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Analyse de la diversité inter et intra-spécifique des paramètres de l’architecture des systèmes racinaires chez les Solanacées. Les racines des plantes jouent un rôle important pour garantir productivité et résistance à de nombreux stress. Dans le nouveau contexte agricole, l’importance de ce système racinaire et de sonarchitecture sont remises au premier plan. Notre étude porte sur la dynamique de l’architecture racinaire des solanacées, qui contient un ensemble d’espèces horticoles importantes pour l’alimentation. Notre travail porte sur 32 génotypes, parmi 3 groupes d’espèces: aubergines, piments et tomates.Dans cette étude, nous proposons tout d’abord une analyse de la diversité inter et intraspécifique de l’architecture racinaire à travers l’évaluation d’un ensemble de traits qui sont aussi les paramètres d’un modèle dynamique de simulation (ArchiSimple : Pagès et al, 2012). Cette première évaluation a été faite en pots, en utilisant un milieu très favorable à la croissance des plantes et à l’enracinement. Nous montrons que les traits racinaires choisis présentent en effet des variations d’origine génétique, généralement plus fortes entre espèces qu’au sein des espèces. Nous avons également observé des corrélations entre certains traits qui révèlent des compromis ou des coordinations dans les processus de développement.Pour aller plus loin dans la signification des traits racinaires choisis et leur stabilité vis‐à‐vis des conditions environnementales, nous avons également évalué ces traits en conditions de culture hydroponique. C’est un milieu reconnu comme radicalement différent, intéressant pour les possibilités de visualisation des racines qu’il offre. Un dispositif avec des rhizotrons hydroponiques a été construit spécifiquement pour cette expérimentation. Nous avons confirmé, dans ces nouvelles conditions, les différences d’origine génétique entre les différents génotypes utilisés. De plus, nous avons comparé de manière systématique les valeurs de traits mesurés avec celles de la précédente expérimentation. Certains traits se révèlent stables ou très corrélés (e.g. diamètres, distances interramification)alors que d’autres présentent des différences beaucoup plus fortes (e.g. vitesses de croissance, vitesses d’émergence des racines adventives).Une troisième expérimentation, utilisant différentes combinaisons de greffage entre génotypes, nous a permis d’approfondir la question du contrôle des traits par des interactions au sein de la plante: soit à courte distance au sein du système racinaire, soit à plus longue distance parle système aérien. Deux traits importants ont été étudiés (le diamètre apical et la densité de ramification) en utilisant des combinaisons de génotypes ayant des valeurs contrastées par rapport à ces traits. Il en ressort des réponses très différentes, avec un effet marqué du greffon sur les111RésuméBui H.H. (2015), Diversité inter- et intra-spécifique des paramètres racinaires chez les Solanacées diamètres, révélant qu’une partie au moins du contrôle de ce trait est effectuée par le système aérien, et un effet faible ou inexistant du greffon sur la densité de ramification, révélant un contrôle local de ce trait, par des interactions à courte distance entre les racines. Cette expérimentation par greffage a montré un potentiel très intéressant pour mettre en lumière divers mécanismes de contrôle des traits au sein de la plante entière.Cette étude mérite d’être prolongée par des analyses plus systématiques des déterminismes de variation des traits de l’architecture racinaire, et par des simulations par modèle qui permettront de synthétiser les conséquences des variations de traits sur les performances globales des systèmes racinaires pour la prospection du sol. / Analysis of the inter and intra specific diversity of the parameters of the root system architecture in the Solanaceae.Plant roots play an important role to ensure the productivity and the resistance to manystresses. In new agricultural context, the importance of root system and its architecture are placed tothe forefront. Our study focuses on the root architecture dynamics of Solanaceae, which contains aseries of important horticultural species for the alimentation. Our work was based on 32 genotypesbelonging to three groups of species: aubergines, capsicums, and tomatoes.In this study, we propose firstly an analysis of inter‐ and intra ‐ specific diversity of rootarchitecture through evaluating a set of traits which are also the parameters of a dynamic simulationmodel (ArchiSimple: Pagès et al, 2012). The experiment in pots with a very favorable condition forplant growth and rooting was conducted for the first evaluation. It showed that the selected roottraits present an effect of genetic ‐ originated variations and this effect is usually stronger amongspecies than within species. We also found correlations between certain traits, which revealcompromises or coordinations in the developmental processes.In order to go deeper into the signification of selected root traits and their stability toenvironmental conditions, we also evaluated these traits in hydroponic culture. This environment isradically different, and interesting for its possibilities to visualize the roots. An experimental setupwith hydroponic rhizotrons was specially built for this experiment. In the new conditions, the genetic‐ originated differences between different genotypes used also were found. In addition, wecompared systematically the traits values with those of the previous experiment. Certain traits arestable or highly correlated (e.g., apical diameter, inter‐branch distance), while others are muchdifferent (e.g., root growth rate, emission rate of adventitious roots).In a third experiment, we used different grafting combinations between genotypes todeepen the question of the control of root traits by interactions within plant: either short distancecontrol within root system or long distance control by aerial system. Two important root traits (apicaldiameter and branching density) have been studied by grafting between genotypes which havecontrasting values on these traits. The different responses appear: a significant effect of scion ondiameters, which indicate that at least of this trait is controlled by shoot system, and a weak effect orno effect of scion on branching density, revealing the local control of this trait, by short distanceinteractions between the roots. This experiment showed a great potential of grafting to highlightvarious control mechanisms of root traits within whole plant.AbstractBui H.H. (2015), Diversité inter- et intra-spécifique des paramètres racinaires chez les Solanacées 113This study deserve to be extended by more systematic analysis of determinisms of variationsof root architecture traits, and by using simulation model which allow to integrate the consequencesof traits variations on global performances of root system for prospecting of soil.

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) provides desert plants with distinct advantages over the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways in harsh climates where water is scarce. CAM is, however more metabolically costly than C3 or C4 photosynthesis, and some plants, such as Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, facultatively utilize CAM when water is abundant, and water conservation unnecessary. In such situations, these plants behave akin to a C3 plant when photosynthesizing. CAM is divided into four phases, with each phase displaying unique metabolic processes. Certain changes, including changes in the timing of CO2 fixation, stable carbon isotope ratios, and tissue malic acid content accumulation patterns can indicate that a plant has shifted from CAM to C3 photosynthesis. Such shifts have been observed to be regulated primarily by water availability and ontogenic development. While facultative CAM is well documented in species like Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, and it has not been studied extensively in Agave with the exception of Agave deserti, and Agave angustifolia. A better understanding of this phenomenon would apply to the agricultural growth of this genus. This study aimed to trigger C3 to CAM shifts in Agave sensu lato species, in order to expand upon the findings of previous studies, and better understand the prevalence of facultative CAM expression in the genus. Gas exchange and stable carbon isotope measurements were taken from 2-month-old, 10-month-old, and mature agaves grown in controlled ocnditions. Tissue acid content measurements were taken from mature plants. Despite the Agave sensu lato species in this study being subjected to moisture applications ranging from dry to saturated, we were unable to observe any distinct shifts from CAM to C3 photosynthesis in any of the species tested for both seedlings and mature plants. Diel net CO2 fixation rates also increased with age, and water applications for seedlings, and decreased with heavy irrigation in mature plants. Stable carbon isotope ratios revealed that some carbon in the plant tissues was fixed by rubisco, and that some species (Polianthes tuberosa, Prochnyanthes mexicana) had carbon isotope ratios of a C3 plant, but these ratios did not change with different irrigation treatments. Malic acid accumulation remained typical of CAM plants for the species tested as well, with one exception in Polianthes tuberosa. As such, we conclude that the Agave sensu stricto species tested in this study are obligate CAM plants, and that they perform poorly mature individuals are over-watered. Additionally, the Agave sensu lato species P. mexicana, and P. tuberosa appear to be C3 plants given the results of this study.

The original intention was a development on the edge in the peripheral agricultural area of the Kociánka Center complex and at the city’s inappropriate car park near to the industrial complex of the former Královopolská engineering company. By developing and adding new functions, this periphery and the border of the complex Kociánka Center can be transformed into a new space communicating with the outside world. The proposal focuses on creating homes for shared living for adult people with various types of disabilities and creating new job opportunities on the southern peripheral edge of the Kociánka Center complex. Transformation of periphery can be reached by modifying the southern edge, revitalizing the existing car park with a hydroponic greenhouse system, pavilion, and a photovoltaic rooftop power plant. Behind this barrier building there is a calm place for sheltered housing.

During the COVID pandemic of 2019, Sweden saw a huge increase in food prices, as many of the country's grocery chains import a large amount of all foods. This research is motivated by the Swedish Parliament's motion "Self-Sufficiency of Food in Sweden" and the need for innovative solutions to enhance Sweden's food supply. This study focuses on alternative urban agriculture methods, with a focus on aeroponics, aquaponics, hydroponics, and vertical farming, and their potential for self-sufficiency in Sweden. This study aims to fill the gap in Swedish research on soilless urban farming methods and contribute to the understanding and acceptance of the alternative methods above. The study seeks to determine whether the yield of alternative cultivation methods is comparable to traditional methods, soil-based and greenhouse-based farming, in terms of resources invested and to identify the alternative method with the highest yield. Resources in this thesis will be defined as the amount of water that is used. Our thesis aims to support businesses and local governance in decision-making regarding implementation of alternative urban farming in Sweden. A literature search was conducted using keywords such as hydroponic, vertical farming and sustainability. Statistical analysis of collected data indicates significant differences in yield and water usage among the collected examples which resulted in vertical hydroponic farming offering the highest yield in terms of space utilization, with significant statistical significance (p < 0.05). Additionally, hydroponic farming requires the least amount of water compared to other methods although this is not a certainty as there was no significant statistical difference between the different methods. The study demonstrates that hydroponic farming can achieve higher yields compared to traditional soil-based farming and other alternative farming methods. The study emphasizes organizational and governmental solutions to improve self-sufficiency at the local and national levels. Alternative urban farming methods offer a sustainable contribution to increasing self-sufficiency while minimizing resource usage. / Denna studie undersöker potentialen hos alternativa urbana odlingsmetoder för självförsörjning i Sverige. Den svenska riksdagen stödjer motion om "Självförsörjning av mat i Sverige" och behovet av innovativa lösningar för matförsörjning i landet. Denna forskning fyller en kunskapsbrist i den svenska litteraturen om jordlösa odlingssystem såsom aeroponiska, akvaponiska, hydroponiska och vertikala odlingar. Syftet med studien är att sammanfatta den befintliga kunskapen om dessa alternativa odlingsmetoder och klargöra deras fördelar i en urban miljö. Denna studie strävar att stödja företag och lokala myndigheter vid implementering av alternativa odlingsmetoder, genom att studera de alternativa odlingsmetodernas avkastning i förhållande till resursanvändning. Studien har samlat exempel från forskningsartiklar och företags-hemsidor som använde de ovan nämnda alternativa odlingsmetoder som sedan analyserats och jämfört deras avkastning med traditionella jordbaserade odlingar såsom åker odlingar och växthusbaserade odlingar. Med den statistisk analys som gjorts har vi funnit att vertikal hydroponisk odling visar den högsta avkastningen per yta jämfört med de andra alternativa odlingsmetoderna och traditionella odlingar. Vi har dessutom fastställt att hydroponiska odlingar använder minst vatten per kg skörd i jämförelse med andra metoder. Studien betonar vikten av att fokusera på organisatoriska och statliga lösningar för att öka självförsörjningsgraden på lokal och nationell nivå. Medan privatpersoner kan vara självförsörjande med grönsaker och frukt på en normalstor tomt, kan det vara svårt för alla privatpersoner att upprätthålla en egen grönsaksträdgård och undvika skador på marken och ekosystemtjänsterna i staden. Därmed riktar vi denna studie till kommunen och staten som ett stöd för att säkerställa självförsörjning på en lokal och regional nivå. För att uppnå hållbar samhällsutveckling och stödja självförsörjning av mat i Sverige, är integreringen av alternativa urbana odlingsmetoder på lokal, regional och nationell nivå ett innovativt steg framåt. Metoderna nämnda i denna rapport erbjuder fördelar såsom effektiv minskad vatten- och markanvändning samt möjlighet att integrera odling i stadsområden. Genom att använda dessa odlingsmetoder kan Sverige öka sin självförsörjningsgrad och minska sin miljöpåverkan från livsmedelsproduktionen. Framtida forskning bör utforska och utveckla dessa innovativa lösningar för att möta Sveriges matförsörjnings- och hållbarhetsmål.