-on-snow events represent one of the basic mechanisms causing floods. Rain falling on the snow cover causes enhanced melting and the resulting runoff often exceeds the runoff caused by rain. During the winter seasons 2018 and 2019, water samples from the stream, snowpack and precipitation were repeatedly taken in the the Ptačí Brook catchment in the Šumava mountains, and the concentrations of 2 H and 18 O were measured in the laboratory. Based on the observed isotope ratios 18 O/16 O and 2 H/1 H in combination with other variables measured in the catchment, the two ROS events from 2019 were reconstructed. The ratio of heavy isotopes increased in the snowpack due to ROS events. Using the end member mixing equation, a hydrograph separation was performed for both investigated events. For the first event, it was not possible to clearly separate groundwater from rainfall, and thus the range of snow in the total runoff was determined by its separation from rainfall and subsequent separation from groundwater. The second event examined was separated directly into three components: rainfall, groundwater and snow. According to the analyses, the total runoff during ROS events in both cases was mostly formed by event water (a combination of rainfall and melt water). The melting water from the snow cover...