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11	Introdução à análise não standard / Introduction to non-standard analysis Machado, Geovani Pereira 07 December 2018 (has links) A área conhecida como Análise Não Standard consiste na aplicação dos métodos da Teoria dos Modelos e da Teoria dos Ultrafiltros para a obtenção de extensões peculiares de sistemas matemáticos infinitos. As novas estruturas construídas segundo esse procedimento satisfazem ao Princípio da Transferência, uma propriedade de suma importância e influência a qual afirma que as mesmas sentenças de primeira ordem com quantificadores limitados são verdadeiras para o sistema original e a sua extensão. Concebida em 1961 por Abraham Robinson e aprimorada por vários matemáticos nos anos subsequentes, tal área de pesquisa provou ser bastante proveitosa e esclarecedora para diversas outras partes da Matemática, como a Topologia, a Teoria das Probabilidades, a Análise Funcional e a Análise Complexa. Manifesta-se uma reavaliação da Teoria dos Domínios Ordenados seguida de um tratamento completo e gradual das fundações da Análise Não Standard assumindo a perspectiva dos Monomorfismos Não Standard, onde adota-se como metateoria a teoria dos conjuntos de Neumann-Bernays-Gödel com o Axioma da Escolha. A fim de impulsionar a assimilação da metodologia abordada, o estudo explora as propriedades do corpo não arquimediano dos números hiper-reais de maneira intuitiva e informal, utilizando-se destas para revelar demonstrações alternativas e relativamente diretas de alguns dos principais resultados do Cálculo Diferencial e Integral, como o Teorema do Valor Intermediário, o Teorema de Bolzano-Weierstrass, o Teorema do Ponto Crítico, o Teorema da Função Inversa e o Teorema Fundamental do Cálculo. / The field known as Non-standard Analysis consists in the application of the methods of Model Theory and Ultrafilter Theory to the attainment of peculiar extensions of infinite mathematical systems. The new structures produced under that procedure satisfy the Transfer Principle, a property of the utmost importance and influence which states that the same first-order sentences with bounded quantifiers are true for the original system and its extension. Conceived in 1961 by Abraham Robinson and improved by a number of mathematicians in the following years, such area of research has proved to be very fruitful and illuminating to many other parts of Mathematics, such as Topology, Probability Theory, Functional Analysis and Complex Analysis. The work presents a reexamination of the Theory of Ordered Domains followed by a thorough and gradual treatment of the foundations of Non-standard Analysis under the perspective of Non-standard Monomorphisms, where Neumann-Bernays-Gödels set theory with the Axiom of Choice is adopted as metatheory. In order to boost the assimilation of the methodology put forward, the study explores the properties of the non-archimedean field of hyperreal numbers in an intuitive and informal fashion, employing them to reveal alternative and relatively direct proofs of some of the main results of Differential and Integral Calculus, such as the Intermediate Value Theorem, the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, the Extreme Value Theorem, the Inverse Function Theorem and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Análise não standard Cálculo diferencial e integral Corpos não arquimedianos Differential and integral calculus Domínios ordenados Hyperreal numbers Non-archimedean fields Non-standard analysis Números hiper-reais Ordered domains Ultrafilters Ultrafiltros
12	Introdução à análise não standard / Introduction to non-standard analysis Geovani Pereira Machado 07 December 2018 (has links) A área conhecida como Análise Não Standard consiste na aplicação dos métodos da Teoria dos Modelos e da Teoria dos Ultrafiltros para a obtenção de extensões peculiares de sistemas matemáticos infinitos. As novas estruturas construídas segundo esse procedimento satisfazem ao Princípio da Transferência, uma propriedade de suma importância e influência a qual afirma que as mesmas sentenças de primeira ordem com quantificadores limitados são verdadeiras para o sistema original e a sua extensão. Concebida em 1961 por Abraham Robinson e aprimorada por vários matemáticos nos anos subsequentes, tal área de pesquisa provou ser bastante proveitosa e esclarecedora para diversas outras partes da Matemática, como a Topologia, a Teoria das Probabilidades, a Análise Funcional e a Análise Complexa. Manifesta-se uma reavaliação da Teoria dos Domínios Ordenados seguida de um tratamento completo e gradual das fundações da Análise Não Standard assumindo a perspectiva dos Monomorfismos Não Standard, onde adota-se como metateoria a teoria dos conjuntos de Neumann-Bernays-Gödel com o Axioma da Escolha. A fim de impulsionar a assimilação da metodologia abordada, o estudo explora as propriedades do corpo não arquimediano dos números hiper-reais de maneira intuitiva e informal, utilizando-se destas para revelar demonstrações alternativas e relativamente diretas de alguns dos principais resultados do Cálculo Diferencial e Integral, como o Teorema do Valor Intermediário, o Teorema de Bolzano-Weierstrass, o Teorema do Ponto Crítico, o Teorema da Função Inversa e o Teorema Fundamental do Cálculo. / The field known as Non-standard Analysis consists in the application of the methods of Model Theory and Ultrafilter Theory to the attainment of peculiar extensions of infinite mathematical systems. The new structures produced under that procedure satisfy the Transfer Principle, a property of the utmost importance and influence which states that the same first-order sentences with bounded quantifiers are true for the original system and its extension. Conceived in 1961 by Abraham Robinson and improved by a number of mathematicians in the following years, such area of research has proved to be very fruitful and illuminating to many other parts of Mathematics, such as Topology, Probability Theory, Functional Analysis and Complex Analysis. The work presents a reexamination of the Theory of Ordered Domains followed by a thorough and gradual treatment of the foundations of Non-standard Analysis under the perspective of Non-standard Monomorphisms, where Neumann-Bernays-Gödels set theory with the Axiom of Choice is adopted as metatheory. In order to boost the assimilation of the methodology put forward, the study explores the properties of the non-archimedean field of hyperreal numbers in an intuitive and informal fashion, employing them to reveal alternative and relatively direct proofs of some of the main results of Differential and Integral Calculus, such as the Intermediate Value Theorem, the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, the Extreme Value Theorem, the Inverse Function Theorem and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Análise não standard Cálculo diferencial e integral Corpos não arquimedianos Domínios ordenados Números hiper-reais Ultrafiltros Differential and integral calculus Hyperreal numbers Non-archimedean fields Non-standard analysis Ordered domains Ultrafilters
13	Infinitesimal reasoning in information retrieval and trust-based recommendation systems Chowdhury, Maria 26 April 2010 (has links) We propose preferential and trust-based frameworks for Information Retrieval and Recommender Systems, which utilize the power of Hyperreal Numbers. In the first part of our research, we propose a preferential framework for Information Retrieval which enables expressing preference annotations on search keywords and document elements, respectively. Our framework is flexible and allows expressing preferences such as “A is infinitely more preferred than B,” which we capture by using hyperreal numbers. Due to widespread use of XML as a standard for representing documents, we consider XML documents in this research and propose a consistent preferential weighting scheme for nested document elements. We show how to naturally incorporate preferences on search keywords and document elements into an IR ranking process using the well-known TF-IDF (Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency) ranking measure. In the second part of our research we propose a novel recommender system which enhances user-based collaborative filtering by using a trust-based social network. Again, we use hyperreal numbers and polynomials for capturing natural preferences in aggregating opinions of trusted users. We use these opinions to “help” users who are similar to an active user to come up with recommendations for items for which they might not have an opinion themselves. We argue that the method we propose reflects better the real life behaviour of the people. Our method is justified by the experimental results; we are the first to break a stated “barrier” of 0.73 for the mean absolute error (MAE) of the predicted ratings. Our results are based on a large, real life dataset from Epinions.com, for which, we also achieve a prediction coverage that is significantly better than that of the state-of-the-art methods. Information Retrieval Recommendation Systems Search Engine Trust-based network hyperreal numbers infinitesimal
14	Manifestations of the Hyperreal in a Postmodern World : A Postmodern Reading of Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 Nee, Helena January 2022 (has links) The purpose of this essay is to analyze award-winning author Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 through the lens of postmodernism. The focus will be on identifying symbols and signs of the hyperreal when it comes to freedom of speech, censorship, and technology through Jean Baudrillard’s orders of simulacra from his book Simulacra and Simulation. The images of Ray Bradbury’s dystopian society in Fahrenheit 451 are analyzed, as well as the main characters and their relationship to technology, books, censorship, and freedom of speech. This essay also argues that the hyperreal is relevant today and has been throughout history if knowledge is suppressed or controlled by society as presented in Fahrenheit 451. Ray Bradbury Fahrenheit 451 Jean Baudrillard Jean-François Lyotard Simulacra Simulation Metanarrative Censorship Hyperreal Reality TV Freedom of Speech. Specific Literatures Litteraturstudier
15	A True War Story: Reality and Simulation in the American Literature and Film of the Vietnam War Middleton, Alexis Turley 09 July 2008 (has links) (PDF) The Vietnam War has become an important symbol and signifier in contemporary American culture and politics. The word "Vietnam" contains many meanings and narratives, including both the real events of the American War in Vietnam and the fictional representations of that war. Because we live in a reality that is composed of both lived experience and simulacra, defined by Baudrillard as a hyperreality, fiction and simulation are capable of representing particular realities. Vietnam was shaped by simulacra of Vietnam itself as well as simulacra of previous American conflicts, especially World War II; however, the hyperreality of Vietnam differed largely from that of World War II. Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now and Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried are highly fictionalized texts that accurately portray particular realities of Vietnam. These texts are capable of presenting truth about Vietnam through their use of specific metafictional techniques, which continually remind readers and viewers that the story being told is not reality but a story. By emphasizing the fictional elements of their narratives, Apocalypse Now and The Things They Carried point to the constructed nature of reality and empower readers to recognize the possibility of truth in different, even conflicting, narratives. Vietnam War World War II United States war literature Tim O'Brien Francis Coppola Jean Baudrillard hyperreal fiction reality metafiction surrealism representation narrative English Language and Literature
16	Informationist Science Fiction Theory and Informationist Science Fiction Long, Bruce Raymond January 2009 (has links) Master of Philosophy (MPhil) / Informationist Science Fiction theory provides a way of analysing science fiction texts and narratives in order to demonstrate on an informational basis the uniqueness of science fiction proper as a mode of fiction writing. The theoretical framework presented can be applied to all types of written texts, including non-fictional texts. In "Informationist Science Fiction Theory and Informationist Science Fiction" the author applies the theoretical framework and its specific methods and principles to various contemporary science fiction works, including works by William Gibson, Neal Stephenson and Vernor Vinge. The theoretical framework introduces a new informational theoretic re-framing of existing science fiction literary theoretic posits such as Darko Suvin's novum, the mega-text as conceived of by Damien Broderick, and the work of Samuel R Delany in investigating the subjunctive mood in SF. An informational aesthetics of SF proper is established, and the influence of analytic philosophy - especially modal logic - is investigated. The materialist foundations of the metaphysical outlook of SF proper is investigated with a view to elucidating the importance of the relationship between scientific materialism and SF. SF is presented as The Fiction of Veridical, Counterfactual and Heterogeneous Information. Science Fiction Information Theory Informationism Anti-simulacra Simulacra Information Types Veridical information Literary theory Pseudo-information William Gibson Iain M Banks Neal Stephenson Alastair Reynolds Science Fiction Theory Novum Pseudo-novum Character-novum Auto-novum Pseudo novum character novum Darko Suvin N. Katherine Hayles William Paulson High information Claude E Shannon Adrian Moles Hyperreal Hyperreality Hyperreal information Samuel R Delany Damien Broderick David Lewis Transrealism Transrealist Manifesto SF Mega-text SF Codon Thomas Pynchon Information Synthesis Synthesis Multivariate nexus Heterogeneous information profile Cognitive Aesthetic Complexity Aesthetic of Complexity
17	Informationist Science Fiction Theory and Informationist Science Fiction Long, Bruce Raymond January 2009 (has links) Master of Philosophy (MPhil) / Informationist Science Fiction theory provides a way of analysing science fiction texts and narratives in order to demonstrate on an informational basis the uniqueness of science fiction proper as a mode of fiction writing. The theoretical framework presented can be applied to all types of written texts, including non-fictional texts. In "Informationist Science Fiction Theory and Informationist Science Fiction" the author applies the theoretical framework and its specific methods and principles to various contemporary science fiction works, including works by William Gibson, Neal Stephenson and Vernor Vinge. The theoretical framework introduces a new informational theoretic re-framing of existing science fiction literary theoretic posits such as Darko Suvin's novum, the mega-text as conceived of by Damien Broderick, and the work of Samuel R Delany in investigating the subjunctive mood in SF. An informational aesthetics of SF proper is established, and the influence of analytic philosophy - especially modal logic - is investigated. The materialist foundations of the metaphysical outlook of SF proper is investigated with a view to elucidating the importance of the relationship between scientific materialism and SF. SF is presented as The Fiction of Veridical, Counterfactual and Heterogeneous Information. Science Fiction Information Theory Informationism Anti-simulacra Simulacra Information Types Veridical information Literary theory Pseudo-information William Gibson Iain M Banks Neal Stephenson Alastair Reynolds Science Fiction Theory Novum Pseudo-novum Character-novum Auto-novum Pseudo novum character novum Darko Suvin N. Katherine Hayles William Paulson High information Claude E Shannon Adrian Moles Hyperreal Hyperreality Hyperreal information Samuel R Delany Damien Broderick David Lewis Transrealism Transrealist Manifesto SF Mega-text SF Codon Thomas Pynchon Information Synthesis Synthesis Multivariate nexus Heterogeneous information profile Cognitive Aesthetic Complexity Aesthetic of Complexity

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