The increasing migration of population in the 21 century causes development of multicultural societies. With the increasing number of foreigners in individual countries it is possible to also presume an increasing number of patients/clients from different cultures in medical facilities. These facts require modern attitude to nursing, developing of transcultural nursing, implementing multi- and transcultural education in the health care education and propagation of multicultural conception of nursing between the nursing personnel. The result of these necessary changes should be the ability to provide effective nursing care which is culturally adjusted to the patient/client that would also take their specifics, customs and traditions of their culture into account and that would saturate all their biological, psychological, social and spiritual needs according to their race, nationality or belief. This thesis deals with multicultural nursing and confronts cultural competence of the nursing staff in Czech Republic with that in German-speaking countries. This thesis aim is to state the level of multicultural competence of the nursing staff and explore conditions provided to the nursing personnel of the hospital for giving culturally adapted care to patients-foreigners. The results of the research give an overview of the state of culturally competent care in comparable medical facilities in Czech Republic, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. They will also give a feedback to the questioned hospitals. Such information may alert their management to possible lack of knowledge of their nursing personnel and help them direct its further education. The theoretical part of the theses defines the basic concepts regarding culture, ethnic groups, race or nation, formulates the difference between the terms "multicultural" and "transcultural" nursing, multicultural education and culturally competent care, compile the most common sections of specific cultural needs of the individuals. In short it also processes J. Campinha-Bacote's model of cultural competence in health care delivery, the Papadopoulos, Tilki and Taylor Model for developing cultural competence and the Purnell Model for cultural competence. It also shortly deals with nursing frameworks for acquiring cultural data, such as the Sunrise model from M. Leininger, the Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural assessment model and Bloch's ethnic/cultural assessment guide. The empirical part processes and evaluates data obtained during the quantitative research. The accumulation of the data was conducted through anonymous questionnaires that were distributed between the nursing personnel of internal and surgical wards of the hospitals in Czech Republic and in German-speaking countries. In Czech Republic these were hospitals in Prague and in Tábor, in Germany a hospital in Dortmund and one in Cottbus, in Austria the hospitals in Salzburg and in Weiz and in Switzerland a hospital in Aarau and one in St. Gallen. The collection of the data was conducted either on-line or by way of printed questionnaire forms. The acquired data were valorized and sorted into diagrams and tables for further clarity. From the respondent´s answers follows that the queried medical facilities in Czech Republic do not provide sufficient conditions for their workers to give culturally competent nursing care on such a level, as it is at the facilities questioned in the German-speaking areas. The results also show that language skills of the nursing personnel in these hospitals in Czech Republic are worse than those in the German-speaking countries. With the level of multicultural competence the situation is similar; in this field Czech nursing personnel does not match their foreign counterpart. It is necessary to remark that this research sample of two hospitals from each of the countries is insufficient for the results to be applied on the whole Czech Republic or German speaking countries.

Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-05-14T18:02:38Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese Domingos Siqueira3.pdf: 1190041 bytes, checksum: d61f4bb0222fae13ca0250209379da8a (MD5) Tese Domingos Siqueira2.pdf: 400677 bytes, checksum: 2022376f38d859e5c7990a28ace8de43 (MD5) Tese Domingos Siqueira1.pdf: 1703800 bytes, checksum: 1a3e63c846a0a706bfa3d1e1070d9875 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-06-04T17:24:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese Domingos Siqueira3.pdf: 1190041 bytes, checksum: d61f4bb0222fae13ca0250209379da8a (MD5) Tese Domingos Siqueira2.pdf: 400677 bytes, checksum: 2022376f38d859e5c7990a28ace8de43 (MD5) Tese Domingos Siqueira1.pdf: 1703800 bytes, checksum: 1a3e63c846a0a706bfa3d1e1070d9875 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-04T17:24:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese Domingos Siqueira3.pdf: 1190041 bytes, checksum: d61f4bb0222fae13ca0250209379da8a (MD5) Tese Domingos Siqueira2.pdf: 400677 bytes, checksum: 2022376f38d859e5c7990a28ace8de43 (MD5) Tese Domingos Siqueira1.pdf: 1703800 bytes, checksum: 1a3e63c846a0a706bfa3d1e1070d9875 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Tomando como ponto de partida crenças, valores, reflexões, concepções e expectativas de professores de língua inglesa de três realidades educacionais de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, sem deixar de levar em consideração as vantagens competitivas e as adversidades inerentes a cada contexto específico, esta pesquisa qualitativa de cunho etnográfico tem como objetivo principal investigar como o docente de inglês, atuando em um país do chamado ‘círculo em expansão’ do avanço do inglês (KACHRU, 1985), se percebe, até que ponto ele/ela está consciente das questões relacionadas ao ensino de inglês como língua internacional (ILI) e se sua prática reflete aquilo em que acredita. Além disso, tenta-se discutir, a partir de observações de aulas, posturas pedagógicas mais apropriadas ao ensino de inglês como LI em Salvador, chamando a atenção para os desafios que a adoção das mesmas representa para o professor contemporâneo. Numa primeira instância, estabeleceu-se um construto teórico ancorado em quatro pilares: (1) o contexto de inglês como língua internacional e as implicações pedagógicas para as diferentes realidades, (2) a relação língua e cultura e sua relevância no ensino de ILI, (3) a competência intercultural do professor como elemento fundamental nesse processo e (4) a adoção de uma pedagogia crítica de ensino de ILI, visando a uma ação político-social de cunho ideológico, reflexivo e transformador. O grupo de informantes constou de 15 (quinze) professores de inglês selecionados nos três segmentos, sendo que 5 (cinco) de cursos livres, 5 (cinco) de escolas públicas federais, estaduais e municipais e 5 (cinco) de instituições de ensino superior. Os dados foram coletados a partir de um questionário de pesquisa com 35 (trinta e cinco) perguntas, em grande parte, abertas, registros etnográficos de duas aulas de cada professor e gravações em vídeo de duas entrevistas coletivas do tipo livre-narrativa, onde foram discutidos os temas do construto teórico, além de outros voltados para as práticas pedagógicas e experiências dos participantes à luz de cada realidade. Os resultados e as constatações mostraram-se úteis e relevantes não só para a discussão de implicações metodológicas e político-ideológicas inerentes ao ensino de ILI na atualidade, mas, em especial, para a reflexão sobre pontos que possam contribuir para a (re)construção de um perfil mais adequado do professor de inglês como língua internacional em nosso contexto. / Salvador

The thesis addresses the use of literary texts to support the need for development of intercultural competence. It is defined as a precondition for the correct use of a foreign language reflecting knowledge of a culture in all aspects of communication. In the theoretic section are presented theories and methodical accesses to the work with literary texts and the exact definition of intercultural competence. The thesis also consists of the practical section which provides specific examples of practical applications.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1668.pdf: 1401303 bytes, checksum: 88f0404c9306df218b68c08257e98d1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-12 / In a historical overview of foreign language (FL) teaching, a pragmatic change can be observed starting in the 1970s, in which the emotional and affective aspects of the learners take on a relevant position. This change involves a shift not only in the teacher s role, which passes from that of centralizer, retainer and transmitter of knowledge to facilitator of the process, but also in that of the student, who is now seen to be inserted into a broader learning context and who has now gained the possibility of participating actively in the learning process. In this context, the belief system is perceived as a phenomenon inherent to the affective processes of teachers and/or students, which influences the teaching and learning process and is therefore a relevant factor. In this research of a qualitative nature and ethnographic basis, we sought to investigate and characterize the beliefs of German language students concerning the language and target culture, evaluating their possible origins and how they could be understood by the teacher in the FL teaching/learning process. To achieve these objectives, we sought theoretical backing in belief studies (Barcelos, 2004; Vieira-Abrahão & Barcelos, 2006; Almeida Filho, 1999; Horwitz, 1999 and others) and in assumptions of the interculturality of foreign language teaching and of the understanding of what is foreign (fremd) (Wierlacher, 1998; Weinrich, 1998; Kramsch, 1993; and others). We focused primarily on the concept of intercultural competence (Volkmann, 2002; Weier, 2002; Byram, 2000; and others), seeing it as a way to provide theoretical underpinnings to understand these issues. With this research, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of this construct (beliefs), which has been intensively investigated in the field of language teaching studies. In addition, we aim to provide teachers of German as a FL with critical reflections focusing on learners and on FL teaching as an intercultural practice. / Em um panorama histórico de ensino de línguas estrangeiras (LE) podemos observar, a partir dos anos 70, uma mudança paradigmática, em que os aspectos emocionais e afetivos dos aprendizes assumem posição relevante. Ocorre tanto um deslocamento do papel do professor, que passa de centralizador, detentor e transmissor de saberes, a facilitador do processo, quanto um deslocamento do papel do aluno, que passa a ser considerado como inserido em um contexto mais amplo de ensino e que ganha a possibilidade de participação ativa no processo de aprendizagem. Nesse contexto, o sistema de crenças é então percebido como fenômeno inerente aos fatores afetivos dos professores e/ou dos aprendizes e que vai exercer influência no processo de ensino e aprendizagem sendo, portanto, de caráter relevante. Nesta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa e base etnográfica, buscamos investigar e caracterizar as crenças de aprendizes de alemão quanto à língua e cultura-alvo, avaliar suas possíveis origens e verificar como elas podem ser compreendidas pelo professor no processo de ensino/aprendizagem de LE. Para alcançar tais objetivos, buscamos respaldo teórico nos estudos das crenças (Barcelos, 2004; Vieira-Abrahão e Barcelos, 2006; Almeida Filho, 1999; Horwitz, 1999 e outros), nos pressupostos da interculturalidade no ensino de línguas estrangeiras e da compreensão do que é estranho (fremd) (Wierlacher, 1998, Weinrich, 1998, Kramsch, 1993 e outros), focalizando principalmente o conceito de competência intercultural (Volkmann, 2002, Weier, 2002, Byram, 2000 e outros), entendendo-o como caminho capaz de fornecer subsídios teóricos para a compreensão de nossas questões. Pretendemos contribuir com esta pesquisa para um melhor entendimento desse construto (crenças), o qual vem sendo intensamente pesquisado no campo de estudo do ensino de línguas. Além disso, buscaremos fornecer a professores de alemão como LE, subsídios para reflexão acerca da prática com foco nos aprendizes e no ensino intercultural de LE.

Study abroad programmes have become popular among students around the world nowadays. Thanks to the participation in the exchange, students are able to improve their intercultural skills, which may be beneficial for them in their future careers. This study investigates students’ development of intercultural competence and identity after spending one semester at the university in Hong Kong. Its main focus is to analyse how study abroad programmes impact students’ abilities in intercultural communication by analysing their self-reflections towards their re-invented identities as well as the overall experience of living and studying in a different country. The whole study is also based on the concept of linguistic repertoire, which is here being updated in the context of globalisation. In order to collect the data, four participants from the Netherlands, Germany and Canada were asked to fill in initial contact forms by providing information about one specific intercultural encounter that they have experienced during the study abroad period. This information then acted as the background knowledge used in the following interviews with each participant, where their opinions have been further developed in more detail. The results show that the participants further developed their skills in intercultural competence as well as enhanced their already interculturally-oriented identities. As for the impact on their linguistic repertoires, the interesting finding shows that the linguistic repertoires of the participants with English as a second language might have been affected slightly more than those of the native speakers. In the end, these results agree with the previous research on the development of intercultural skills after the study abroad period and highlight the importance of participating in study abroad programmes as students become prepared for their future careers in the highly globalised world.

Abstract The aim of this research is to provide more theoretical and practical knowledge and understanding on the process of teachers’ intercultural learning and the nature of intercultural competence in teachers’ work. It is a qualitative study based on various types of questionnaires and interviews collected from former ITE (Intercultural Teacher Education) students in the Department of Educational Sciences in the University of Oulu. The research consists of five articles and a summary part. The research falls with in the area of intercultural education. The theoretical framework of the research is based on critical pedagogy, various models of intercultural competence as well as various learning theories (transformative, experiential, sociocultural) which are seen as approaches that provide analytical and theoretical tools for understanding intercultural learning. Phenomenographical and narrative research approaches construct the methodological framework for the research. The data have been collected twice. The first data consist of open-ended questionnaires (15) and half-structured interviews (10). This set of data was analysed phenomenographically. The second data consist of 10 biographical interviews which are analysed narratively. The main results of the study suggest that, according to the conceptions of the research subjects, teachers’ intercultural competence is less related to specific skills and knowledge than it is comprised of a holistic approach to issues. It is perceived more as an ethical orientation to people, life and diversity, which guides a person’s thinking and behavior rather than an ability to perform something well in an intercultural environment. On the basis of the research, teachers’ intercultural learning processes differ, depending on the person’s background, living environment and other experiences. There does not seem to be only one theory that would comprehensively describe this varied process. Teachers’ intercultural learning is a process involving the combination of formal and informal learning. While it can be a gradual process affected by various life experiences, it sometimes occurs rather suddenly through crises and turning points as assumed in transformative theory. The significant roles of environment and other people for intercultural learning are obvious although individual self-reflection is needed as well. The research also highlights the importance of emotionally strong experiences for intercultural learning. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoitus on tuoda lisää teoreettista ja käytännöllistä tietoa ja ymmärrystä opettajien interkulttuurisen oppimisen prosessista sekä interkulttuurisen kompetenssin luonteesta. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen, ja se perustuu erityyppisiin kyselylomakkeisiin ja haastatteluihin, joita olen kerännyt entisiltä Oulun Yliopiston Kasvatustieteellisen tiedekunnan ITE (Interkulttuurinen opettajankoulutus) -ohjelman opiskelijoilta. Tutkimus koostuu viidestä artikkelista ja yhteenveto-osasta. Tutkimus sijoittuu interkulttuurisen kasvatuksen alueelle. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys pohjautuu kriittiseen pedagogiikkaan, interkulttuurisen kompetenssin malleihin sekä erilaisiin oppimisteorioihin (transformatiivinen, kokemuksellinen ja sosiokulttuurinen). Näiden teorioiden katson tarjoavan analyyttisiä ja teoreettisia välineitä interkulttuurisen oppimisen ymmärtämiseen. Tutkimusmetodologiana olen soveltanut fenomenografista ja narratiivista lähestymistapaa. Aineistoa olen kerännyt kahdesti. Ensimmäinen aineisto koostuu avoimista kyselylomakkeista (15) ja puolistrukturoiduista haastatteluista (10). Tämän aineiston analysoin fenomenografisesti. Toinen aineisto koostuu 10 elämänkerrallisesta haastattelusta, jotka analysoin narratiivisesti. Tutkimuksen päätulosten mukaan opettajat eivät koe interkulttuurista kompetenssia niinkään erityisinä taitoina tai tietoina vaan enemmän kokonaisvaltaisena lähestymistapana. Opettajien mukaan interkulttuurinen kompetenssi on ennen kaikkea eettinen orientaatio ihmisiä, elämää ja moninaisuutta kohtaan. Sen katsotaan ohjaavan ihmisen ajattelua ja toimintaa kokonaisvaltaisesti, eikä sitä siis nähdä pelkästään kykynä suorittaa jotain taitavasti monikulttuurisessa ympäristössä. Tutkimuksen tulosten pohjalta voidaan sanoa, että opettajien interkulttuurisen oppimisen prosessit ovat moninaisia riippuen henkilön taustasta, elinympäristöstä ja muista kokemuksista. Mikään kuvatuista oppimisteorioista ei näytä kokonaisvaltaisesti selittävän ja kuvaavan tätä moninaista prosessia. Opettajien kulttuurienvälinen oppiminen sisältää formaalia, informaalia ja nonformaalia oppimista. Se voi olla vähittäinen prosessi, johon erilaiset elämänkokemukset vaikuttavat pikkuhiljaaa. Se voi joskus tapahtua myös yhtäkkisesti kriisien ja elämänmuutosten kautta, kuten transformatiivisen oppimisen teoriassa oletetaan. Merkittävillä toisilla sekä ympäristöllä on interkulttuurisessa oppimisessa suuri rooli, vaikka yksilöllistäkin reflektiota tarvitaan. Tutkimuksessa nousi keskeiseksi myös tunneperäisesti vahvojen kokemusten merkitys interkulttuurisessa oppimisessa.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar a concepção e o nível de competência intercultural e sua contribuição para a carreira profissional de alunos de graduação de uma Universidade do Vale do Paraíba Paulista dos cursos de administração e engenharia. Conhecer e respeitar outras culturas é essencial para o desenvolvimento do indivíduo, da região e do país, sendo um grande desafio das universidades brasileiras a construção de um ensino superior internacional. A competência intercultural pode ser considerada um diferencial dos alunos e trabalhadores, visando uma melhor colocação no mercado de trabalho e o desenvolvimento da carreira. Os métodos utilizados são abordagem quantitativa, nível descritivo e delineamento de levantamento de dados. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionários aplicados aos alunos de graduação dos cursos de engenharia e administração. Para a análise de dados, foram utilizadas técnicas quantitativas com o auxílio do software Excel. A amostra foi composta por 595 alunos, sendo eles dos cursos de administração, engenharia aeronáutica, engenharia ambiental e sanitária, engenharia civil, engenharia de controle e automação, engenharia de energia, engenharia de produção mecânica, engenharia elétrica e eletrônica e engenharia mecânica. Resultados revelaram que os alunos entendem a Competência Intercultural principalmente como `saber aceitar as diferenças culturais dentro da organização e `conhecer a respeito de outras culturas e sobre idiomas diferentes. Os alunos acreditam que possuir Competência Intercultural é importante no trabalho e completamente importante para a carreira. Quanto ao nível de competência intercultural, identificou-se que a escala de classificação dos participantes tem como resultado predominante o nível médio para as dimensões de conhecimentos, habilidades e sensibilidade e o nível alto para a dimensão de atitudes. A análise global também teve como classificação predominante o nível médio. Portanto, o objetivo da pesquisa foi alcançado e buscasse contribuir com sugestões de ações que desenvolvam a competência intercultural no contexto universitário e para a futura carreira profissional dos alunos. / This research aims to identify the design and the level of intercultural competence and its contribution to the professional career of graduate students of the University of Vale do Paraíba Paulista of the management and engineering courses. Know and respect other cultures is essential for the development of the individual, the region and the country, a major challenge of Brazilian universities to build an international higher education. Intercultural competence can be considered a differential of students and workers, to improve placement in the labor market and career development. The method used is quantitative, descriptive level and the data collection design. Data collection was conducted through questionnaires given to undergraduate students of engineering courses and administration. For data analysis we used quantitative techniques with the help of Excel software. The sample consisted of 595 students, and they of management courses, aeronautical engineering, environmental and sanitary engineering, civil engineering, control engineering and automation, power engineering, mechanical production engineering, electrical and electronic engineering and mechanical engineering. Results showed that students understand the Intercultural Competence primarily as `know how to accept the cultural differences within the organization and `to know about other cultures and languages. Students believe it is important to have intercultural competence at work, and quite important to have Intercultural Competence for the career. Regarding the level of intercultural competence, it was identified that the rating scale of the participants has the predominant result the average level for the dimensions of knowledge, skills and sensitivity and the high level to the size of attitudes. The global analysis also had the predominant classification the average level. It can be concluded that the objective was achieved and seeks to contribute with suggestions for actions to develop intercultural competence in the university context and the future career of students.

abstract: Technology (i.e. the WhatsApp mobile application) can play a positive role in a student’s language and culture learning when it is used in collaboration with a language curriculum that uses a modular framework. When technology tools are used in an intensive language learning environment, those mobile devices will allow students certain affordances (like modifying, authoring, and reviewing content) as well as opportunities to work independently (e.g., create their own content to demonstrate cultural understanding) and/or to reflect upon cross-cultural issues that impact their intercultural sensitivity (Lee, 2011). Barker (2016) adds that cultural discussions performed during a student’s language learning process can lead to intercultural sensitivity development and learning if done communicatively and in engaging environments. In this study, participants intensely interacted in a three week immersion experience where they used WhatsApp to communicate with each other, with their instructors, and with their host families by completing tasks in three modules that were a part of an Advanced Spanish Conversation and Culture Course. The argument in this study is that if WhatsApp is well integrated into the course activities and curriculum of an upper level Spanish university course while abroad, the students will use more innovative ways to communicate, thus, allowing for more intercultural sensitivity growth. In this study, the author analyzed the intercultural sensitivity development and Spanish language use of twelve university level students as they learned Spanish in a 13 week study abroad program abroad in Segovia, Spain. The goal of the study was to gauge how effectively the students communicated with one another while simultaneously measuring their intercultural sensitivity growth to see if the integration of the mobile app, WhatsApp, had any effect on their intercultural learning capabilities. The author analyzed data from twelve learners’ interactions while they studied abroad in a country that they were mostly unfamiliar with. As a result of WhatsApp’s various modalities and capabilities, the findings showed that all of the 12 students showed modest intercultural sensitivity growth along the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (Bennett, 1993) to assist them in more effectively communicating in the target language about the host culture. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Spanish 2020

This essay argues that Mark Twain’s novels The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Pudd’nhead Wilson can be applied in Swedish upper secondary schools to address racial inequality in the purpose of achieving intercultural competence and understanding. Racism is a vast issue, evident in both schools and in our society, locally as well as globally, where ethnical minorities are abused or disfavored societal privileges. This leaves teachers with the vital task of counteracting racism in classrooms, in accordance with the educational goals of imparting democratic values. The essay is conducted through a Close Reading, which is beneficial in exposing a text’s complexity by examining its literary aspects. The primary focus from the Close Reading is put on narration and its subordinate categories. Word choice, repetition or metaphors are highlighted and analyzed from the selected passages as they are literary aspects that the students can react to and further discuss in relation to racism in their everyday lives. The findings show that Twain’s ways of narrating racism and stimulating empathy are integral features in promoting an increased understanding to meet the curriculum’s requirements.

<div> <div> <div> <p>In today’s global environment, agricultural students need the skills to thrive among a workforce made up of individuals with diverse experiences and perspectives. One promising way to prepare students is through the development of intercultural competence (IC). This thesis addresses several different methods of developing IC in undergraduate students. Chapter 2 addresses incorporation of intercultural interventions into a short-term study abroad program coupled with and a follow-up semester-long on-campus companion course to specifically target empathy development. The study found that overall students did not increase significantly on the IDI, but did show positive growth in empathy development throughout the semester. Chapter 3 describes differences in IC of students completing intercultural learning (ICL) assignments throughout a face-to-face introductory animal agriculture course compared with students not completing ICL assignments. The intervention group showed significant increase according to the IDI and increased on average 9.46 points. In addition, the intervention group increased significantly more than the control group (87.54 ± 2.09 vs. 94.76 ± 1.67) (p <0.004; df=1; f=13.23). </p> <p>Studies described in Chapter 4 build on those of methods followed a similar approach to the methods discussed in Chapter 3 but examine the impact of including reflection based ICL assignments using global animal agriculture as a medium. Notably, the course also occurred in an emergency remote learning setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results from the study discussed in Chapter 4 showed that the intervention group increased significantly more than the control group (86.75 ± 2.11 vs. 95.29 ± 2.35; p < 0.004). In addition, the intervention group also showed positive results in developing the specific skill of empathy throughout the semester. </p> <p>The last study discussed in this thesis (Chapter 5) details the process of creating and validating a scale to specifically measure the competence levels in level of undergraduates’ essential skills in undergraduates. Cronbach’s alpha was reported for each skillset that was being evaluated and deemed acceptable.</p></div></div></div><div><div><div> <p>Each of the studies discussed was designed to fill gaps in the literature regarding skill development in animal science undergraduate students. The development of such skills, and IC in particular, is necessary for all students whether they pursue careers with as possible the opportunity to develop these skills, not just those who participate in international elements. As such, developing validate means to provide students opportunities to hone such skills is necessary to student future success. Toward this end, the studies described here seek to measure the efficacy embedding intercultural learning into undergraduate agricultural curriculum at providing such opportunities. </p> </div> </div> </div>