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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Potenciais mecanismos de regulação da fosfatase PTEN pelas proteínas SET e PP2A e seu envolvimento na predisposição ao carcinoma bucal / Potential regulation of PTEN phosphatase by PP2A and SET proteins and its role in oral cancer predisposition

Matsumoto, Camila Sayuri 25 April 2016 (has links)
O câncer é a segunda doença com maior índice de mortalidade no Brasil e ainda é responsável por um elevado número de óbitos em todo o mundo. Durante a tumorigênese ocorrem diversas alterações no genoma, transcriptoma, proteoma, e interatoma que permitem o desenvolvimento da célula maligna. Alterações descritas na via de sinalização PI3K-Akt, tais como ganho de função da quinase PI3K ou perda de função da fosfatase PTEN, levam ao aumento de PIP3 com ativação constitutiva dos alvos downstream, como da quinase Akt. A regulação negativa da Akt pode ser realizada pela fosfatase PP2A, que é inibida pela proteína SET (ou inibidor 2 da PP2A). Existem diversos mecanismos que podem contribuir para a desregulação da sinalização celular e o aumento na quantidade de uma única proteína pode levar ao desequilíbrio no processo. Recentemente, nosso grupo identificou o aumento da proteína SET em diversas amostras de pacientes com carcinoma bucal, que foi associado à ativação da Akt. Sendo assim, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi caracterizar os potenciais mecanismos de regulação da fosfatase PTEN pelas proteínas SET e PP2A e o papel de PTEN na predisposição ao carcinoma bucal. Para isso, através de vetores de expressão foi identificada dentre outras, a subunidade B56? da PP2A capaz de reduzir os níveis de PTEN fosforilado no resíduo de S380; a interação das proteínas PTEN e PP2A foi confirmada por co-imunoprecipitação (co-IP) e imunofluorescência; a atividade de PP2A e PTEN foram avaliadas frente a expressão de SET e regiões da SET na presença ou não de mutações sítio-específicas; e os níveis de expressão de PTEN foram relacionados ao acúmulo ou silenciamento (siRNA e shRNA) de SET em CECPs e no tratamento com agente hiperacetilante (TSA) e desmetilante (5aza-deoxicitidina). Também foi avaliado o papel de PTEN na expressão de BMAL1 in vitro e in vivo, utilizando animais geneticamente modificados com deleção de PTEN tecido-condicional ao epitélio. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a participação da SET em mecanismos de controle da expressão gênica de PTEN e a participação de PTEN no controle da expressão de BMAL. / Cancer is the second cause of death in Brazil and the oral cancer is among the most predominant cancers worldwide. During tumorigenesis several changes occur in the genome, transcriptome, proteome and interatoma leading to malignant cells development. Some of the more important modifications occur in the PI3K-Akt pathway, such as the loss of PTEN phosphatase function, which increase PIP3 and results in the constitutive activation of downstream targets, including the kinase Akt. PP2A is responsible for the negative regulation of Akt and is inhibited by SET (or Inhibitor 2 of PP2A). Many mechanisms can lead to deregulation of these signaling pathways and the increase in one protein can result in pathway loss of balance. Recently Leopoldino et.al. (2009) identified SET levels increased in oral cancer tissue samples, associate to Akt activation. The main objective of this project is evaluating how PP2A and SET regulate PTEN and its relation to cancer predisposition. For this, expression vectors were used to identify, among others, B56? subunit of PP2A reducing levels of p-PTEN S380; the interaction between PP2A and PTEN was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and immunofluorescence; PP2A and PTEN activity were evaluated against expression of SET and SET regions in the presence or not of site-specific mutations; and PTEN expression levels were related to the accumulation or silencing (siRNA and shRNA) of SET in CECPs and the treatment with agents for hyperacetylation (TSA) and demethylation (5-aza-deoxycytidine). The role of PTEN on BMAL1 expression was evaluated in vitro and in vivo, using transgenic animals with tissue-specific deletion of PTEN for epithelium. The results suggest the involvement of SET in control of PTEN gene expression and participation of PTEN in the control of BMAL expression.
2

Estudos das proteínas hnRNP K, SET e MARK3 como potenciais marcadores de prognóstico em câncer epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço (HNSCC) / Study of protein hnRNP K, SET and MARK3 as potential markers of prognosis in squamous cell cancer of head and neck (HNSCC).

Silva, Flávia Amoroso Matos e 31 July 2009 (has links)
As neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço constituem um importante problema de saúde pública devido à alta incidência e alguns tipos estão associados a fatores comportamentais como consumo de álcool e tabaco. Apesar desses dados, a doença, especialmente em sua fase inicial, pode ser curada e alguns tipos podem ser prevenidos. Portanto, existe a necessidade de identificar e validar novos biomarcadores em câncer de cabeça e pescoço com aplicação em prognóstico e seleção de terapias mais adequadas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi validar o perfil de três proteínas, SET, hnRNP K e MARK3 em tumores de cabeça e pescoço, e verificar a potencial aplicação como marcadores de diagnóstico e prognóstico em HNSCC, bem como propor um papel para estas proteínas na tumorigênese. Foram analisadas 22 amostras de tumores de cabeça e pescoço por western blotting (WB) e 96 amostras (91 tumores, 4 biópsias e 1 controle) dispostas em duplicata em lâmina de tissue microarray, obtidas no Brasil e cedidas pelo Grupo GENCAPO, por imunohistoquímica (IHC). Os dados obtidos foram correlacionados com todos os parâmetros clínicos e patológicos e com prognóstico do paciente com HNSCC por um período de 48 meses. Os resultados obtidos por WB e IHC mostraram acúmulo e fragmentação da SET e acúmulo nuclear e citoplasmático da hnRNP K nos tumores comparado a respectiva margem cirúrgica e tecido normal. A hnRNPK mostrou valor prognóstico sendo associada a sobrevida global do paciente. A proteína c-Myc e a sua forma fosforilada foram analisadas nas amostras de tumores e suas respectivas margens cirúrgicas devido a sua relação com SET, PP2A e hnRNP K. Os resultados mostraram acúmulo da c-Myc fosforilada e total nas amostras tumorais, o que coincidiu com aumento de SET e hnRNP K. Com relação à proteína MARK3, observou-se sua redução no tumor e menor sobrevida livre de doença. Foi realizado ensaio de RNA de interferência (RNAi) contra hnRNP K e SET em linhagem de carcinoma oral (HN13). A redução da proteína SET por RNAi levou a redução significativa da hnRNP K, enquanto a hnRNP K gerou menor efeito na proteína SET, sugerindo um efeito regulatório na expressão ou manutenção da hnRNP K pela SET na célula tumoral. A interferência contra a hnRNP K também reduziu a proliferação celular tumoral. Em conclusão, o aumento da proteína SET está associado à desmoplasia em HNSCC e pode ser um potencial marcador específico para essa condição. hnRNP K e MARK3 podem servir como potenciais marcadores em HNSCC e ajudar a identificar um subgrupo de pacientes com pobre prognóstico. A hnRNPK exerce efeito positivo na proliferação da célula tumoral. SET e hnRNP K podem atuar como fatores oncogênicos favorecendo o aumento de c-Myc. / The head and neck cancers constitute a major public health problem due to the high incidence and some types are associated with behavioral factors such as consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Despite these data, the disease, especially in its early stage can be cured and some types can be prevented. Therefore, there is a need to identify and validate new biomarkers in head and neck cancer, with applications in prognosis and selection of therapies most appropriate. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were validation of the profile of three proteins, SET, hnRNP K and MARK3 in tumors of head and neck, and verify the potential application as markers for diagnosis and prognosis in HNSCC, and suggest a role for these proteins in tumorigenesis. We analyzed 22 samples of head and neck tumors by western blotting (WB) and 96 samples (91 tumors, 4 biopsies and 1 control) arranged in duplicate in the tissue microarray slide, obtained in Brazil and assigned by the GENCAPO Group, by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The data were correlated with all clinical and pathological parameters and prognosis of patients with HNSCC for a period of 48 months. The results obtained by WB and IHC showed the SET accumulation and fragmentation and hnRNP K nuclear and cytoplasmic accumulation in tumor compared to the surgical margin and normal tissue. The hnRNPK prognostic value has been associated with overall survival of patients. The c-Myc protein and its phosphorylated form were analyzed in tumor and surgical margins samples due to its relationship with SET, PP2A and hnRNP K. The results showed accumulated total and phosphorylated c-Myc in tumor samples, which was coincided with increase in SET and hnRNP K. Regarding the protein MARK3 was observed its reduction in tumor and lower disease-free survival. RNA interference (RNAi) against hnRNP K and SET were performed in oral squamous cell carcinoma line (HN13). SET protein reduction by RNAi led to significant reduction of hnRNP K, and hnRNP K showed a minor effect on SET protein, suggesting a regulatory effect on expression or maintenance of hnRNP K by SET in tumor cells. Interference against hnRNP K also reduced tumor cell proliferation. In conclusion, increased SET protein is associated with desmoplasia in HNSCC and may be a potential specific marker for this condition. hnRNP K and MARK3 can serve as potential markers in HNSCC and help identify a subgroup of patients with poor prognosis. The hnRNPK must act a positive effect on cell proliferation of the tumor. SET and hnRNP K may act as oncogenic factors contributing for c-Myc activity.
3

Estudos das proteínas hnRNP K, SET e MARK3 como potenciais marcadores de prognóstico em câncer epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço (HNSCC) / Study of protein hnRNP K, SET and MARK3 as potential markers of prognosis in squamous cell cancer of head and neck (HNSCC).

Flávia Amoroso Matos e Silva 31 July 2009 (has links)
As neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço constituem um importante problema de saúde pública devido à alta incidência e alguns tipos estão associados a fatores comportamentais como consumo de álcool e tabaco. Apesar desses dados, a doença, especialmente em sua fase inicial, pode ser curada e alguns tipos podem ser prevenidos. Portanto, existe a necessidade de identificar e validar novos biomarcadores em câncer de cabeça e pescoço com aplicação em prognóstico e seleção de terapias mais adequadas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi validar o perfil de três proteínas, SET, hnRNP K e MARK3 em tumores de cabeça e pescoço, e verificar a potencial aplicação como marcadores de diagnóstico e prognóstico em HNSCC, bem como propor um papel para estas proteínas na tumorigênese. Foram analisadas 22 amostras de tumores de cabeça e pescoço por western blotting (WB) e 96 amostras (91 tumores, 4 biópsias e 1 controle) dispostas em duplicata em lâmina de tissue microarray, obtidas no Brasil e cedidas pelo Grupo GENCAPO, por imunohistoquímica (IHC). Os dados obtidos foram correlacionados com todos os parâmetros clínicos e patológicos e com prognóstico do paciente com HNSCC por um período de 48 meses. Os resultados obtidos por WB e IHC mostraram acúmulo e fragmentação da SET e acúmulo nuclear e citoplasmático da hnRNP K nos tumores comparado a respectiva margem cirúrgica e tecido normal. A hnRNPK mostrou valor prognóstico sendo associada a sobrevida global do paciente. A proteína c-Myc e a sua forma fosforilada foram analisadas nas amostras de tumores e suas respectivas margens cirúrgicas devido a sua relação com SET, PP2A e hnRNP K. Os resultados mostraram acúmulo da c-Myc fosforilada e total nas amostras tumorais, o que coincidiu com aumento de SET e hnRNP K. Com relação à proteína MARK3, observou-se sua redução no tumor e menor sobrevida livre de doença. Foi realizado ensaio de RNA de interferência (RNAi) contra hnRNP K e SET em linhagem de carcinoma oral (HN13). A redução da proteína SET por RNAi levou a redução significativa da hnRNP K, enquanto a hnRNP K gerou menor efeito na proteína SET, sugerindo um efeito regulatório na expressão ou manutenção da hnRNP K pela SET na célula tumoral. A interferência contra a hnRNP K também reduziu a proliferação celular tumoral. Em conclusão, o aumento da proteína SET está associado à desmoplasia em HNSCC e pode ser um potencial marcador específico para essa condição. hnRNP K e MARK3 podem servir como potenciais marcadores em HNSCC e ajudar a identificar um subgrupo de pacientes com pobre prognóstico. A hnRNPK exerce efeito positivo na proliferação da célula tumoral. SET e hnRNP K podem atuar como fatores oncogênicos favorecendo o aumento de c-Myc. / The head and neck cancers constitute a major public health problem due to the high incidence and some types are associated with behavioral factors such as consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Despite these data, the disease, especially in its early stage can be cured and some types can be prevented. Therefore, there is a need to identify and validate new biomarkers in head and neck cancer, with applications in prognosis and selection of therapies most appropriate. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were validation of the profile of three proteins, SET, hnRNP K and MARK3 in tumors of head and neck, and verify the potential application as markers for diagnosis and prognosis in HNSCC, and suggest a role for these proteins in tumorigenesis. We analyzed 22 samples of head and neck tumors by western blotting (WB) and 96 samples (91 tumors, 4 biopsies and 1 control) arranged in duplicate in the tissue microarray slide, obtained in Brazil and assigned by the GENCAPO Group, by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The data were correlated with all clinical and pathological parameters and prognosis of patients with HNSCC for a period of 48 months. The results obtained by WB and IHC showed the SET accumulation and fragmentation and hnRNP K nuclear and cytoplasmic accumulation in tumor compared to the surgical margin and normal tissue. The hnRNPK prognostic value has been associated with overall survival of patients. The c-Myc protein and its phosphorylated form were analyzed in tumor and surgical margins samples due to its relationship with SET, PP2A and hnRNP K. The results showed accumulated total and phosphorylated c-Myc in tumor samples, which was coincided with increase in SET and hnRNP K. Regarding the protein MARK3 was observed its reduction in tumor and lower disease-free survival. RNA interference (RNAi) against hnRNP K and SET were performed in oral squamous cell carcinoma line (HN13). SET protein reduction by RNAi led to significant reduction of hnRNP K, and hnRNP K showed a minor effect on SET protein, suggesting a regulatory effect on expression or maintenance of hnRNP K by SET in tumor cells. Interference against hnRNP K also reduced tumor cell proliferation. In conclusion, increased SET protein is associated with desmoplasia in HNSCC and may be a potential specific marker for this condition. hnRNP K and MARK3 can serve as potential markers in HNSCC and help identify a subgroup of patients with poor prognosis. The hnRNPK must act a positive effect on cell proliferation of the tumor. SET and hnRNP K may act as oncogenic factors contributing for c-Myc activity.
4

O papel da proteína SET no perfil de metilação do miR-9 e no reparo de DNA em células humanas de carcinoma espinocelular oral / The role of SET protein in miR-9 methylation profile and DNA repair in human oral squamous cell carcinoma

Maryna Aguilar Tannous 03 October 2014 (has links)
O início e a progressão do carcinoma espinocelular oral (CEO) são caracterizados pela aquisição de alterações genéticas e epigenéticas. A proteína SET é descrita como uma oncoproteína e, recentemente, o seu acúmulo foi mostrado em CEO. Diversas funções têm sido atribuídas à SET, tais como controle do ciclo celular, sobrevivência celular, migração celular, acetilação de histonas, e resposta ao estresse oxidativo. Este contexto sugere a SET como alvo terapêutico, mas primeiramente, é essencial entender a sua ação na tumorigênese e progressão em CEO. A hipótese central no presente estudo refere-se ao papel da SET na instabilidade genômica e reparo de DNA, bem como na regulação epigenética da expressão de miRNA, com impacto no desenvolvimento e progressão de CEO. O silenciamento estável de RNA foi realizado usando plasmídeo contendo short hairpin RNA contra SET (shSET) em linhagens de CEO in vitro (HN12 e Cal27) e in vivo (tumores xenoenxerto de HN12). Efeitos da redução da SET em CEO, in vitro e in vivo, foram avaliados no perfil de metilação (MSP, methylation specific PCR), expressão de miR-9 (qRT-PCR) e reparo de DNA (reparo mismatch e de quebra de fita dupla - DSB). A instabilidade genômica foi abordada por meio de cinco microssatélites (PCR convencional) para avaliar a instabilidade de microssatélites (MSI), e ensaio cometa para avaliar danos ao DNA (SSB, DSB, cross-link, etc.). O status de proteínas envolvidas em reparo de DSB (ATM, BRCA1 e MLH1) foi avaliado por imunofluorescência e Western blotting (WB). A resposta aos danos no DNA (DDR) induzidos por radioterapia (raios-X) foram analisados nas células HN12 por meio de ensaios clonogênico e de ciclo celular; proteínas associadas à apoptose, autofagia, ciclo celular e reparo foram avaliadas por WB. A redução da SET nas células HN12 modificou a transcrição dos loci codificantes do miR-9 por meio da reversão parcial de hipermetilação, tanto in vitro quanto in vivo, para o locus miR-9-1, e in vitro para o miR-9-3, com aumento nos níveis de miR-9 e miR-9*. A análise de 5 microssatélites mostrou alteração no perfil alélico de dois marcadores, D5S346 e D2S123, nas células HN12 shSET e nos tumores xenoenxerto da HN12 shSET (in vivo) em relação aos respectivos controles, o que sugere a presença de MSI e é um indício do papel da SET no reparo de DNA tipo mismatch. A linhagem HN12 shSET apresentou diminuição de danos no DNA e aumento das proteínas de reparo de DSB, MLH1, ATM, p-ATM e BRCA1 em relação a células HN12 shCTRL. Na DDR induzida por raios-X as células HN12 shSET apresentaram nas primeiras 48 horas uma menor perda de viabilidade (menor % em sub G0/G1), com parada em G2/M, maior nível de ATM ativa, aumento dos níveis de p21 e LC3B-II, além de menor clivagem de PARP e caspase-8 em relação as células HN12 shCTRL; isto sugere uma melhor resposta a danos de DSB e ativação de vias de sobrevivência nas células HN12 shSET. Entretanto, após 12 dias de radioterapia as células HN12 shSET mostraram uma tendência a menor sobrevivência. Portanto, os nossos resultados indicam o envolvimento da SET na regulação transcricional do miR-9, nas vias de reparo do tipo mismatch e de DSB em CEO, com potenciais implicações tanto na tumorigênese quanto na progressão da doença. / Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) onset and progression are characterized by acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations. SET protein is known as an oncoprotein and, recently, its accumulation was demonstrated in OSCC. Several functions have been attributed to SET, such as cell cycle control, cell survival, cell migration, histone acetylation, and response to oxidative stress. This context outstands SET as a therapeutic target, but first, it is essential to understand its role in tumorigenesis and progression in OSCC. The central hypothesis of this study refers to SET role in genomic instability and DNA repair, as well as miRNA epigenetic regulation, with impact in OSCC development and progression. Stable SET knockdown (shSET) was achieved using short hairpin RNA against SET mRNA in vitro (HN12 and Cal27, OSCC cell lines) and in vivo (HN12 xenografts tumors). Effects of SET knockdown were assessed in OSCC, in vitro e in vivo, regarding DNA methylation (MSP, methylation specific PCR) and expression of miR-9 (qRT-PCR), and DNA repair (mismatch and double-strand breaks/DSB repair). Genomic instability was addressed by means of five microsatellites (conventional PCR) to assess microsatellite instability (MSI), and comet assay to assess DNA damage (SSB, DSB, cross-link, etc.). The status of proteins involved in DSB repair (ATM, BRCA1 and MLH1) was assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting (WB). The DNA damage response (DDR) induced by ionizing radiation (X-rays) was assessed in HN12 cells through clonogenic and cell cycle assays; proteins associated with apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle and repair were assessed by WB. SET knockdown in HN12 cells modified miR-9 transcription through hypermethylation partial reversal for miR-9-1 locus, both in vitro and in vivo, and for miR-9-3 in vitro, with increase of miR-9 and miR-9* levels. Analysis of 5 microsatellites showed changes in the allelic profile of two markers, D5S346 and D2S123, in HN12 shSET cells (in vitro) and HN12 shSET xenografts tumors (in vivo) compared to their controls, suggesting MSI and it\'s a clue of SET role in mismatch repair. HN12 shSET cells showed decreased DNA damage and increased DSB repair protein levels (MLH1, ATM, p-ATM and BRCA1) compared to HN12 shCTRL. In the first 48 hours, HN12 shSET X-rays-induced DDR showed lower loss of viability (lower % in subG0/G1), increased G2/M checkpoint, higher levels of active ATM, p21, LC3B-II, and less PARP and caspase-8 cleavage than HN12 shCTRL. These results suggest a higher efficiency of DSB damage response and activation of survival pathways in the presence of SET knockdown. However, 12 days after radiotherapy, HN12 shSET cells presented a tendency for higher intrinsic radiosensitivity in relation to control. Therefore, our findings indicate a SET involvement in miR-9 transcriptional regulation, and in mismatch and DSB repair, with potential implications in oral tumorigenesis and progression.
5

O papel da proteína SET no perfil de metilação do miR-9 e no reparo de DNA em células humanas de carcinoma espinocelular oral / The role of SET protein in miR-9 methylation profile and DNA repair in human oral squamous cell carcinoma

Tannous, Maryna Aguilar 03 October 2014 (has links)
O início e a progressão do carcinoma espinocelular oral (CEO) são caracterizados pela aquisição de alterações genéticas e epigenéticas. A proteína SET é descrita como uma oncoproteína e, recentemente, o seu acúmulo foi mostrado em CEO. Diversas funções têm sido atribuídas à SET, tais como controle do ciclo celular, sobrevivência celular, migração celular, acetilação de histonas, e resposta ao estresse oxidativo. Este contexto sugere a SET como alvo terapêutico, mas primeiramente, é essencial entender a sua ação na tumorigênese e progressão em CEO. A hipótese central no presente estudo refere-se ao papel da SET na instabilidade genômica e reparo de DNA, bem como na regulação epigenética da expressão de miRNA, com impacto no desenvolvimento e progressão de CEO. O silenciamento estável de RNA foi realizado usando plasmídeo contendo short hairpin RNA contra SET (shSET) em linhagens de CEO in vitro (HN12 e Cal27) e in vivo (tumores xenoenxerto de HN12). Efeitos da redução da SET em CEO, in vitro e in vivo, foram avaliados no perfil de metilação (MSP, methylation specific PCR), expressão de miR-9 (qRT-PCR) e reparo de DNA (reparo mismatch e de quebra de fita dupla - DSB). A instabilidade genômica foi abordada por meio de cinco microssatélites (PCR convencional) para avaliar a instabilidade de microssatélites (MSI), e ensaio cometa para avaliar danos ao DNA (SSB, DSB, cross-link, etc.). O status de proteínas envolvidas em reparo de DSB (ATM, BRCA1 e MLH1) foi avaliado por imunofluorescência e Western blotting (WB). A resposta aos danos no DNA (DDR) induzidos por radioterapia (raios-X) foram analisados nas células HN12 por meio de ensaios clonogênico e de ciclo celular; proteínas associadas à apoptose, autofagia, ciclo celular e reparo foram avaliadas por WB. A redução da SET nas células HN12 modificou a transcrição dos loci codificantes do miR-9 por meio da reversão parcial de hipermetilação, tanto in vitro quanto in vivo, para o locus miR-9-1, e in vitro para o miR-9-3, com aumento nos níveis de miR-9 e miR-9*. A análise de 5 microssatélites mostrou alteração no perfil alélico de dois marcadores, D5S346 e D2S123, nas células HN12 shSET e nos tumores xenoenxerto da HN12 shSET (in vivo) em relação aos respectivos controles, o que sugere a presença de MSI e é um indício do papel da SET no reparo de DNA tipo mismatch. A linhagem HN12 shSET apresentou diminuição de danos no DNA e aumento das proteínas de reparo de DSB, MLH1, ATM, p-ATM e BRCA1 em relação a células HN12 shCTRL. Na DDR induzida por raios-X as células HN12 shSET apresentaram nas primeiras 48 horas uma menor perda de viabilidade (menor % em sub G0/G1), com parada em G2/M, maior nível de ATM ativa, aumento dos níveis de p21 e LC3B-II, além de menor clivagem de PARP e caspase-8 em relação as células HN12 shCTRL; isto sugere uma melhor resposta a danos de DSB e ativação de vias de sobrevivência nas células HN12 shSET. Entretanto, após 12 dias de radioterapia as células HN12 shSET mostraram uma tendência a menor sobrevivência. Portanto, os nossos resultados indicam o envolvimento da SET na regulação transcricional do miR-9, nas vias de reparo do tipo mismatch e de DSB em CEO, com potenciais implicações tanto na tumorigênese quanto na progressão da doença. / Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) onset and progression are characterized by acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations. SET protein is known as an oncoprotein and, recently, its accumulation was demonstrated in OSCC. Several functions have been attributed to SET, such as cell cycle control, cell survival, cell migration, histone acetylation, and response to oxidative stress. This context outstands SET as a therapeutic target, but first, it is essential to understand its role in tumorigenesis and progression in OSCC. The central hypothesis of this study refers to SET role in genomic instability and DNA repair, as well as miRNA epigenetic regulation, with impact in OSCC development and progression. Stable SET knockdown (shSET) was achieved using short hairpin RNA against SET mRNA in vitro (HN12 and Cal27, OSCC cell lines) and in vivo (HN12 xenografts tumors). Effects of SET knockdown were assessed in OSCC, in vitro e in vivo, regarding DNA methylation (MSP, methylation specific PCR) and expression of miR-9 (qRT-PCR), and DNA repair (mismatch and double-strand breaks/DSB repair). Genomic instability was addressed by means of five microsatellites (conventional PCR) to assess microsatellite instability (MSI), and comet assay to assess DNA damage (SSB, DSB, cross-link, etc.). The status of proteins involved in DSB repair (ATM, BRCA1 and MLH1) was assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting (WB). The DNA damage response (DDR) induced by ionizing radiation (X-rays) was assessed in HN12 cells through clonogenic and cell cycle assays; proteins associated with apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle and repair were assessed by WB. SET knockdown in HN12 cells modified miR-9 transcription through hypermethylation partial reversal for miR-9-1 locus, both in vitro and in vivo, and for miR-9-3 in vitro, with increase of miR-9 and miR-9* levels. Analysis of 5 microsatellites showed changes in the allelic profile of two markers, D5S346 and D2S123, in HN12 shSET cells (in vitro) and HN12 shSET xenografts tumors (in vivo) compared to their controls, suggesting MSI and it\'s a clue of SET role in mismatch repair. HN12 shSET cells showed decreased DNA damage and increased DSB repair protein levels (MLH1, ATM, p-ATM and BRCA1) compared to HN12 shCTRL. In the first 48 hours, HN12 shSET X-rays-induced DDR showed lower loss of viability (lower % in subG0/G1), increased G2/M checkpoint, higher levels of active ATM, p21, LC3B-II, and less PARP and caspase-8 cleavage than HN12 shCTRL. These results suggest a higher efficiency of DSB damage response and activation of survival pathways in the presence of SET knockdown. However, 12 days after radiotherapy, HN12 shSET cells presented a tendency for higher intrinsic radiosensitivity in relation to control. Therefore, our findings indicate a SET involvement in miR-9 transcriptional regulation, and in mismatch and DSB repair, with potential implications in oral tumorigenesis and progression.
6

Étude des mécanismes contrôlant l'efficacité et la spécificité de la signalisation du récepteur de la GnRH : identification et rôle de la protéine partenaire SET / Study of mechanisms controlling the efficacy and the specificity of GnRH receptor signaling : identification and role of the partner protein SET

Avet, Charlotte 12 December 2013 (has links)
La fonction de reproduction est sous le contrôle de la neurohormone hypothalamique GnRH qui régule la synthèse et la libération des gonadotropines hypophysaires. La GnRH agit par l’intermédiaire d’un récepteur couplé aux protéines G exprimé à la surface des cellules gonadotropes, le récepteur de la GnRH (RGnRH). Ce récepteur, chez les mammifères, a la particularité d’être dépourvu de queue C terminale ce qui le rend insensible aux systèmes classiques de désensibilisation. Ainsi, les mécanismes qui régulent l’efficacité et la spécificité de sa signalisation demeurent mal connus. Nous avons recherché des partenaires d’interaction du RGnRH, jusqu’alors inconnus, avec l’idée que ces protéines en interagissant avec les domaines intracellulaires du récepteur influenceraient son couplage aux voies de signalisation. Nos travaux ont permis d’identifier le premier partenaire d’interaction du RGnRH : la protéine SET. Par des expériences de « GST pull down », nous avons montré que SET interagit directement avec le RGnRH via le premier domaine intracellulaire du récepteur. Cette interaction implique des séquences riches en acides aminés basiques sur le récepteur et les domaines N- et C-terminaux de SET. Nous avons également montré, par co-immunoprécipitation, que le RGnRH dans sa conformation native interagit avec la protéine SET dans les cellules gonadotropes alphaT3-1 et, par immunocytochimie, que les deux protéines colocalisent à la membrane plasmique. En développant au laboratoire des outils biosenseurs permettant de mesurer avec une grande sensibilité et en temps réel les variations intracellulaires de calcium et d’AMPc, nous avons mis en évidence que le RGnRH se couple non seulement à la voie calcique mais aussi à la voie AMPc dans la lignée alphaT3-1, apportant pour l’AMPc la première démonstration d’un tel couplage. En utilisant différentes stratégies expérimentales visant à diminuer ou au contraire favoriser l’interaction du récepteur avec SET (ARN antisens, peptide correspondant à la première boucle intracellulaire du récepteur, surexpression de SET), nous avons montré que SET induit une réorientation de la signalisation du RGnRH de la voie calcique vers la voie AMPc. Nos résultats concernant l’activité du promoteur du gène du Rgnrh nous conduisent à postuler que SET pourrait favoriser l’induction par la GnRH de gènes régulés via la voie AMPc et notamment celui codant le RGnRH. Nos travaux mettent également en évidence que la GnRH régule non seulement l’expression de la protéine SET dans les cellules gonadotropes mais aussi son degré de phosphorylation favorisant ainsi sa relocalisation dans le cytoplasme des cellules alphaT3-1. Ceci suggère que la GnRH exerce une boucle de régulation permettant d’amplifier l’action de SET sur la signalisation de son propre récepteur. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence que l’expression de SET est fortement augmentée dans l’hypophyse au moment du prœstrus chez le rat, apportant ainsi la première démonstration d’une variation de SET dans un contexte physiologique. Étant donné que le couplage du RGnRH à la voie de signalisation AMPc est augmenté au moment du prœstrus, nos résultats suggèrent que SET pourrait jouer un rôle important in vivo en favorisant ce couplage à ce stade particulier du cycle œstrien. / Reproductive function is under the control of the hypothalamic neurohormone GnRH, which regulates the synthesis and the release of pituitary gonadotropins. GnRH acts on a G-protein coupled receptor expressed at the surface of pituitary gonadotrope cells, the GnRH receptor (GnRHR). This receptor, in mammals, is unique because it is devoided of the C terminal tail, which makes it insensitive to classical desensitization processes. Therefore, the mechanisms that regulate the efficacy and the specificity of its signaling are still poorly known. We searched for interacting partners of GnRHR with the idea that these proteins by interacting with the intracellular domains of the receptor could influence receptor coupling to its signaling pathways. Our work identified the first interacting partner of GnRHR: the protein SET. By GST pull down assays, we showed that SET interacts directly with GnRHR through the first intracellular loop of the receptor. This interaction involves sequences enriched in basic amino acids in the receptor and both N- and C terminal domains of SET. We also showed, by co-immunoprecipitation, that GnRHR in its native conformation interacts with the endogenous SET protein in gonadotrope alphaT3-1 cells and, by immunocytochemistry that the two proteins colocalize at the plasma membrane. By developing in the laboratory biosensors tools that allow to measure with high sensitivity and in real-time intracellular variations in calcium and cAMP concentrations, we demonstrated that GnRHR couples not only to the calcium pathway but also to the cAMP pathway in alphaT3-1 cell line, providing for cAMP the first demonstration of such coupling. Using several experimental strategies to reduce or increase receptor interaction with SET (small interfering RNA, peptide corresponding to the first intracellular loop of the receptor, overexpression of SET), we have shown that SET induces a switch of GnRHR signaling from calcium to cAMP pathway. Our results concerning the activity of the Gnrhr gene promoter led us to postulate that SET could favor the induction by GnRH of genes regulated through the cAMP pathway, notably those encoding the GnRHR. Our study also showed that GnRH regulates not only SET protein expression in gonadotropes, but also its phosphorylation level leading to its relocation in the cytoplasm of alphaT3-1 cells. This suggests that GnRH induces a regulatory loop to amplify SET action on signaling of its own receptor. Finally, we demonstrated that SET expression is markedly increased in the pituitary gland at prœstrus in female rats, providing the first demonstration of a variation of SET expression in a physiological context. Given that GnRHR coupling to the cAMP pathway is increased at prœstrus, our results suggest that SET may play an important role in vivo by promoting such coupling at this particular stage of the estrus cycle.
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Sorafenib enhances pemetrexed-induced cytotoxicity through and autophagy-dependent mechanism in cancer cells

Mary, Bareford 03 August 2012 (has links)
Acquired cellular resistance to traditional chemotherapeutics is a common obstacle in the treatment of most cancer cell types. This resistance occurs as a result of changes in the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease progression. The development of novel chemotherapeutic approaches designed to enhance the efficacy of protypical anti-cancer drugs is important in order to overcome this issue. Such approaches will aid in understanding the biomolecular phenomena responsible for drug resistance and disease progression. Combining signaling pathway inhibitors has become an effective strategy for enhancing tumor cell death by targeting multiple pathways known to regulate cell survival. Pemetrexed, an FDA-approved anti-folate drug, targets thymidylate synthase (TS) and a secondary folate-dependent enzyme, 5’ aminoimidazole-carboximide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICART); both important for DNA synthesis. Studies performed by our collaborator demonstrated that TS inhibition causes intracellular accumulation of ZMP+ and activation of AMPK which is known to induce autophagy in mammalian cells. Previous studies from our lab and others showed that sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor of Raf-1 and class III receptor tyrosine kinases, was able to induce a cytotoxic form of autophagy in a variety of tumor cell types. Combination treatment using pemetrexed and sorafenib in these cancer cells resulted in an enhancement of autophagy and cell lethality beyond that of individual drugs alone. Inhibition of autophagy suppressed the toxic interactions of these drugs in all cell types examined. Pemetrexed/sorafenib cotherapy also proved to be an effective treatment for triple negative breast cancer cells having advanced to a stage of estrogen independence. Fulvestrant-resistant MCF7 cells were more sensitive to the drug combination than parental, estrogen-dependent MCF7 cells. Breast cancer cells cotreated with pemetrexed and sorafenib exhibited enhanced MEK/ERK signaling, Src activation that was dependent on platelet-derived growth factor β (PDGFRβ) downregulation, elevated protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, and increased de novo ceramide synthesis. Studies using a mouse model of experimentally-induced breast cancer validated drug combination effectiveness through inhibition of tumor growth, while no deleterious effects on normal tissues were observed. The data presented demonstrates that pemetrexed/sorafenib cotreatment augments chemosensitivity in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Based upon these findings, a Phase I clinical trial involving pemetrexed and sorafenib in breast cancer patients with solid, recurrent tumors was begun in 2011. In conclusion, this work strongly supports a promising therapeutic utility for the pemetrexed/sorafenib combination in treatment of various cancer cell types.

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