IF Steel to be used in this thesis which only have 50ppm carbon is approach Iron. It to be part of BCC. Because BCC material have much slip system when increase the cycle will induce to create multiple slip system. The dislocation structure often to become cell. We observation the same result of SEM and TEM in low cycle fatigue. The cell size is small in high plastic strain amplitude. The cell size is big in low strain amplitude. The difference of dislocation structures in front of crack tip which obtained under propagation rates o f 10-4, 10-5, 10-6 and 10-7 mm/cycle is the volume percentage occupied by the dislocation structures viz. misorientation cell, cell, wall, PSBs.

In this thesis, we use IF Steel to be the matrix which composition of carbon is 50ppm approaches Iron and belongs to the part of BCC structure. After we use the load 350kgf precrack, while the propagation rate approaching 2x10-5~3x10-5mm/cycle, we immediately drop the stress intensity factor(£Gk) to a level which is determined by the propagation rate of 9x10-7mm/cycle. Then we record the cycle number as P1, and after the crack tip continues to propagate, we record the cycle number again as P2, and between the period of (P2 ¡V P1), we take 4 sample which marks are 0.25(P2 ¡VP1), 0.5(P2 ¡VP1), 0.75(P2 ¡VP1), (P2 ¡VP1). By this way, we can find out the difference of microstructure of the crack tip from a high load level to a low one. On this experiment, we observation the vein structure, dislocation walls, and so on. It proves that the same phenomenon could also be happened on BCC material, just like FCC material. As time goes by, after drop load, the stored energy is more and more strong. And the vein structure of reverse evolution would become the structure of dislocation cells of normal evolution. Then the crack would continue to propagate on the circumstances.

The low cycle fatigue test of IF steel was controlled at 0.6%, 0.4%, 0.2%, and 0.1% strain amplitude until the specimens cracking. After 10000 cycles at 0.4% strain amplitude, changed the strain amplitude from 0.4% to 0.2%. We chose the steps of the low cycle fatigue test under reducing amplitude at 1000, 10000, and 20000 cycles. In addition, after 10000 cycles at 0.6% strain amplitude, changed the strain amplitude from 0.6% to 0.2%. We chose the steps of the low cycle fatigue test under reducing amplitude at 3000, 20000 and 100000 cycles. Then we used electron microscope to observe the dislocation structure, and knew the dislocation morphology of evolution process under reducing amplitude. The dislocation structure evolution of IF steel at low strain amplitude (0.1%, 0.2%) during low cycle fatigue developed the loop patches, dislocation walls, and dislocation cells step-by-step by increasing fatigue cycles. However, the dislocation structure evolution would be changed in the low cycle fatigue under reducing amplitude. We could observe that the dislocation cells were broken to the loop patches in different form. Attest to the dislocation morphology was changed under reducing amplitude. After 10000 cycles at 0.4% strain amplitude, change the strain amplitude from 0.4% to 0.2%., we could observe that the dislocation cells were broken to the loop patches and vein structure. And after 100000 cycles under changed loading amplitude from 0.6% to 0.2%, large area of open domains and some loop patches can be observed.

The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of strain and path change on the microstructural evolution of ultrafine grained interstitial free (IF) steel during equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE); to determine the mechanical properties; to observe the resulting texture; and to perform optical and electron microscopy of the resulting material. The effects of different routes of extrusion (A, B, C, C' and E), heat treatment and plastic strains from 1.15 to 18.4 were examined. Monotonous tensile testing was used to determine mechanical behavior of processed materials. X-ray diffraction and TEM analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of processing on texture and grain morphology. Hardness measurements were performed to determine recrystallization behavior of the processed material. Optical microscopy was conducted on heat treated samples to determine their grain size and refinement. Monotonous tensile testing of processed materials showed that there was significant strengthening after the first extrusion. Further processing resulted in increasing values of yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, with ductility at failure varying depending upon which processing route was used. The best tensile strength results were obtained after processing Routes 8C' and 16E, due to the significant grain refinement these routes produced. X-ray diffraction revealed increases in strength of preferred texture along the directions [111] and [001], perpendicular to the transverse plane, for all specimens that were processed using ECAE. TEM observations showed a consistent refinement of grain size as the amount of processing increased, especially within Routes C' and E. Hardness measurements of heat treated specimens showed that the onset of recrystallization occurred at approximately the same temperature of recrystallization as that of pure iron, 450°C. The recrystallization curves for all samples showed that grain growth begins at a temperature of around 700°C. The low carbon content of IF steel made optical microscopy challenging. The grain size of annealed materials becomes finer and more uniform, ranging between 60 and 90 μm2, at high strain levels under Routes C' and E, due to the many potential nucleation sites developed in highly worked material.

Inledning/Bakgrund: En division 3-klubb har under fyra säsonger värvat nästan 70 spelare och har samtidigt uppmärksammats i media för deras engagemang i Sierra Leone, med ett välgörenhetsprojekt vid namn ”Fotboll kan hjälpa”. Det gjorde författarna nyfikna, hur är det möjligt att en amatörklubb i fotboll kan värva spelare utomlands i dagens fotbollsmarknad. Med utgångspunkt från Charles E. Lindbloms tankar om de åtta bärande konstruktioner inom ett marknadssystem försöker vi förstå hur marknadssystemet samordnar aktörer för Juventus att möjliggöra sin affärsidé. Frågeställning: Är de åtta bärande konstruktioner för ett marknadssystem applicerbar ur undersökningsobjektets synpunkt? Hur har marknadssystemet möjliggjort för Juventus att värva spelare utanför Sveriges gränser? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera om Juventus ingår i ett marknadssystem och hur marknadssystemet har möjliggjort Juventus IF:s verksamhet med att förse den svenska fotbollsmarknaden med spelare utanför Sveriges gränser. Teori: De åtta bärande konstruktioner för ett marknadssystem, enligt Charles E. Lindblom, från boken Marknad och Samhälle. Slutsats: Studien visar att de åtta bärande konstruktionerna är applicerar för Juventus IF, genom att marknadssystemet samordnar och organiserar med varandra kan en klubb som Juventus verka inom fotbollsmarknaden med att hantera spelarövergångar utanför Sveriges gränser.

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If poetry is the act of looking twice, or again, at the world, then I propose that each looking, whether the first, the second, or the last, is done so as filtered by the mind, so that to look is actually an act of creation, a wedding between intention and observation.

A journalist’s task is to – in a fair, balanced and objective way – deliver news to the world. But how does it affect a sportswriter’s reporting when he/she has two teams to monitor? Can you still be objective reguarding both teams, or does one team get more attention then the other? The purpose of this study was to examine the objectivity in the reporting of the two bandy teams Bollnäs GIF and Edsbyns IF in the local news paper Ljusnan. Based on different theories of objectivity, I conducted a quantitative content analysis and a qualitative critical discourse analysis of articles written during two Elite League seasons. The result showed a constant slight advantage for Bollnäs GIF before Edsbyns IF. / Journalistens uppgift är att på ett nyanserat, balanserat och objektivt sätt förmedla nyheter till allmänheten. Men hur påverkas rapporteringen för en sportjournalist när man har två lag att rapportera om? Kan man fortfarande vara rättvis och objektiv, eller får det ena laget mer publicitet än det andra? Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka hur objektivt lokaltidningen Ljusnan rapporterat om de två bandylagen Bollnäs GIF och Edsbyns IF. Med utgångspunkt i teorier om objektivitet har jag genomfört en kvantitativ innehållsanalys och en kvalitativ kritisk diskursanalys på artiklar skrivna under två elitseriesäsonger. Resultatet visade, både i den kvantitativa och kvalitativa analysen, på ett konstant litet övertag för Bollnäs GIF.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper introduces two transponders combining coherent transponding and non-coherent transponding for multistatic trajectory measurement system and carrier Doppler frequency extraction principle, then derives each model of the velocity error for noise. The expressions of velocity error resulted by noise in coherent, IF-modulated and IF transform transponding configurations are also described. The conclusion is drawn: the system velocity error for noise is related to the transponder transponding configuration. And, the velocity error in coherent, IF-modulated and IF transform transponding configurations are compared in this paper.

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