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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第23638号 / 文博第895号 / 新制||文||717(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 太郎丸 博, 准教授 Heim Stephane, 准教授 柴田 悠 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

Violent crime has many long-lasting negative consequences for society. This thesis aims to explore the relationship between economic inequality and violent crime, represented by the level of intentional homicides in forty-nine countries over the period of nine years from 2010-2018. We delve into several theories and representative works in the fields of criminology, sociology, psychology, and economics that provide important perspectives on the subject and offer a theoretical foundation for the analysis. Previous research has usually pointed to a positive association between inequality and crime rates, albeit with some notable outliers. Our objective was to provide an updated view on the subject, employing recent data and statistical methods. We use fixed-effects estimators to account for time-invariant determinants, provide random-effects estimators for control and apply a generalized methods of moments model for possible inertia regarding the dependent variable. Economic inequality in the form of income inequality does seem to cause more harm than what might be suspected at first, influencing the intentional homicide levels in a society. It is the duty of public and private bodies to foster policies that aim to reduce this trend, and thus diminish the societal costs associated with it.

Research by Emerson and Smith (1999) finds that conservative Protestants tend to blame racial inequalities on individual traits like motivation or ability as opposed to structural constraints such as oppression or discrimination. Emerson and Smith have also established that churches tend to be racially homogenous organizations. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not members of racially-integrated congregations differ from members of racially-homogenous congregations in their explanations for racial inequalities. I am interested in further exploring interracial relations in the context of United States' Protestant churches, particularly how the level of contact with persons of another race might affect whites' perceptions of reasons for racial inequality. I expect to find that individuals who attend racially-homogeneous churches will be less likely to recognize social constraints that may contribute to socioeconomic inequalities between whites and blacks than those who attend racially-integrated churches. In other words, I expect that attending a racially-integrated congregation will have a positive effect on giving structural-level explanations for racial inequality. Using existing data from the 1994 General Social Survey, I analyze the relationship between attendance in a multi-racial congregation and explanations for racial inequalities. The data do not support the hypothesis. / Master of Science

No / Introduction. Recent research on health inequalities moves beyond illustrating the importance of psychosocial factors for health to a more in-depth study of the specific psychosocial pathways involved. Social capital is a concept that captures both a buffer function of the social environment on health, as well as potential negative effects arising from social inequality and exclusion. This systematic review assesses the current evidence, and identifies gaps in knowledge, on the associations and interactions between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health. Methods. Through this systematic review we identified studies on the interactions between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health published before July 2012. Results: The literature search resulted in 618 studies after removal of duplicates, of which 60 studies were eligible for analysis. Self-reported measures of health were most frequently used, together with different bonding, bridging and linking components of social capital. A large majority, 56 studies, confirmed a correlation between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health. Twelve studies reported that social capital might buffer negative health effects of low socioeconomic status and five studies concluded that social capital has a stronger positive effect on health for people with a lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: There is evidence for both a buffer effect and a dependency effect of social capital on socioeconomic inequalities in health, although the studies that assess these interactions are limited in number. More evidence is needed, as identified hypotheses have implications for community action and for action on the structural causes of social inequalities.

This bachelor thesis investigates inequalities present within the elementary schools of Helsingborg during the period from 2013 to 2023. Through statistical analysis, it explores various dimensions of difference among students, considering factors such as gender, school affiliation, academic performance, and whether or not one recently arrived in the country. The study relies on data sourced from the Helsingborg municipality and addresses two main questions: the extent and nature of inequalities in Helsingborg’s schools and how these inequalities have evolved over the specified period. Two definitions of inequality are utilised: “Differences between groups” (e.g., between boys and girls) and “Differences within the same group” (indicated by high standard deviation within a group). These differences are quantified using three metrics: the sum of students’ grades (merit value), the number of classes passed, and whether or not the student qualified for further education (gymnasium). The methodology includes nonparametric hypothesis tests and regression analysis. The tests employed are Kruskal-Wallis’ test, Dunn’s test, χ2 test for independence, and Fisher’s exact test, with appropriate corrections. Standard linear regression is also applied. The findings highlight disparities in academic achievement and access to higher education. Notable results include a significant dichotomy between newly arrived students and other students across all performance metrics. There were no significant changes in inequality over the time period.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-10T12:12:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 955147 bytes, checksum: f6b8d3b1e6ba8fba22d9e0a28e6685fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-10T12:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 955147 bytes, checksum: f6b8d3b1e6ba8fba22d9e0a28e6685fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, we present a version little know of the famous Hölder's Inequality, considering the context of Lp and lp spaces for mixed norms. We show how a suitable use this inequality has influencied positively others classical inequalities, to highlight, the multilinear inequalities of Bohnenblust-Hille and Hardy-Littlewood. / No presente trabalho, apresentamos uma versão pouco conhecida da famosa Desigualdade de Hölder, considerando o contexto dos espaços Lp e lp com normas mistas. Mostramos como o uso adequado desta desigualdade vem influenciando positivamente outras desigualdades clássicas, a destacar, as desigualdades multilineares de Bohnenblust-Hille e Hardy-Littlewood.

This study examines the effects of political representation on economic inequality across western industrialized democracies. I explore an explanation of increases in economic inequality as a consequence of less representative democratic institutions. Explaining economic inequality in this manner is a shift from to the Transatlantic Consensus that attributes increased economic inequality to globalization. I expect to find that more representative electoral and governments institutions will be associated with lower levels of economic inequality. The analysis takes place across twenty-three countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) over the past forty years using a cross-sectional longitudinal model. Variables used to operationalize the level of representation of democratic institutions include a novel variable of the representative ratio, the effective number of parties, an index of institutional constraints, presidential system, single member districts, and judicial review. Voter turnout, the percentage of seats held by women, gross domestic product per capita, unemployment, and the size of the industrial sector are used as control variables. The findings support the main hypothesis: as political representation increases, economic inequality decreases.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities outlines the right of persons with disabilities to equal access to information. This paper builds on previous research on the international and national level and examines whether persons with disabilities have equal access to information online on the municipal level of government in Sweden. Also assessing the perception of municipality official’s view on the concept of accessibility, this thesis uses both qualitative and quantitative methods. Findings indicate that clear differences are present among municipalities and that article nine of the CRPD is not fully implemented on the municipal level in this aspect, but that no clear relationship between party control and web accessibility can be found. This paper concludes that further efforts needs to be put towards education and information towards the issue of online accessibility.