In the first section this thesis includes the reactivity of various oxygen-containing benzofused cyclic alkenes with HTIB (Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene). Instead of getting ring contraction products, 2H-chromene resulted in 4H-chromenes together with trans-addition products. Only cis-addition products were isolated from 4-methyl-2H-chromene. Ring contraction was observed in dihydrobenzoxepines and 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromenes giving functionalized chromanes and benzofurans, respectively. In the second part, the ring contraction of 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes using HTIB was expanded to substrates bearing oxygen and nitrogen substituents in the aromatic ring. The N-protecting groups Fmoc and Bz are stable under the reaction conditions giving indanes in 64-77% yield. The Ts-protected substrate gave only addition products. Acetoxy and benzoyloxy alkenes afforded indanes in 60-71% yield. A new and efficient method for the oxidative rearrangement (ring contraction and expansion) of alkenes using in situ generated iodine(III) is described in the third section. The protocol uses inexpensive and stable chemicals (PhI, mCPBA and TsOH) furnishing rearrangement products in yields comparable to those obtained using commercially available iodine(III). Additionally, a new route for the one step transformation of 4-methyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene into 1-methyl-2-tetralone using mCPBA and TsOH was developed. In the last section is presented the reactivity of chiral iodine(III) with 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes. The hypervalent iodine species is generated in situ from chiral aryl iodide, which is prepared in one high yield step from inexpensive starting materials. Protected (Ac, Bz and Fmoc) amine alkenes gave indanes in 60-75% and 58-64% ee. In the same way, oxygenated substrates afforded acetal in 41-61% yield and 54-78% ee. Ring contraction products were obtained in 77-88% yield and 34-40% ee when 1-methyl and aryl substituted alkenes were utilized. / A primeira parte desta tese inclui a reatividade de vários alquenos benzofundidos cíclicos contendo oxigênio com HTIB (Hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno). Em vez de obter os produtos de contração de anel, 2H-cromeno resultou em 4H-cromenos, juntamente com produtos trans-adição. Apenas produtos de adição de cis foram isolados a partir de 4-metil-2H-cromeno. Contração do anel foi observada em di-hidrobenzoxepinas e 2,2-dimetil-2H-cromenos dando cromanos funcionalizados e benzofuranos, respectivamente. Na segunda parte, a contração de anel de 1,2-di-hidronaftalenos usando HTIB foi expandida para substratos contendo substituintes de oxigênio e de nitrogênio no anel aromático. Os grupos N-protetores Fmoc e Bz são estáveis sob as condições de reação fornecendo indanos em 64-77% de rendimento. O substrato protegido com Ts deu apenas os produtos de adição. Acetóxi e benzoilóxi alquenos geraram indanos em 60-71% de rendimento. Um método novo e eficiente para o rearranjo oxidativo (contração e expansão do anel) de alquenos utilizando iodo(III) gerado in situ é descrito na terceira parte. O protocolo utiliza reagentes baratos e estáveis (PhI, mCPBA e TsOH) fornecendo produtos de rearranjo com rendimentos comparáveis aos obtidos utilizando iodo(III) disponível comercialmente. Além disso, um método para a transformação em uma etapa de 4-metil-1,2-di-hidronaftaleno em 1-metil-2-tetralona utilizando mCPBA e TsOH foi desenvolvido. Na última parte é apresentada a reatividade de iodo(III) quiral com 1,2-di-hidronaftalenos. A espécie de iodo hipervalente é gerada in situ a partir de iodeto de arila quiral, o qual é preparado em uma etapa em rendimento elevado a partir de materiais de partida baratos. Amino alquenos protegidos (Ac, Bz e Fmoc) deram indanos em 60-75% de rendimento e 58-64% ee. Da mesma forma, os substratos oxigenados proporcionram acetais em 41-61% de rendimento e 54-78% de ee. Produtos de contração de anel foram obtidos em 77-88% de rendimento e 34-40% de ee quando alquenos 1-metil e aril substituídos foram utilizados.

La fonctionnalisation directe de liaisons C-H offre une alternative plus économe en atomes et étapes que les traditionnelles méthodes de synthèse basées sur la transformation de molécules pré fonctionnalisées. Ainsi, les réactions d'amination intermoléculaire de liaisons C(sp3)-H avec des nitrènoïdes sont généralement effectuées avec des rendements et des régiosélectivités modérés et utilisent pour cela des catalyseurs coûteux. Dans ce contexte, nous avons créé de nouveaux systèmes bifonctionnels pour la formation de liaisons C-N aliphatiques catalysée par le cuivre et l'argent. Ces systèmes se sont cependant avérés inefficaces dans les conditions réactionnelles utilisées.Les travaux effectués dans le cadre de cette thèse se sont également concentrés sur la fonctionnalisation nucléophile d'anilides par oxydation à l'iode hypervalent. Grâce à cette méthodologie les triflation et triflimidation directes d'acétanilides ont été accomplies dans des conditions oxydantes douces, en présence de triflate et de triflimidate d'argent, respectivement. Ces transformations procèdent avec de bons rendements et présentent une régiosélectivité parfaite pour la position para. / The direct functionalization of C-H bonds offers an attractive, atom- and step-economical alternative to traditional methods based on functional group transformations. Intermolecular C(sp3)-H amination reactions involving nitrene intermediates usually proceed with moderate yields and regioselectivities. In this context, new bifunctional compounds were developed and applied to copper and silver-catalyzed C-N bond-forming reactions. These systems, however, have been found to be ineffective under the reaction conditions.Our research has also focused on the iodine(III)-mediated nucleophilic functionalization of anilides. The direct triflation and triflimidation of acetanilides were accomplished with the use of affordable and easy-to-handle silver(I) triflate or triflimidate respectively, under mild oxidative conditions, exhibiting perfect regioselectivity for the para position. A complete optimization of the reaction conditions and an evaluation of the scope allowed us to prepare a variety of diversely substituted aryltriflates (and nonaflates) in synthetically useful yields.

La synthèse de la 5-azagalanthamine, un analogue azoté de galanthamine, utilisée dans le traitement palliatif de la maladie d’Alzheimer, a été envisagée dans le cadre d’une étude de relations structure-activité. Durant cette thèse nous avons examiné quatre voies de synthèse afin d’accéder à la 5-azagalanthamine. La première voie est basée sur la réaction de Pictet-Spengler afin de fermer le dernier cycle de l’azagalanthamine. De nombreuses tentatives ont été effectuées sur différents types de substrats mais cette stratégie s’est révélée inefficace. La deuxième approche consiste en une oxydation d’anilide ortho-substitué par un groupement méthoxy, avec un réactif à base d'iode hypervalent pour accéder à une spirodiènone, un intermédiaire clé de la synthèse. En effectuant cette réaction nous n’avons pas obtenu le produit attendu, mais une 1,2-dispirodiénone, un motif inhabituel, et très rare. Après avoir optimisé les conditions réactionnelles, nous avons étudié la généralité de la réaction avec d'autres substrats. La modélisation moléculaire ainsi que des études de voltammétrie cyclique ont été réalisées (Chabaud, L.; Hromjakova, T.; Rambla, M.; Retailleau, P.; Guillou, C. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 11542-11544. Hromjakova, T.; Retailleau, P.; Grimaud, L.; Gandon, V.; Chabaud, L. et Guillou, C. accepté EurJOC, 2015, DOI 10.1002/ejoc.201501160).Ensuite nous avons examiné l’approche basée sur le couplage intramoléculaire pallado-catalysé. Après les premiers résultats encourageant avec le substrat modèle nous avons réalisé une optimisation des conditions réactionnelles. Une étude de généralité de la réaction avec d'autres substrats a été effectuée. Malheureusement, il s’est avéré que la substitution sur le cycle aromatique n’était pas bien tolérée conduisant à de faibles rendements. Par conséquent cette méthodologie n’a pas pu être appliquée à la synthèse de l’azagalanthamine. Dans la dernière voie de synthèse examinée nous avons repris les travaux antérieurs entrepris dans notre laboratoire concernant la réaction de Heck intramoléculaire. La diminution de la longueur de la chaîne liant les deux cycles a permis d’obtenir des résultats très prometteurs. / The synthesis of 5-azagalanthamine, the analogue of galanthamine that is used in Alzheimer treatment, was investigated for structure - activity relationship studies.During this thesis I explored four synthetic approaches with the aim of preparing the 5-azagalanthamine. The first one is based on a Pictet-Spengler reaction used for ring closure of the last cycle of azagalanthamine. We carried out many tests on various types of substrate but this strategy has proved to be ineffective. The second approach consists of an oxidation of ortho-methoxy substituted anilide by hypervalent iodine reagent to access a spirodienone, a key intermediate of the synthesis. Interestingly this reaction did not result in the expected compound but we observed the formation of an unusual motif, the 1,2-dispirodienone. After conditions optimisation we studied the scope and limitations with others substrates. Molecular modelling and cyclic voltammetry studies were also carried out (Chabaud, L.; Hromjakova, T.; Rambla, M.; Retailleau, P.; Guillou, C. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 11542-11544. Hromjakova, T.; Retailleau, P.; Grimaud, L.; Gandon, V.; Chabaud, L. and Guillou, C. accepté EurJOC, 2015, DOI 10.1002/ejoc.201501160).Then we investigated an approach based on palladium-catalysed intramolecular coupling. After the first encouraging results with the model substrate, we did optimization of the reaction conditions and the study of substrate scope. Unfortunately we discovered that the substitution was not well tolerated and decreased the yield. Therefore this methodology could not be applied to the synthesis of the azagalanthamine. In the last approach we used previous work of our laboratory on the intramolecular Heck reaction. The reduction of the length of the linker between both cycles showed to be beneficial. We obtained promising results with this approach.

Le développement de méthodes de synthèse asymétrique est très important pour l’accès à des molécules à visées thérapeutiques. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’utilisation d’organocatalyseurs chiraux pour la synthèse de molécules cycliques énantioenrichies. Dans une première partie sont présentées des réactions de cycloadditions formelles (3+2), (4+2) et (4+3) à partir d’ènecarbamates ou de diènecarbamates catalysées par des acides phosphoriques chiraux. Ces derniers étant bifonctionnel, ils permettent l’activation des deux partenaires de cycloaddition menant à la synthèse d’indolines, de 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranes, de benzoquinones carbonannulées, de cyclohepta[b]indoles et de tétrahydroquinolines de façon hautement stéréosélective. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’utilisation de composés d’iode hypervalent chiraux comme organocatalyseurs. En effet, ces composés présentent une réactivité intéressante tout en étant stable et faiblement toxique. Ainsi, leur utilisation dans une réaction de lactonisation à partir de substrats flexibles a permis l’obtention de divers hétérocycles avec de bons résultats. / The development of new enantioselective methodologies is essential for the synthesis of bioactive compounds. In this context, we were interested in using organocatalysts for the synthesis of enantioenriched cyclic molecules. In a first part will be describe chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed (3+2), (4+2) and (4+3) formal cycloadditions using enecarbamate or dienecarbamate. These catalysts are bifunctional and can interact with both cycloaddition partners leading to the synthesis of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranes, carboannulated benzoquinones, cyclohepta[b]indoles and tetrahydroquinolines with high stereocontrol. In a second phase, we were interested in using chiral hypervalent iodine as organocatalyst. Theses compounds present interesting reactivity while being stable and not very toxic. Their use permits us to develop a lactonisation starting from flexible substrate and led to the synthesis of various heterocycles with good results.

Face aux enjeux environnementaux actuels, la catalyse est devenue un outil majeur pour la synthèse de molécules complexes et à visées thérapeutiques. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement de nouvelles méthodes de synthèses innovantes, efficaces, sans métaux ou activées par la lumière visible. Ainsi, mes travaux de thèse ont fait appel à deux thématiques largement étudiées au sein de notre laboratoire que sont la catalyse photorédox et l'organocatalyse. Dans ce manuscrit, la première partie porta sur la conception de réactions multicomposants photocatalysées pour la synthèse de structures trifluorométhylées avec de bons rendements. La partie suivante a été consacrée au développement et à l’évaluation de nouveaux photocatalyseurs supportés, robustes et recyclables. La troisième partie présenta l’élaboration de réactions de cyloadditions formelles (4+3) et (4+2), catalysées aux acides phosphoriques chiraux pour une synthèse efficace, énantiosélective et diastéréosélective de cyclohepta[b]indoles et de spiroindolines. Dans la quatrième partie, une stratégie combinant l’organocatalyse asymétrique et la photocatalyse pour la synthèse de tryptamines α-substituées β-aminées potentiellement biologiquement actives a été décrite. Enfin, l’élaboration de nouveaux composés d’iode hypervalent chiraux et leur évaluation en tant qu’organocatalyseurs fût rapportées dans la dernière partie de ce manuscrit de thèse. / In front of current environmental challenges, catalysis has become a major tool for the synthesis of complex and therapeutic molecules. In this context, we have focused on the development of new synthesis methods that are innovative, efficient, metal-free or activated by visible light. Thus, my thesis work has involved two themes that have been widely studied in our team: photoredox catalysis and organocatalysis. In this manuscript, the first part focused on the conception of photocatalyzed multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated structures with good yields. The following section devoted to the design and evaluation of new supported, robust and recyclable photocatalysts. The third part presented the formulation of formal (4+3) and (4+2) cyloaddition reactions, catalyzed with chiral phosphoric acids for an effective, enantio- and diastereo-selective synthesis of cyclohepta[b]indoles and spiroindolines. In the fourth part, a strategy combining asymmetric organocatalysis and photocatalysis for the synthesis of potentially biologically active α-substituted β-amino tryptamines was described. Finally, the elaboration of new chiral hypervalent iodine compounds and their evaluation as organocatalysts was reported in the last part of this thesis manuscript.

No description available.

Abordaram-se diversos aspectos da reação de contração de álcoois homoalílicos promovida por trinitrato de tálio (TTN). A configuração relativa do indano obtido como produto foi estabelecida graças a uma difratometria de raio-x de seu derivado sólido, possibilitando a elaboração de um mecanismo detalhado desta transformação. As reações de contração de anel de alquenóis secundários e terciários com TTN produzem indanos em 33-65%. Por outro lado, os 3-alquenóis terciários que possuem uma metila a mais em posição alílica conduzem a produtos oriundos de uma reação de fragmentação em 51-69%, com a perda de uma molécula de acetona. Álcoois homoalílicos primários, ao reagirem com iodo ou iodo hipervalente, sofrem uma reação de fragmentação, formando formaldeído, que sofre uma ciclização de Prins com o substrato, produzindo hexahidro- benzo-isocromenos em 26-48%. No caso da reação com iodo, parte do substrato sofre também uma ciclização 5-endo-trig seguida de aromatização, levando a um di-hidro-naftofurano em até 30% de rendimento. A ciclização de Prins de 3-alquenóis primário, secundário ou terciário com quantidades equimolares de aldeídos - aromáticos ou alifáticos - ou cetonas alifáticas catalisada por 5 mol% de iodo pode ser alcançada em rendimentos de 54-82%. Estas reações foram efetuadas em condições brandas e não anidras. Esta metodologia foi expandida para a preparação de uma hexa-hidro-benzo-isoquinolina à partir de uma tosilamida homoalílica, em 60% de rendimento. Um método simples e eficiente para a 2,2-dicloração de 1-tetralonas, da indanona e da benzosuberona foi desenvolvido utilizando-se água de cloro e metanol (5:1), à temperatura ambiente, em 61-90% de rendimento. A caramboxina é uma neurotoxina extraída da carambola. Sua síntese seria desejável para a confirmar sua estrutura e realizar novos ensaios biológicos. A rota sintética estudada possui, como etapa-chave, uma reação de Diels-Alder seguida de uma retro-Diels-Alder entre um éster clorotetrólico e um ciclo-hexadieno derivado da dimedona. No entanto, a síntese não pode ser concluída e um análogo ciclizado da caramboxina, uma isoquinolona, foi obtido em um rendimento global de 7%, em 10 etapas, à partir da dimedona. / Several aspects concerning the reaction of homoallylic alcohols and thallium trinitrate were addressed. The relative configuration of the indan obtained as product was established based on an x-ray diffration analysis of its solid derivative. With this information a more detailed mechanism was proposed. The ring contraction reactions of secondary and tertiary alkenols with TTN produced indans in 33-65% yield. Nevertheless, 3-alkenols bearing a methyl group on the allylic position lead to fragmentation products in 51- 69% yield, with the loss of a molecule of acetone. Treatment of primary homoallylic alcohols with iodine or hypervalent iodine leads to hexahydrobenzoisochromenes in 26-48% yield via a fragmentation reaction where formaldehyde is produced and reacts with the substrate on a Prins cyclization reaction. When iodine is used, dihydronaphtofuranes are also produced in up to 30% yield through a 5-endo-trig cyclization followed by an aromatization reaction. The Prins cyclization of 3-alkenols primary, secondary or tertiary with equimolar amounts of aldehydes - aromatic or aliphatic or aliphatic ketones catalysed by 5 mol% of iodine was accomplished in 54- 82% yield. These reactions were performed in mild and non-anhydrous conditions.This methodology was also used for the preparation of a hexahydrobenzoisoquinoline from a homoallylic tosylamide, in 60% yield. An easy and efficient method to the 2,2-dichlorination of 1-tetralones, indanone and benzosuberone was developed using household bleach and methanol (5:1), at room temperature in 61-90% Caramboxin is a neurotoxin isolated from star fruit. Its synthesis was desired to confirm its structure and perform new biological tests. The key step of the synthetic path is a Diels Alder followed by a retro-Diels Alder between a chlorotetrolic ester and a cyclohexene derived from dimedone. Unfortunately the synthesis was not concluded and a cyclized analogous of caramboxin, an isoquinoline, was obtained in 7% global yield, in 10 steps, from dimedone.

Na primeira parte da tese foram abordadas diversas rotas sintéticas para a preparação dos fragmentos nordeste e sudoeste do alcaloide bisindólico Raputindol D, cuja síntese total nunca foi descrita. A proposta inicial era obter o fragmento nordeste em 13 etapas a partir do composto comercial 3-metil-4-nitrofenol, utilizando como etapas-chave uma reação de Diels-Alder, uma abertura redutiva de anel e uma contração de anel com iodo(III). Empregando uma reação de Diels-Alder regiosseletiva de um intermediário silil substituído, a construção de uma unidade tricíclica linear foi alcançada com a obtenção de um único regioisômero. Entretanto, todas as tentativas de abertura de anel do alqueno oxabicíclico resultaram apenas no regioisômero não desejado, apesar dos estudos prévios com compostos modelo terem revelado que essa proposta era viável. Assim, foi possível acessar um intermediário avançado em 13 etapas e 12% de rendimento global. O fragmento sudoeste foi obtido em 3 etapas a partir do 5-bromoindol comercial, em rendimento global de 47% e empregando como etapas principais uma reação de Sonogashira e uma reação de acoplamento com 1-hidróxibenziodoxolone. Na segunda parte da tese são apresentados os resultados referentes ao estudo da etapa-chave para a conexão dos fragmentos nordeste e sudoeste, através do desenvolvimento de uma nova metodologia de α-alquinilação eletrofílica de compostos carbonílicos aromáticos não-ativados com o iodo hipervalente TMS-EBX. Empregando tBuOK como base e TBAF como agente ativante, cetonas mono- e dialquiniladas foram obtidas em ótimos rendimentos. A utilização de aldeídos como substratos também se mostrou viável, o que permitiu acessar derivados de álcoois homopropargílicos em rendimentos moderados após a redução dos produtos com NaBH4 in situ. Finalmente, a aplicação da metodologia desenvolvida foi demonstrada através da preparação de um intermediário de alquinilação avançado. A atividade antiproliferativa desse composto foi investigada, mostrando-se apenas fracamente ativo com uma atividade mais pronunciada para células de carcinoma de ovário e leucemia. / In the first part of the thesis several synthetic routes for the preparation of the northeast and southwest fragments of the bisindolic alkaloid Raputindole D, whose total synthesis has never been described, were approached. The initial proposal was to obtain the northeast fragment in 13 steps from the commercial compound 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, using as key steps a Diels-Alder reaction, a reductive ring opening and a ring contraction with iodine(III). Employing a regioselective Diels-Alder reaction of a silyl substituted intermediate, the construction of a linear tricyclic unit was achieved with the obtainment of a single regioisomer. However, all attempts to ring opening of the oxabicyclic alkene only resulted in the undesired regioisomer, although previous studies with model compounds revealed that this proposal was feasible. Thus, it was possible to access an advanced intermediary in 13 steps and 12% overall yield. The southwest fragment was obtained in 3 steps from commercial 5- bromoindole in 47% overall yield and employing as main steps a Sonogashira reaction and a coupling with 1-hydroxybenziodoxolone. In the second part of the thesis are presented the results regarding the study of the key step for the connection of the northeast and southwest fragments, through the development of a new methodology for the electrophilic α-alkynylation of non-activated aromatic carbonyl compounds with the hypervalent iodine TMS- EBX. Employing t-BuOK as a base and TBAF as an activating agent, mono- and dialkynylated ketones were obtained in good yields. The use of aldehydes as substrates also proved to be possible, allowing to access homopropargylic alcohols derivatives in moderate yields after reduction in situ using NaBH4. Finally, the application of the developed methodology was demonstrated by the preparation of an advanced alkynylation intermediate. The antiproliferative activity of this compound was investigated, showing only weakly active with a more pronounced activity for ovarian carcinoma and leukemia cells.

Na primeira parte da tese foram abordadas diversas rotas sintéticas para a preparação dos fragmentos nordeste e sudoeste do alcaloide bisindólico Raputindol D, cuja síntese total nunca foi descrita. A proposta inicial era obter o fragmento nordeste em 13 etapas a partir do composto comercial 3-metil-4-nitrofenol, utilizando como etapas-chave uma reação de Diels-Alder, uma abertura redutiva de anel e uma contração de anel com iodo(III). Empregando uma reação de Diels-Alder regiosseletiva de um intermediário silil substituído, a construção de uma unidade tricíclica linear foi alcançada com a obtenção de um único regioisômero. Entretanto, todas as tentativas de abertura de anel do alqueno oxabicíclico resultaram apenas no regioisômero não desejado, apesar dos estudos prévios com compostos modelo terem revelado que essa proposta era viável. Assim, foi possível acessar um intermediário avançado em 13 etapas e 12% de rendimento global. O fragmento sudoeste foi obtido em 3 etapas a partir do 5-bromoindol comercial, em rendimento global de 47% e empregando como etapas principais uma reação de Sonogashira e uma reação de acoplamento com 1-hidróxibenziodoxolone. Na segunda parte da tese são apresentados os resultados referentes ao estudo da etapa-chave para a conexão dos fragmentos nordeste e sudoeste, através do desenvolvimento de uma nova metodologia de α-alquinilação eletrofílica de compostos carbonílicos aromáticos não-ativados com o iodo hipervalente TMS-EBX. Empregando tBuOK como base e TBAF como agente ativante, cetonas mono- e dialquiniladas foram obtidas em ótimos rendimentos. A utilização de aldeídos como substratos também se mostrou viável, o que permitiu acessar derivados de álcoois homopropargílicos em rendimentos moderados após a redução dos produtos com NaBH4 in situ. Finalmente, a aplicação da metodologia desenvolvida foi demonstrada através da preparação de um intermediário de alquinilação avançado. A atividade antiproliferativa desse composto foi investigada, mostrando-se apenas fracamente ativo com uma atividade mais pronunciada para células de carcinoma de ovário e leucemia. / In the first part of the thesis several synthetic routes for the preparation of the northeast and southwest fragments of the bisindolic alkaloid Raputindole D, whose total synthesis has never been described, were approached. The initial proposal was to obtain the northeast fragment in 13 steps from the commercial compound 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, using as key steps a Diels-Alder reaction, a reductive ring opening and a ring contraction with iodine(III). Employing a regioselective Diels-Alder reaction of a silyl substituted intermediate, the construction of a linear tricyclic unit was achieved with the obtainment of a single regioisomer. However, all attempts to ring opening of the oxabicyclic alkene only resulted in the undesired regioisomer, although previous studies with model compounds revealed that this proposal was feasible. Thus, it was possible to access an advanced intermediary in 13 steps and 12% overall yield. The southwest fragment was obtained in 3 steps from commercial 5- bromoindole in 47% overall yield and employing as main steps a Sonogashira reaction and a coupling with 1-hydroxybenziodoxolone. In the second part of the thesis are presented the results regarding the study of the key step for the connection of the northeast and southwest fragments, through the development of a new methodology for the electrophilic α-alkynylation of non-activated aromatic carbonyl compounds with the hypervalent iodine TMS- EBX. Employing t-BuOK as a base and TBAF as an activating agent, mono- and dialkynylated ketones were obtained in good yields. The use of aldehydes as substrates also proved to be possible, allowing to access homopropargylic alcohols derivatives in moderate yields after reduction in situ using NaBH4. Finally, the application of the developed methodology was demonstrated by the preparation of an advanced alkynylation intermediate. The antiproliferative activity of this compound was investigated, showing only weakly active with a more pronounced activity for ovarian carcinoma and leukemia cells.

This thesis describes novel reaction protocols for the synthesis of diaryliodonium salts and also provides an insight to the mechanism of α-arylation of carbonyl compounds with diaryliodonium salts.  The first chapter gives a general introduction to the field of hypervalent iodine chemistry, mainly focusing on recent developments and applications of diaryliodonium salts. Chapter two describes the synthesis of electron-rich to electron-poor diaryliodonium triflates, in moderate to excellent yields from a range of arenes and iodoarenes. In chapter three, it is described that molecular iodine can be used together with arenes in a direct one-pot, three-step synthesis of symmetric diaryliodonium triflates. A large scale synthesis of bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium triflate is also described, controlled and verified by an external research group, further demonstrating the reliability of this methodology. The fourth chapter describes the development of a sequential one-pot synthesis of diaryliodonium salts from aryl iodides and boronic acids, furnishing symmetric and unsymmetric, electron-rich to electron-poor diaryliodonium tetrafluoroborates in moderate to excellent yields. This method was developed to overcome the regiochemical limitations imposed by the reaction mechanism in the protocols described in the preceding chapters. Chapter five describes a one-pot synthesis of heteroaromatic iodonium salts under similar conditions described in chapter two. The final chapter describes the reaction of enolates with chiral diaryliodonium salts or together with a phase transfer catalyst yielding racemic products. DFT calculations were performed, which revealed a low lying energy transition state (TS) between intermediates, which is believed to be responsible for the lack of selectivity observed in the experimental work. It is also proposed that a [2,3] rearrangement is preferred over a [1,2] rearrangement in the α-arylation of carbonyl compounds. The synthetic methodology described in this thesis is the most generally applicable, efficient and high-yielding to date for the synthesis of diaryliodonium salts, making these reagents readily available for various applications in synthesis.