Given the current state of input/output (I/O) and storage devices in petascale systems, incremental solutions would be ineffective when implemented in exascale environments. According to the "The International Exascale Software Roadmap", by Dongarra, et al. existing I/O architectures are not sufficiently scalable, especially because current shared file systems have limitations when used in large-scale environments. These limitations are: Bandwidth does not scale economically to large-scale systems, I/O traffic on the high speed network can impact on and be influenced by other unrelated jobs, and I/O traffic on the storage server can impact on and be influenced by other unrelated jobs. Future applications on exascale computers will require I/O bandwidth proportional to their computational capabilities. To avoid these limitations C. Filippidis, C. Markou, and Y. Cotronis proposed the IKAROS framework. In this thesis project, the capabilities of the publicly available elastic-transfer (eT) module which was directly derived from the IKAROS, will be expanded. The eT uses Google’s Gmail service as an utility for efficient meta-data management. Gmail is based on the IMAP protocol, and the existing version of the eT framework implements the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) client-server connection through the ‘‘Inbox’’ module from the Node Package Manager (NPM) of the Node.js programming language. This module was used as a proof of concept, but in a production environment this implementation undermines the system’s scalability and there is an inefficient allocation of the system’s resources when a large number of concurrent requests arrive at the eT′s meta-data server (MDS) at the same time. This thesis solves this problem by adopting an asynchronous non-blocking event driven approach to implement the IMAP client-server connection. This was done by integrating and modifying the ‘‘Imap’’ NPM module from the NPM repository to suit the eT framework. Additionally, since the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format has become one of the most widespread data-interchange formats, eT′s meta-data scheme is appropriately modified to make the system’s meta-data easily parsed as JSON objects. This feature creates a framework with wider compatibility and interoperability with external systems. The evaluation and operational behavior of the new module was tested through a set of data transfer experiments over a wide area network environment. These experiments were performed to ensure that the changes in the system’s architecture did not affected its performance. / Givet det nuvarande läget för input/output (I/O) och lagringsenheter för system i peta-skala, skulle inkrementella lösningar bli ineffektiva om de implementerades i exa-skalamiljöer. Enligt ”The International Exascale Software Roadmap”, av Dongarra et al., är nuvarande I/O-arkitekturer inte tillräckligt skalbara, särskilt eftersom nuvarande delade filsystem har begränsningar när de används i storskaliga miljöer. Dessa begränsningar är: Bandbredd skalar inte på ett ekonomiskt sätt i storskaliga system, I/O-trafik på höghastighetsnätverk kan ha påverkan på och blir påverkad av andra orelaterade jobb, och I/O-trafik på lagringsservern kan ha påverkan på och bli påverkad av andra orelaterade jobb. Framtida applikationer på exa-skaladatorer kommer kräva I/O-bandbredd proportionellt till deras beräkningskapacitet. För att undvika dessa begränsningar föreslog C. Filippidis, C. Markou och Y. Cotronis ramverket IKAROS. I detta examensarbete utökas funktionaliteten hos den publikt tillgängliga modulen elastic-transfer (eT) som framtagits utifrån IKAROS. Den befintliga versionen av eT-ramverket implementerar Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) klient-serverkommunikation genom modulen ”Inbox” från Node Package Manager (NPM) ur Node.js programmeringsspråk. Denna modul användes som ett koncepttest, men i en verklig miljö så underminerar denna implementation systemets skalbarhet när ett stort antal värdar ansluter till systemet. Varje klient begär individuellt information relaterad till systemets metadata från IMAP-servern, vilket leder till en ineffektiv allokering av systemets resurser när ett stort antal värdar är samtidigt anslutna till eT-ramverket. Denna uppsats löser problemet genom att använda ett asynkront, icke-blockerande och händelsedrivet tillvägagångssätt för att implementera en IMAP klient-serveranslutning. Detta görs genom att integrera och modifiera NPM:s ”Imap”-modul, tagen från NPM:s katalog, så att den passar eT-ramverket. Eftersom formatet JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) har blivit ett av de mest spridda formaten för datautbyte så modifieras även eT:s metadata-struktur för att göra systemets metadata enkelt att omvandla till JSON-objekt. Denna funktionalitet ger ett bredare kompatibilitet och interoperabilitet med externa system. Utvärdering och tester av den nya modulens operationella beteende utfördes genom en serie dataöverföringsexperiment i en wide area network-miljö. Dessa experiment genomfördes för att få bekräftat att förändringarna i systemets arkitektur inte påverkade dess prestanda.

Power limits on future high-performance computing (HPC) systems will constrain applications. However, HPC applications do not consume constant power over their lifetimes. Thus, applications assigned a fixed power bound may be forced to slow down during high-power computation phases, but may not consume their full power allocation during low-power I/O phases. This paper explores algorithms that leverage application semantics-phase frequency, duration and power needs-to shift unused power from applications in I/O phases to applications in computation phases, thus improving system-wide performance. We design novel techniques that include explicit staggering of applications to improve power shifting. Compared to executing without power shifting, our algorithms can improve average performance by up to 8% or improve performance of a single, high-priority application by up to 32%.

Introdução: O objeto deste estudo é o audiovisual pedagógico que tem como tema a Visita Domiciliar (VD) emancipatória. A escolha da VD, um instrumento do trabalho em saúde, foi realizada por ter potencialidade para a captação de necessidades em saúde dos grupos sociais, portanto, no âmbito do coletivo. O grupo social escolhido foi o grupo das famílias com instabilidade nas condições de trabalho e de vida. O processo de produção coletiva do audiovisual pautou-se na abordagem emancipatória, a qual pressupõe a participação dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo educativo na busca de respostas aos problemas por eles identificados. Neste estudo, o processo de construção conjunta ancorou-se nos conceitos de educação emancipatória, determinação social do processo saúde-doença, necessidades em saúde dos grupos sociais e processo de trabalho em saúde. Objetivo: construir audiovisual pedagógico sobre a VD e material gráfico que sirva de guia para a utilização do vídeo em processos educativos. Método: Pesquisa-Ação emancipatória. Participaram do vídeo cinco enfermeiras que atuam na Atenção Básica (AB) na área pertencente à Supervisão Técnica de Saúde Butantã (STS) e de outras STS que compõem a Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde Centro-Oeste, inclusive a autora dessa pesquisa. P a r t i c i p a r a m também uma Agente Comunitária de Saúde, um usuário da USF Jardim Boa Vista e trabalhadoras da EEUSP. Critério de inclusão: enfermeiras deveriam ter o trabalho envolvido com a AB. A gravação foi feita a partir de roteiro desenvolvido em pesquisa anterior. Resultados: este estudo tem como produtos um audiovisual pedagógico sobre VD realizada em Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) e um material gráfico nos moldes de guia para estudo dirigido, disponível em: http://eaulas.usp.br/portal/video.action?idItem=7035. O audiovisual é um instrumento pedagógico desde a construção coletiva (elaboração do roteiro, planejamento da gravação) até a sua finalização (vídeo e guia). A intencionalidade é que o vídeo, a finalização do processo, seja utilizado como instrumento em processos de educação em saúde. O guia gráfico sinaliza a importância do reconhecimento dos problemas que acometem a comunidade através do levantamento das necessidades em saúde dos grupos sociais, do reconhecimento do território, e dos perfis de reprodução social. As cenas do vídeo retratam e sinalizam essas observações ao longo da apresentação do audiovisual, esses itens apontam possibilidades de aprimoramento teórico e prático sobre esses temas considerados relevantes para o processo educativo. Considerações finais: A construção conjunta de instrumentos pedagógicos, desde que realizada em processos educativos emancipatórios possibilita resultar em produtos para uma prática de saúde crítica, reflexiva e transformadora. O audiovisual se constitui como importante ferramenta a ser utilizada nos processos de formação e capacitação. No que se refere ao aprimoramento das práticas em saúde, os trabalhadores dos serviços de saúde devem ter apoio para viabilizar espaços para o desenvolvimento de processos que visem à construção conjunta de respostas às necessidades em saúde dos grupos sociais que compõem os territórios. / Introduction: The purpose of this study is the educational audiovisual whose theme is the emancipatory Home Visit (HV). The choice of the HV, an instrument of health work, was held to have potential for raising health needs of social groups, so in the context of collective. The chosen social group was the group of families with instability in working and living conditions. The collective production process of audiovisual was based on the emancipatory approach, which presupposes the participation of the subjects involved in the educational process in the search for answers to the problems they have identified. In this paper, the joint construction process was anchored in the concepts of emancipatory education, social determination of the health-disease, health needs of social groups, and health work process. Objective: To build on the educational audiovisual HV and graphic material to serve as a guide for the use of video in educational processes. Method: It is an emancipatory Action Research. Participated on the video five nurses who work in Primary Care (PC) in the area belonging to the Health Technical Supervision Butantã (HTS) and other HTS that make up the Midwest Regional Coordination of Health, including the author of this research.Moreover, a Health Community Agent, a member of the USF Jardim Boa Vista, and EEUSP workers contributed with this study. Inclusion criteria: Nurses should have the work involved with primary care. The recording was made from script developed in earlier research. Results: This study has as products an educational audiovisual about the HV performed in Basic Health Unit (BHU) and a graphic material in the templates of guide for the directed study, available in: http://eaulas.usp.br/portal/video.action?idItem=7035. The audiovisual is an educational tool since the collective construction (preparing the script, recording planning) to the finish (video and guide). The intention of this video is to be used as a tool in the process of he alth education. The graphic guide indicates the importance of the recognition of the problems that affect the community through a survey of the social groups health needs, the territory recognition, and social reproduction profiles. The scenes of the video show and reveal these comments throughout the presentation of the audiovisual, these items link theoretical and practical improvement possibilities on these topics relevant to the educational process. Final Considerations: A joint construction of pedagogical tools, if carried out under emancipatory educational processes, enables products to result in a practice of critical health, reflective and transforming. The audiovisual constitutes an important tool to be used in training and capacity building processes. As regards the improvement of health practices, workers health services must have support to make space for the development of processes aimed at joint construction of health needs the answers of the social groups that make up the territories.

The Dynamic Distributed Dependable Real-Time Industrial communication Protocol (D3RIP) provides service guarantees for Real-Time traffic and integrates the dynamically changing requirements of automation applications in their operation to efficiently utilize the resources. The protocol dynamically allocates the network resources according to the respective system state. To this end, the protocol architecture consists of an Interface Layer that provides time-slotted operation and a Coordination Layer that assigns each time slot to a unique transmitter device based on a distributed computation. In this thesis, a software simulator for D3RIP is developed. Using the D3RIP Simulator, modifications in D3RIP can be easily examined without facing complexities in real implementations and extensive effort in terms of time and cost. The simulator simulates the Interface Layer, the Coordination Layer and additionally, the Shared Medium. Hence, using the simulator, the system-protocol couple can be easily analyzed, tested and further improvements on D3RIP can be achieved with the least amount of effort. The simulator implements the Timed Input Output Automata (TIOA) models of the D3RIP stack components using C++. The resulting code is compiled on GCC (Gnu Compiler Collection). The logs of the simulation runs and the real system with 2 devices connected via cross 100MbE cables are compared. In a 3ms time slot, the simulator and the system incidents differ about 135&micro / s on the average, causing no asynchronousity in their instantaneous operational states. The D3RIP Simulator is useful in keeping track of any variable in the D3RIP system automaton at any instant up to 1&micro / s resolution.

Les architectures pluri-coeurs sont plus intéressantes pour concevoir des systèmes en temps réel que les systèmes multi-coeurs car il est possible de les maîtriser plus facilement et d’intégrer un plus grand nombre d’applications, potentiellement de différents niveau de criticité. Dans les systèmes temps réel embarqués, ces architectures peuvent être utilisées comme des éléments de traitement au sein d’un réseau fédérateur car ils fournissent un grand nombre d’interfaces Entrées/Sorties telles que les contrôleurs Ethernet et les interfaces de la mémoire DDR-SDRAM. Aussi, il est possible d’y allouer des applications ayant différents niveaux de criticités. Ces applications communiquent entre elles à travers le réseau sur puce (NoC) du pluri coeur et avec des capteurs et des actionneurs via l’interface Ethernet. Afin de garantir les contraintes temps réel de ces applications, les délais de transmission pire cas (WCTT) doivent être calculés pour les flux entre les coeurs ("inter-core") et les flux entre les coeurs et les interfaces entrées/sorties ("core-to-I/O"). Plusieurs réseaux sur puce (NoCs) ciblant les systèmes en temps réel dur ont été conçus en s’appuyant sur des extensions matérielles spécifiques. Cependant, aucune de ces extensions ne sont actuellement disponibles dans les architectures de réseaux sur puce commercialisés, qui se basent sur la commutation wormhole avec la stratégie d’arbitrage par tourniquet. En utilisant cette stratégie de commutation, différents types d’interférences peuvent se produire sur le réseau sur puce entre les flux. De plus, le placement de tâches des applications critiques et non critiques a un impact sur les contentions que peut subir les flux "core-to-I/O". Ces flux "core-to-I/O" parcourent deux réseaux de vitesses différentes: le NoC et Ethernet. Sur le NoC, la taille des paquets autorisés est beaucoup plus petite que la taille des trames Ethernet. Ainsi, lorsque la trame Ethernet est transmise sur le NoC, elle est divisée en plusieurs paquets. La trame sera supprimée de la mémoire tampon de l’interface Ethernet uniquement lorsque la totalité des données aura été transmise. Malheureusement, la congestion du NoC ajoute des délais supplémentaires à la transmission des paquets et la taille de la mémoire tampon de l’interface Ethernet est limitée. En conséquence, ce comportement peut aboutir au rejet des trames Ethernet. L’idée donc est de pouvoir analyser les délais de transmission pire cas sur les NoC et de réduire leurs délais afin d’éviter ce problème de rejet. Dans cette thèse, nous montrons que le pessimisme de méthodes existantes de calcul de WCTT et les stratégies de placements existantes conduisent à rejeter des trames Ethernet en raison d’une congestion interne sur le NoC. Des propriétés des réseaux utilisant la commutation "wormhole" ont été définies et validées afin de mieux prendre en compte les conflits entre les flux. Une stratégie de placement de tâches qui prend en compte les communications avec les I/O a été ensuite proposée. Cette stratégie vise à diminuer les contentions des flux qui proviennent de l’I/O et donc de réduire leurs WCTTs. Les résultats obtenus par la méthode de calcul définie au cours de cette thèse montrent que les valeurs du WCTT des flux peuvent être réduites jusqu’à 50% par rapport aux valeurs de WCTT obtenues par les méthodes de calcul existantes. En outre, les résultats expérimentaux sur des applications avioniques réelles montrent des améliorations significatives des délais de transmission des flux "core-to-I/O", jusqu’à 94%, sans impact significatif sur ceux des flux "intercore". Ces améliorations sont dues à la stratégie d’allocation définie qui place les applications de manière à réduire l’impact des flux non critiques sur les flux critiques. Ces réductions de WCTT des flux "core-to-I/O" évitent le rejet des trames Ethernet. / Many-core architectures are more promising hardware to design real-time systems than multi-core systems as they should enable an easier mastered integration of a higher number of applications, potentially of different level of criticalities. In embedded real-time systems, these architectures will be integrated within backbone Ethernet networks, as they mostly provide Ethernet controllers as Input/Output(I/O) interfaces. Thus, a number of applications of different level of criticalities could be allocated on the Network-on-Chip (NoC) and required to communicate with sensors and actuators. However, the worst-case behavior of NoC for both inter-core and core-to-I/O communications must be established. Several NoCs targeting hard real-time systems, made of specific hardware extensions, have been designed. However, none of these extensions are currently available in commercially available NoC-based many-core architectures, that instead rely on wormhole switching with round-robin arbitration. Using this switching strategy, interference patterns can occur between direct and indirect flows on many-cores. Besides, the mapping over the NoC of both critical and non-critical applications has an impact on the network contention these core-to-I/O communications exhibit. These core-to-I/O flows (coming from the Ethernet interface of the NoC) cross two networks of different speeds: NoC and Ethernet. On the NoC, the size of allowed packets is much smaller than the size of Ethernet frames. Thus, once an Ethernet frame is transmitted over the NoC, it will be divided into many packets. When all the data corresponding to this frame are received by the DDR-SDRAM memory on the NoC, the frame is removed from the buffer of the Ethernet interface. In addition, the congestion on the NoC, due to wormhole switching, can delay these flows. Besides, the buffer in the Ethernet interface has a limited capacity. Then, this behavior may lead to a problem of dropping Ethernet frames. The idea is therefore to analyze the worst case transmission delays on the NoC and reduce the delays of the core-to-I/O flows. In this thesis, we show that the pessimism of the existing Worst-Case Traversal Time (WCTT) computing methods and the existing mapping strategies lead to drop Ethernet frames due to an internal congestion in the NoC. Thus, we demonstrate properties of such NoC-based wormhole networks to reduce the pessimism when modeling flows in contentions. Then, we propose a mapping strategy that minimizes the contention of core-to-I/O flows in order to solve this problem. We show that the WCTT values can be reduced up to 50% compared to current state-of-the-art real-time packet schedulability analysis. These results are due to the modeling of the real impact of the flows in contention in our proposed computing method. Besides, experimental results on real avionics applications show significant improvements of core-to-I/O flows transmission delays, up to 94%, without significantly impacting transmission delays of core-to-core flows. These improvements are due to our mapping strategy that allocates the applications in such a way to reduce the impact of non-critical flows on critical flows. These reductions on the WCTT of the core-to-I/O flows avoid the drop of Ethernet frames.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloWP.pdf: 1503858 bytes, checksum: a3afbdaee8ef61f150da30b7877082d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-25 / The present work consists of studying to diffuse control of constitutionality in Brazil, with emphasis in a procedural alternative to the evolution of that model: the incident to challenge of unconstitutionality. Starting from the discussion about the new role of constitutional jurisdiction in peripheral countries and in the globalized society, without forgetting to face inevitable doubts about its legitimacy before other powers of the State, the Brazilian control of constitutionality is revealed, under a diffuse, non-dichotomical view, through a number of inconsistencies and misunderstandings, that compromise social peace, the credibility of democratic institutions and the supremacy of juridical security. In order to achieve the goal, the study in course discussed the main difficulties of the Brazilian mixed model of constitutionality control, as well as, directing its view to the incident of challenge of unconstitutionality, which the most adequate forms to assure its appropriateness, legitimacy, processing and decisory effects are. Is was essential, in this point of view, to establish the difference between the incident of challenge of unconstitutionality conceived in article of the Brazilian Federal Constitution and the incident of challenge of unconstitutionality such as it is known in the European models. The insertion of the incident of challenge of unconstitutionality based on European models in the Brazilian control system, without jeopardizing the North-American essence the Brazilian constitutional history presents since 1981, is the hypothesis that is presented as an improvement of constitutional protection / O presente trabalho consiste-se no estudo da fiscaliza??o difusa da constitucionalidade, com enfoque em uma alternativa procedimental para a evolu??o desse m?todo de aferi??o da compatibilidade das leis e dos atos normativos frente ? Constitui??o: o incidente de arg?i??o de inconstitucionalidade. A partir da discuss?o sobre o novo papel da Jurisdi??o Constitucional nos pa?ses perif?ricos e na sociedade globalizada, sem olvidar do enfrentamento inevit?vel das d?vidas sobre sua legitimidade frente aos demais poderes do Estado, o controle de constitucionalidade brasileiro ? revelado, sob uma ?tica difusa n?o dicot?mica, por interm?dio de um conjunto de incongru?ncias e incompreens?es que comprometem a tranq?ilidade social, a credibilidade das institui??es democr?ticas e o primado da seguran?a jur?dica. Para alcan?ar tal desiderato, o estudo em quest?o discutiu as principais dificuldades do modelo misto de fiscaliza??o da constitucionalidade brasileiro, bem como, atrav?s do seu olhar j? voltado para o incidente de inconstitucionalidade, quais as formas mais adequadas para o seu cabimento, legitimidade, processamento e efeitos decis?rios. Fez-se essencial, nesse prisma, diferenciar o incidente de arg?i??o de inconstitucionalidade concebido pelo art. 97, da Constitui??o Federal brasileira, do incidente de inconstitucionalidade tal qual se conhece do modelo europeu. A inser??o do incidente de inconstitucionalidade aos moldes europeus no sistema de fiscaliza??o brasileiro, sem prejudicar a ess?ncia norte-americana que a hist?ria constitucional do Brasil apresenta desde os idos de 1891, ? a hip?tese apresentada como aprimoramento da Cust?dia da Constitui??o

Introdução: O objeto deste estudo é o audiovisual pedagógico que tem como tema a Visita Domiciliar (VD) emancipatória. A escolha da VD, um instrumento do trabalho em saúde, foi realizada por ter potencialidade para a captação de necessidades em saúde dos grupos sociais, portanto, no âmbito do coletivo. O grupo social escolhido foi o grupo das famílias com instabilidade nas condições de trabalho e de vida. O processo de produção coletiva do audiovisual pautou-se na abordagem emancipatória, a qual pressupõe a participação dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo educativo na busca de respostas aos problemas por eles identificados. Neste estudo, o processo de construção conjunta ancorou-se nos conceitos de educação emancipatória, determinação social do processo saúde-doença, necessidades em saúde dos grupos sociais e processo de trabalho em saúde. Objetivo: construir audiovisual pedagógico sobre a VD e material gráfico que sirva de guia para a utilização do vídeo em processos educativos. Método: Pesquisa-Ação emancipatória. Participaram do vídeo cinco enfermeiras que atuam na Atenção Básica (AB) na área pertencente à Supervisão Técnica de Saúde Butantã (STS) e de outras STS que compõem a Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde Centro-Oeste, inclusive a autora dessa pesquisa. P a r t i c i p a r a m também uma Agente Comunitária de Saúde, um usuário da USF Jardim Boa Vista e trabalhadoras da EEUSP. Critério de inclusão: enfermeiras deveriam ter o trabalho envolvido com a AB. A gravação foi feita a partir de roteiro desenvolvido em pesquisa anterior. Resultados: este estudo tem como produtos um audiovisual pedagógico sobre VD realizada em Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) e um material gráfico nos moldes de guia para estudo dirigido, disponível em: http://eaulas.usp.br/portal/video.action?idItem=7035. O audiovisual é um instrumento pedagógico desde a construção coletiva (elaboração do roteiro, planejamento da gravação) até a sua finalização (vídeo e guia). A intencionalidade é que o vídeo, a finalização do processo, seja utilizado como instrumento em processos de educação em saúde. O guia gráfico sinaliza a importância do reconhecimento dos problemas que acometem a comunidade através do levantamento das necessidades em saúde dos grupos sociais, do reconhecimento do território, e dos perfis de reprodução social. As cenas do vídeo retratam e sinalizam essas observações ao longo da apresentação do audiovisual, esses itens apontam possibilidades de aprimoramento teórico e prático sobre esses temas considerados relevantes para o processo educativo. Considerações finais: A construção conjunta de instrumentos pedagógicos, desde que realizada em processos educativos emancipatórios possibilita resultar em produtos para uma prática de saúde crítica, reflexiva e transformadora. O audiovisual se constitui como importante ferramenta a ser utilizada nos processos de formação e capacitação. No que se refere ao aprimoramento das práticas em saúde, os trabalhadores dos serviços de saúde devem ter apoio para viabilizar espaços para o desenvolvimento de processos que visem à construção conjunta de respostas às necessidades em saúde dos grupos sociais que compõem os territórios. / Introduction: The purpose of this study is the educational audiovisual whose theme is the emancipatory Home Visit (HV). The choice of the HV, an instrument of health work, was held to have potential for raising health needs of social groups, so in the context of collective. The chosen social group was the group of families with instability in working and living conditions. The collective production process of audiovisual was based on the emancipatory approach, which presupposes the participation of the subjects involved in the educational process in the search for answers to the problems they have identified. In this paper, the joint construction process was anchored in the concepts of emancipatory education, social determination of the health-disease, health needs of social groups, and health work process. Objective: To build on the educational audiovisual HV and graphic material to serve as a guide for the use of video in educational processes. Method: It is an emancipatory Action Research. Participated on the video five nurses who work in Primary Care (PC) in the area belonging to the Health Technical Supervision Butantã (HTS) and other HTS that make up the Midwest Regional Coordination of Health, including the author of this research.Moreover, a Health Community Agent, a member of the USF Jardim Boa Vista, and EEUSP workers contributed with this study. Inclusion criteria: Nurses should have the work involved with primary care. The recording was made from script developed in earlier research. Results: This study has as products an educational audiovisual about the HV performed in Basic Health Unit (BHU) and a graphic material in the templates of guide for the directed study, available in: http://eaulas.usp.br/portal/video.action?idItem=7035. The audiovisual is an educational tool since the collective construction (preparing the script, recording planning) to the finish (video and guide). The intention of this video is to be used as a tool in the process of he alth education. The graphic guide indicates the importance of the recognition of the problems that affect the community through a survey of the social groups health needs, the territory recognition, and social reproduction profiles. The scenes of the video show and reveal these comments throughout the presentation of the audiovisual, these items link theoretical and practical improvement possibilities on these topics relevant to the educational process. Final Considerations: A joint construction of pedagogical tools, if carried out under emancipatory educational processes, enables products to result in a practice of critical health, reflective and transforming. The audiovisual constitutes an important tool to be used in training and capacity building processes. As regards the improvement of health practices, workers health services must have support to make space for the development of processes aimed at joint construction of health needs the answers of the social groups that make up the territories.

Les opérateurs de cloud IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) proposent à leurs clients des ressources virtualisées (CPU, stockage et réseau) sous forme de machines virtuelles (VM). L’explosion du marché du cloud les a contraints à optimiser très finement l’utilisation de leurs centres de données afin de proposer des services attractifs à moindre coût. En plus des investissements liés à l’achat des infrastructures et de leur coût d’utilisation, la consommation énergétique apparaît comme un point de dépense important (2% de la consommation mondiale) et en constante augmentation. Sa maîtrise représente pour ces opérateurs un levier très intéressant à exploiter. D’un point de vue technique, le contrôle de la consommation énergétique s’appuie essentiellement sur les méthodes de consolidation. Or la plupart d'entre elles ne prennent en compte que l’utilisation CPU des machines physiques (PM) pour le placement de VM. En effet, des études récentes ont montré que les systèmes de stockage et les E/S disque constituent une part considérable de la consommation énergétique d’un centre de données (entre 14% et 40%). Dans cette thèse nous introduisons un nouveau modèle autonomique d’optimisation de placement de VM inspiré de MAPE-K (Monitor, Analyze, Plan, Execute, Knowledge), et prenant en compte en plus du CPU, les E/S des VM ainsi que les systèmes de stockage associés. Ainsi, notre première contribution est relative au développement d’un outil de trace des E/S de VM multi-niveaux. Les traces collectées alimentent, dans l’étape Analyze, un modèle de coût étendu dont l’originalité consiste à prendre en compte le profil d’accès des VM, les caractéristiques du système de stockage, ainsi que les contraintes économiques de l’environnement cloud. Nous analysons par ailleurs les caractéristiques des deux principales classes de stockage, pour aboutir à un modèle hybride exploitant au mieux les avantages de chacune. En effet, les disques durs magnétiques (HDD) sont des supports de stockage à la fois énergivores et peu performants comparés aux unités de calcul. Néanmoins, leur prix par gigaoctet et leur longévité peuvent jouer en leur faveur. Contrairement aux HDD, les disques SSD à base de mémoire flash sont plus performants et consomment peu d’énergie. Leur prix élevé par gigaoctet et leur courte durée de vie (comparés aux HDD) représentent leurs contraintes majeures. L’étape Plan a donné lieu, d’une part, à une extension de l'outil de simulation CloudSim pour la prise en compte des E/S des VM, du caractère hybride du système de stockage, ainsi que la mise en oeuvre du modèle de coût proposé dans l'étape Analyze. Nous avons proposé d’autre part, plusieurs heuristiques se basant sur notre modèle de coût et que nous avons intégrées dans CloudSim. Nous montrons finalement que notre approche permet d’améliorer d’un facteur trois le coût de placement de VM obtenu par les approches existantes. / IaaS cloud providers offer virtualized resources (CPU, storage, and network) as Virtual Machines(VM). The growth and highly competitive nature of this economy has compelled them to optimize the use of their data centers, in order to offer attractive services at a lower cost. In addition to investments related to infrastructure purchase and cost of use, energy efficiency is a major point of expenditure (2% of world consumption) and is constantly increasing. Its control represents a vital opportunity. From a technical point of view, the control of energy consumption is mainly based on consolidation approaches. These approaches, which exclusively take into account the CPU use of physical machines (PM) for the VM placement, present however many drawbacks. Indeed, recent studies have shown that storage systems and disk I/O represent a significant part of the data center energy consumption (between 14% and 40%).In this thesis we propose a new autonomic model for VM placement optimization based on MAPEK (Monitor, Analyze, Plan, Execute, Knowledge) whereby in addition to CPU, VM I/O and related storage systems are considered. Our first contribution proposes a multilevel VM I/O tracer which overcomes the limitations of existing I/O monitoring tools. In the Analyze step, the collected I/O traces are introduced in a cost model which takes into account the VM I/O profile, the storage system characteristics, and the cloud environment constraints. We also analyze the complementarity between the two main storage classes, resulting in a hybrid storage model exploiting the advantages of each. Indeed, Hard Disk Drives (HDD) represent energy-intensive and inefficient devices compared to compute units. However, their low cost per gigabyte and their long lifetime may constitute positive arguments. Unlike HDD, flash-based Solid-State Disks (SSD) are more efficient and consume less power, but their high cost per gigabyte and their short lifetime (compared to HDD) represent major constraints. The Plan phase has initially resulted in an extension of CloudSim to take into account VM I/O, the hybrid nature of the storage system, as well as the implementation of the previously proposed cost model. Secondly, we proposed several heuristics based on our cost model, integrated and evaluated using CloudSim. Finally, we showed that our contribution improves existing approaches of VM placement optimization by a factor of three.

The amount and variety of visual information presented on electronic displays is ever-increasing. Finding and acquiring relevant information in the most effective manner possible is of course desirable. While there are advantages to presenting a large number of information objects on a screen at the same time, it can also hinder fast detection of objects of interest. One way of addressing that problem is Voice Assisted Visual Search (VAVS). A user supported by VAVS calls out an object of interest and is immediately guided to the object by a highlighting cue. This thesis is an initial study of the VAVS user interface technique. The findings suggest that VAVS is a promising approach, supported by theory and practice. A working prototype shows that locating objects of interest can be sped up significantly, requiring only half the amount of time taken without the use of VAVS, on average. / Voice-Assisted Visual Search

Les besoins en terme de stockage, en augmentation exponentielle, sont difficilement satisfaits par les systèmes de stockage distribué traditionnels. Alors que les performances des disques ont ratrappé celles des cartes réseau en terme d'ordre de grandeur, leur capacité ne croit pas à la même vitesse que l'ensemble des données requérant d'êtres stockées, notamment à cause de l'avènement des applications de big data. Par ailleurs, l'équilibre de performances entre disques, cartes réseau et processeurs a changé et les états de fait sur lesquels se basent la plupart des systèmes de stockage distribué actuels ne sont plus vrais. Cette dissertation explique de quelle manière certains aspects de tels systèmes de stockages peuvent être modifiés et repensés pour faire une utilisation plus efficace des ressources qui les composent. Elle présente une architecture de stockage nouvelle qui se base sur une couche de métadonnées distribuée afin de fournir du stockage d'objet de manière flexible tout en passant à l'échelle. Elle détaille ensuite un algorithme d'ordonnancement des requêtes permettant a un système de stockage générique de traiter les requêtes de clients en parallèle de manière plus équitable. Enfin, elle décrit comment améliorer le cache générique du système de fichier dans le contexte de systèmes de stockage distribué basés sur des codes correcteurs avant de présenter des contributions effectuées dans le cadre de courts projets de recherche. / The exponentially growing demand for storage puts a huge stress on traditionnal distributed storage systems. While storage devices' performance have caught up with network devices in the last decade, their capacity do not grow as fast as the rate of data growth, especially with the rise of cloud big data applications. Furthermore, the performance balance between storage, network and compute devices has shifted and the assumptions that are the foundation for most distributed storage systems are not true anymore. This dissertation explains how several aspects of such storage systems can be modified and rethought to make a more efficient use of the resource at their disposal. It presents an original architecture that uses a distributed layer of metadata to provide flexible and scalable object-level storage, then proposes a scheduling algorithm improving how a generic storage system handles concurrent requests. Finally, it describes how to improve legacy filesystem-level caching for erasure-code-based distributed storage systems, before presenting a few other contributions made in the context of short research projects.