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Orientador: Luiz Antonio Daniel / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T10:52:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MarcosRobertoda_D.pdf: 15666426 bytes, checksum: f8b5a6abbcda2efe03c044093545315f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Várias técnicas vêm sendo empregadas nos sistemas de produção agrícola para alcançar os objetivos focados na sustentabilidade. Táticas ou ferramentas de manejo são adotadas a fim de propiciar maior produtividade, menor impacto sobre os recursos naturais e melhor desenvolvimento humano. O controle de plantas daninhas nestes sistemas tem demandado constantes estudos para melhoria de desempenho onde várias práticas são adotadas, dentre elas o controle biológico, químico e físico. No caso do controle físico podem ser considerados, além do método mecânico, os métodos que utilizam altas temperaturas, denominados flamejamento. O flamejamento tem como objetivo a exposição das plantas daninhas ao calor, por um espaço de tempo, suficiente para evaporar a água presente nas células das plantas. Com isso as células se rompem e a movimentação de água fica comprometida, causando assim o seu murchamento e morte. O método no passado foi muito utilizado no exterior, principalmente nos EUA e na Europa, e atualmente a sua aplicação ressurge entre os produtores desses países que de alguma forma não utilizam ou diminuíram o uso de defensivos, seja por filosofia ou por necessidade. No Brasil os flamejadores praticamente inexistem e não se encontram registros sobre a sua utilização ou fabricantes desse tipo de equipamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar a eficiência do uso de dois diferentes protótipos experimentais de flamejadores no controle de plantas daninhas. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Centro de Engenharia e Automação de Jundiaí do IAC onde foi adaptada uma estrutura existente para ensaios com semeadoras. Durante o desenvolvimento do plano de pesquisa foram realizados vários ensaios para caracterização funcional dos queimadores de chama direta e infravermelho. Posteriormente, foram construídos dois modelos experimentais de flamejadores, um de chama direta e outro de chama indireta (infravermelho) baseados nos resultados obtidos na fase de caracterização. Foram utilizadas quatro espécies de plantas daninhas consideradas de importância econômica para determinar a eficiência dos flamejadores. Os ensaios permitiram obter inúmeras informações acerca do funcionamento dos flamejadores em diferentes condições e testar vários procedimentos. Foi também realizada uma análise da influência do calor sobre as espécies vegetais em função dos tratamentos adotados. As plantas expostas ao flamejamento apresentaram um melhor controle quando as velocidades de deslocamento foram menores (2 e 3 km h-1), enquanto que em velocidades maiores (4 e 5 km h -1) as plantas sofreram injúrias o suficiente para o controle ser considerado satisfatório. As temperaturas a que foram expostas as plantas (135 a 409 ºC) em todos os tratamentos foram acima do recomendado na literatura como letais e prejudiciais ao desenvolvimento dos organismos vegetais. As espécies capim-braquiária e capim-colonião apresentaram maior resistência ao calor e as espécies corda-de-viola e picão-preto praticamente não apresentaram resistência. Conclui-se, de acordo com os resultados, que o controle de plantas daninhas com flamejadores é uma tecnologia aplicável às condições brasileiras, porém outros trabalhos precisam ser realizados como estudar a aplicação do calor nas plantas daninhas em diferentes estádios e densidade populacional; estudar a resistência de outras espécies ao calor; estudar outros tipos de queimadores; realizar estudos de dose-resposta; aplicar o flamejamento em condições reais (no campo) para avaliar o efeito sobre a população de plantas daninhas, sobre as plantas cultivadas e sobre o solo. / Abstract: In agricultural production systems have been employed various techniques to achieve the goals focused on sustainability. Tactics or tools of management are adopted in order to provide greater productivity, lower impact on natural resources and better human development. The control of weeds in these systems has sued constant studies for improving performance where several practices are adopted, among them the control biological, chemical and physical. In the case of physical control may be considered in addition to the mechanical method, which use high temperatures, called flaming. The flaming aims to expose the weeds to heat, for a time, enough to evaporate the water present in the cells of plants. With so rupture the cells and movement of water is compromised, thereby shriveling it and causing his death. In the past the method has been widely used abroad, mainly in the U.S. and Europe, and currently its application resurfaces among the producers of those countries that do not use in any way or reduced the use of defensive, either by philosophy or by necessity. In Brazil the flame practically does not exist and are not records on its use or manufacturers of such equipment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the primary use of two different experimental flaming prototypes in controlling weeds. The study was conducted at the Center for Engineering and Automation Jundiaí IAC which an existing structure was adapted for testing with seeders to work with flaming. During the development of the research was conducted several tests in order to determinate the functional characterization of a direct flame burners and infrared. Later, two experimental flaming models were constructed, one direct and another one indirect (infrared), based on the results obtained at the characterization. We used four species of weeds considered of economic importance in determining the efficiency of the flaming. The tests led to numerous details about the operation of flaming in different conditions and test several procedures. It was also carried out an analysis of the influence of heat on the plant species on the basis of adopted treatments. Plants exposed to flame had a better control when the speed of displacement were lower (2 e 3 km h-1), while in higher speeds (4 e 5 km h -1) plants injuries were considered satisfactory enough for its control. The temperatures at which the plants were exposed (135 to 409 º C) in all treatments were above the recommended in the literature as lethal and harmful to the development of plants. The species of grass braquiária and grass coloniao showed more resistance to heat and the species corda-de-viola and pick black hardly showed resistance. According to the results, it conclude that the control of weeds with flaming is a technology applicable to Brazilian conditions, but other studies must be conducted to study the application of heat in the weeds at various stages and population density; studying resistance to heat from other species; studying other types of burners; carry out studies of dose-response; apply the flaming in real conditions (at field) to evaluate the effect on the population of weeds on the cultivated plants and on the ground. / Doutorado / Agua e Solo / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Desde o desenvolvimento do laser pelo norte-americano Theodore Harold Maiman em 1960, inúmeras pesquisas têm sido realizadas com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos sobre os tecidos dentais, principalmente os relacionados com o aumento de temperatura no interior da câmara pulpar. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de avaliar a variação de temperatura em amostras de esmalte/dentina e dentina, após irradiação com os lasers de Nd:YAG, Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser®) e Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser® 3), através de análise com termômetro de radiação infravermelha. Foram selecionados 110 terceiros molares isentos de cárie, obtidos através do Banco de Dentes Permanentes Humanos que pertence à Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo e o projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) com o parecer nº44/03. As coroas foram separadas das raízes por meio de um disco de carborundum e todas as coroas foram totalmente incluídas no interior de um tubo de PVC com resina transparente. Os cortes foram realizados no aparelho de corte Labcut, paralelamente ao longo eixo das coroas, no sentido mésio-distal, para obter 750 amostras, com 5 diferentes espessuras (1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm e 5mm), sendo 350 amostras de esmalte/dentina e 400 amostras de dentina. Foi utilizado um termômetro de radiação infravermelha (MINIRAY 100 XL) para medição da variação de temperatura nos dois lados das amostras (frente e atrás), irradiadas em diferentes condições e parâmetros com os lasers de Nd:YAG, Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser®) e Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser® 3). Os resultados obtidos com todos os lasers e parâmetros demonstraram que a associação refrigeração + espessura das amostras foi estatisticamente significante, quanto à redução da variação de temperatura em comparação à associação ausência de refrigeração + espessura das amostras. Houve uma diminuição da variação da temperatura estatisticamente significante de acordo com as espessuras das amostras irradiadas sem refrigeração, porém não o suficiente para evitar grandes elevações de temperatura. No geral, as variações das temperaturas foram sempre maiores no lado da frente das amostras, independente do uso ou não de refrigeração. Para o laser de Nd:YAG, houve menores variações de temperatura, estatisticamente significante, nos grupos irradiados sem contato e sem a presença da tinta nanquim, independente da presença ou não de refrigeração. / The laser was developed in 1960 by Theodore Harold Maiman and many researches have been carried out with the aim to evaluate the effects on the dental tissues, mainly the effects related to the increase of temperature inside the pulp chamber. This research was developed with the purpose of evaluating the variance in temperature of the enamel/dentin and dentin samples after irradiation with Nd:YAG, Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser®) and Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser® 3) and an analysis with the infrared radiation thermometer was done. A hundred and ten teeth without dental caries were selected and obtained from the Human Permanent Teeth Bank that belongs to the Odontology College of the University of São Paulo and this research has been approved by the Ethic Research Committee (CEP), as the document n° 44/03 attests. The roots were separated from the crowns with the carburundum disc; all crowns were totally inserted inside a PVC tube with transparent resin and they were cut axially in the Labcut machine, in the mesio-distal way, to obtain 750 samples with five different thickness (1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm e 5mm), 350 enamel/dentin samples and 400 dentin samples. An infrared radiation thermometer (MINIRAY 100XL) was used to measure the variance in temperature in both sides of the samples (front and behind), irradiated in different conditions and parameters with the Nd:YAG, Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser®) and Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser® 3). The results showed that the association of the refrigeration + samples’ thickness was statistically significant in the reduction of the variance in temperature when compared to the association of the refrigeration absence + samples’ thickness. There was a statistically significant reduction of the variance in temperature according to the the samples’ thickness irradiated without refrigeration, although it wasn’t enough to avoid high temperature increase. In general, the variance in temperature was always higher in the front of samples, whether there was refrigeration or not. For the Nd:YAG laser, there was a lower variance in temperature, statistically significant, in the groups that were irradiated without contact and black ink, whether there was refrigeration or not.

The increased usage of infrared sensors by pilots has created a growing demand for simulated environments based on infrared radiation. This has led to an increased need for Saab to refine their existing model for simulating real-time infrared imagery, resulting in the carrying through of this thesis. Saab develops the Gripen aircraft, and they provide training simulators where pilots can train in a realistic environment. The new model is required to be based on the real-world behavior of infrared radiation, and furthermore, unlike Saab's existing model, have dynamically changeable attributes. This thesis seeks to develop a simulation model compliant with the requirements presented by Saab, and to develop the implementation of a test environment demonstrating the features and capabilities of the proposed model. All through the development of the model, the pilot training value has been kept in mind. The first part of the thesis consists of a literature study to build a theoretical base for the rest of the work. This is followed by the development of the simulation model itself and a subsequent implementation thereof. The simulation model and the test implementation are evaluated as the final step conducted within the framework of this thesis. The main conclusions of this thesis first of all includes that the proposed simulation model does in fact have its foundation in physics. It is further concluded that certain attributes of the model, such as time of day, are dynamically changeable as requested. Furthermore, the test implementation is considered to have been feasibly integrated with the current simulation environment. A plan concluding how to proceed has also been developed. The plan suggests future work with the proposed simulation model, since the evaluation shows that it performs well in comparison to the existing model as well as other products on the market.

The Shubnikov-de Haas magneto-resistance oscillations and photoconductivity were experimentally studied in order to investigate the interaction of CO laser radiation with n-InSb at liquid helium temperatures. The roles of various absorption mechanisms on these effects were considered, particularly near the intrinsic band edge. From these measurements an effective electron temperature Tₑ was defined that increased or decreased under illumination, depending upon the strength of the applied electric field.

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This diploma thesis is focused on the theory of contactless measurement of surface temperatures with thermovision camera Flir SC2000 and on the principles of imaging the camera is based on. The tablets and the applications making work with camera easier are processed in the Visual Basic in practical part. The stand for fine taking emissivity is compiled and described, and emissivity of different materials and different milling cutters is taken in this diploma thesis.

Sweden is expecting an aging population and a shortage of healthcare professionals in the near future. This amounts to problems like providing a safe and dignified life for the elderly both economically and practically. Technical solutions that contribute to safety, comfort and quick help when needed is essential for this future. Nowadays, a lot of solutions include a camera, which is effective but invasive on personal integrity. Griddy, a hardware solution containing a Panasonic Grid-EYE, an infrared thermopile array sensor, offers more integrity for the user. Griddy was developed by students in a previous project and was used for this projects data collecting. With Griddy mounted over a bed and additional software to determine if the user is on the bed or not a system could offer monitoring with little human interaction. The purpose was to determine if this system could predict human presence with high accuracy and what limitations it might have. Two data sets, a main and a variational, were captured with Griddy. The main data set consisted of 240 images with the label “person” and 240 images with the label “no person”. The machine learning algorithms used were Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) and Neural Network (NN). With 10-Fold Cross Validation, the highest accuracy found was for both SVM and kNN (0.99). This was verified with both algorithms accuracy (1.0) on the test set. The results for the variational data set showed lower reliability in the system when faced with variations not presented in the training, such as elevated room temperature or a duvet covering the person. More work needs to be done to expand the main data set to meet the challenge of variations. / I Sveriges väntas i den närmaste framtiden en åldrande population och en brist på vårdpersonal. Detta innebär både ekonomiska och praktiska problem för att ge äldre ett säkert och värdigt liv. Tekniska lösningar som kan bidra med säkerhet, komfort och snabb hjälp vid behov är av essentiell vikt i framtiden. Idag innehåller många lösningar en kamera. Detta är en effektiv men integritetskränkande lösning. Griddy, som är en hårdvarulösning innehållande en Panasonic Grid-EYE, en infraröd termosensor, erbjuder mer integritet för brukaren.  Griddy utvecklades av studenter i ett tidigare projekt och användes för datainsamling i detta projektet. Genom att montera Griddy över sängen och använda en tillhörande mjukvara, som avgör om brukaren är i sängen eller inte, skulle ett system kunna erbjuda övervakning med lite mänsklig inblandning. Syftet var att ta reda på om detta system skulle kunna avgöra brukarens närvaro med hög tillförlitlighet och vilka begränsningar systemet skulle ha. Två datasamlingar samlades in med hjälp av Griddy. En huvudsaklig datasamling och en med variation. Den huvudsakliga datasamlingen bestod av 240 bilder med etiketten "person" och 240 bilder med etiketten "ingen person". Algoritmerna för maskininlärning som användes var Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) och Neural Network (NN). Med 10-Fold Cross Validation fanns den högsta tillförlitligheten med algoritmerna SVM och kNN (0.99). Detta verifierades med tillförlitligheten för testsamlingen hos SVM och kNN (1.0). För datasamlingen med variation visade resultaten på en lägre tillförlitlighet när systemet mötte variationer som det inte tränats med, såsom förhöjd rumstemperatur eller ett täcke över personen. Slutsatsen är att en huvudsaklig datasamling bör utökas med mer variation så att systemet tränas till att klara större utmaningar.

Die von Gegenständen abgegebene Wärmestrahlung lässt sich mit Hilfe einer Infrarotkamera messen. Die Atmosphäre zwischen dem Gegenstand und dem Objektiv der Kamera beeinflusst die gemessene infrarote Strahlung [Becker and Li (1995)]. In diesem Artikel soll dieser Einfluss der Atmosphäre auf die langwellige Strahlung quantifiziert werden. Dabei wird die Strahlung aus dem oberen Halbraum gemessen, welche den Weg in das begrenzte Sichtfeld der Kamera findet. Die Temperaturstrahlung aus den einzelnen Winkelelementen der Atmosphäre ist abhängig von den Strahlungseigenschaften der einzelnen Luftschichten. Das verwendete Messgerät vom Typ Varioscan 3021-ST bestimmt die Strahlung im Wellenlängenbereich 8 – 14 μm. Verantwortlich für die Absorption der Strahlung ist der atmosphärische Wasserdampf in der Grenzschicht. Bei geringen Entfernungen unter einem Dekameter kann der Einfluss der Atmosphäre auf die Wärmestrahlung vernachlässigt werden. Es wird versucht die Absorptionskoeffizienten für die untere Troposphäre abzuschätzen. Es zeigt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der Verteilung der Absorptionskoeffizienten mit der Verteilung des atmosphärischen Wasserdampfes. Nach Lozán (2005), befindet sich die Hälfte des atmosphärischen Wasserdampfes unterhalb von 1.5 km Höhe. Weiterhin sind nur 5 % oberhalb von 5 km angesiedelt und sogar nur 1 % in der Stratosphäre anzutreffen. Also lässt sich ein großer Teil des Wasserdampfes mit diesem Messgerät erfassen, wobei ein weiterer Vorteil in der einfachen Transportfähigkeit des Messgerätes zu sehen ist. / With the help of an infrared camera, one can measure the infrared radiation emitted by all bodies. However, the Earth’s atmosphere has a significant effect on the measurements of infrared radiation. In this article, the nature and quantification of these atmospheric effects will be discussed. Therefore we measure the radiation from the upper half space, which is coming to the camera during their field of view. The measurement of thermal radiation from the separate angels of the atmosphere depends on the properties of radiation in the different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere. The measurement Varioscan 3021-ST will account for all the radiation in the wavelength from 8 to 14 μm. The water vapor in the boundary layer is accountable for the absorption of this radiation. Only on small distances under about 100 m the effect of the atmosphere on the long wave radiation is untended. The coefficients of absorption can be estimated for the lower boundary layer. One can see a very good correlation with the atmospheric water vapor. By seeing Lozán (2005), approximately half of the atmospheric water vapor is located under 1.5 km height. Only 5 % are over 5 km and just 1 % is located in die stratosphere. That way a big part of the water vapor can comprise by the measurement. Another advantage is the easy way of transportability of the measurement.