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Interventionist norm development in international society : the responsibility to protect as a norm too far?Lotze, Walter January 2011 (has links)
This research makes use of a Constructivist approach to norm development, in particular the concept of the norm life cycle, to assess the emergence and development of the responsibility to protect as a norm in international society in relation to the conduct of interventions on humanitarian grounds. This study finds that the responsibility to protect emerged relatively rapidly in international society as a norm relevant to the formulation and implementation of international responses to conflict situations characterised by the commission of atrocity crimes. Indeed, between 2001 and 2010, this study finds that the responsibility to protect norm became codified and entrenched in international organisation, and could therefore have been expected to influence state behaviour, and the discourse surrounding that behaviour, in relation to the conduct of interventions on humanitarian grounds. However, through an assessment of the application of the norm through the United Nations and the African Union to the conflicts in the Darfur region of Sudan from 2003 onwards, the study finds that the norm, while featuring relatively prominently in discourse surrounding Darfur between 2007 and 2008 in the United Nations, appears to have receded thereafter, disappearing from discourse by 2009 altogether, and appears not to have been useful to the attainment of its content goal, namely preventing or halting the commission of atrocity crimes, in the case of Darfur. Indeed, the norm may even have contributed to complicating, as opposed to facilitating, international engagement on Darfur. This study explores the apparent contradiction between the emergence and entrenchment of the responsibility to protect norm in international society at the same time as the norm appears to have increasingly faded from discourse surrounding international responses to the conflicts in Darfur, and assesses the implications of this both for the future development and utility of the norm, as well as for future responses to conflicts characterised by atrocity crimes on the African continent.
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Sjuksköterskans förutsättningar och metoder för att uppmärksamma alkoholvanor i hälsosamtalet i primärvården : En litteraturstudieAndersson, Kristina, Bengtsson, Lena January 2015 (has links)
Allt fler människor i Sverige dricker alkohol regelbundet. Detta kan medföra försämrad hälsa och tilltagande sjukdom, bidra till skador och våld i samhället. Sjuksköterskan inom primärvården träffar många patienter i hälsosamtal och det är då viktigt att fråga om alkoholvanor liksom andra levnadsvanor. Detta upplevs dock som en svår uppgift för många sjuksköterskor, då det finns risk att patienten kan känna sig kränkt. Forskning visar att sjuksköterskor tycker att det saknas kunskaper och metoder för att fråga om alkoholvanor. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva förutsättningar och metoder för hur sjuksköterskan kan uppmärksamma alkoholvanor i hälsosamtalet. Sammanlagt har 11 artiklar analyserats; nio kvantitativa och två kvalitativa från Europa och USA. Studien är gjord enligt Axelssons modell (2012, s.203-219) och resultatet i studien består av tre huvudteman och fyra subteman. De tre huvudteman är Kommunikation, Metod och Kunskap. Subteman som ingår är Samtal, Motiverande samtalsteknik, Screening av alkoholvanor och Kort rådgivning. Resultatet visar att Screening och Kort rådgivning är användbara och tidsbesparande metoder och Motiverande samtalsteknik är effektivt vid alkoholprevention. En förutsättning är att sjuksköterskan får kunskap i metoder, samtalsteknik och alkoholens skadliga påverkan på hälsan. I den efterföljande diskussionen tas de delar upp som är väsentliga för sjuksköterskan i arbetet med alkoholprevention i hälsosamtalet. Slutsatser i denna litteraturstudie är att det finns bra metoder för att uppmärksamma alkoholvanor, men en förutsättning är att sjuksköterskan har kunskap om hur de används samt kännedom om alkoholens skador på hälsan. I det förebyggande arbetet är det effektivt att fråga patienten om alkoholvanor, men hur länge samtalet pågår är inte av lika stor betydelse.
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Nutritionsinterventioner på särskilda boenden : En litteraturstudieEriksson, Josefin, Söderlund, Martina January 2015 (has links)
Bakgrund: Felnäring, viktproblematik och dehydrering är vanligt hos äldre. Kunskapsnivån om äldre och nutrition varierar mellan personalgrupper. God nutrition ger energi till att klara av vardagen och hjälper till att förebygga sjukdomar och skador. När man ska göra en förändring är det viktigt att ha en bra implementeringsstrategi. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att se vilka interventioner som gjorts på särskilda boenden för att förbättra näringsintaget hos de boende, vilka som har fungerat och vilka som inte har fungerat. Vidare var syftet att undersöka vilka implementeringsstrategier som använts. Metod: Litteraturstudie valdes som metod. Studien baserades på 19 orginalartiklar. Resultat: Fem teman sammanställdes från underlaget som svar på de tre första frågeställningarna. Dessa var smakförstärkare, utbildning, miljö, mellanmål och berikning och tandvård. Interventioner inom samtliga teman gav ett signifikant positivt resultat i vikt, BMI eller kaloriintag. Som svar på sista frågeställningen framkom att liten vikt har lagts vid implementeringsstrategier i samtliga studier. Slutsats: Flera interventioner kan förbättra näringsintaget hos äldre. Liten fokus ligger på hur interventionerna har implementerats. Mer forskning behövs inom området, framförallt inom implementeringsstrategier.
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Evaluating long-term outcomes for students with learning disabilities : does age of first services matter?Gilden, Alyssa Kaye 17 September 2014 (has links)
Within the last few decades there has been a push to identify students who have or who are at-risk for learning disabilities as early as possible. Much of this recent focus is related to research showing the positive long-term benefits of early education for the general population and children in poverty, as well as to educational theory about early educational interventions. However, little to no research has been conducted on the long-term effects of age of first service provision for students with learning disabilities. Whether students with learning disabilities are doing better academically in high school or graduating high school at higher rates based on when they are identified or when they received services is yet to be known. This study analyzed data collected from families and schools for 2,000 youth with learning disabilities from the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2 (NLTS2), a study that investigated a nationally representative sample of approximately 12,000 students with disabilities. The present study used latent variable structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the effects of age of first service provision on high school educational achievement and high school graduation in order to better understand the long-term effects of the age of intervention for students with learning disabilities. Contrary to what was hypothesized, the age a student first received services for a learning disability did not statistically significantly affect his or her grades in high school or likelihood of graduating from high school. The age a student first received services for a learning disability was statistically significantly and positively related to standardized achievement tests in high school; however, the direction of causation was counter to what was hypothesized. Students who received services at a later age performed better on high school standardized achievement tests. An important limitation of these data is that measures of a student's cognitive abilities or the severity of a student's learning disability were not available for use in these analyses. Further limitations and possible implications of these findings are discussed. / text
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Pragmatic skills intervention : understanding pragmatic differences, communication breakdown management, peer & self attitudes and perceptions in children with hearing lossChen, Holly Vera 03 October 2014 (has links)
This purpose of this study was to examine pragmatic differences in children with hearing loss compared to children without hearing loss by understanding use of communication repairs, self and peer attitudes and perceptions to suggest the most appropriate intervention approaches. Previous research has found use of communication repairs, self and peer perceptions and attitudes to be associated with pragmatic skills. Intervention approaches were suggested for remediating pragmatic differences in children with hearing loss. / text
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The regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in an in vitro model of colorectal tumorigenesis and mechanisms of action of potential chemopreventive agentsCrew, Tracey E. January 2000 (has links)
No description available.
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The Excitotoxin Elimination Diet: A Novel Dietary Intervention for those with Fibromyalgia and Irritable Bowel SyndromeHolton, Kathleen F January 2010 (has links)
Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain disorder characterized by multiple symptoms including severe fatigue, headache, muscle pain, cognitive dysfunction, and paresthesias. Up to 81% of patients with fibromyalgia (FM) also suffer from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate the effect of a 4-week excitotoxin additive free diet on symptoms of fibromyalgia (FM) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and then further, to use a randomized double blind crossover challenge to determine: 2) whether FM symptoms would return more frequently when subjects were challenged with MSG as compared to placebo, and 3) whether IBS symptoms returned upon MSG challenge more frequently than placebo. Subjects were recruited from the Portland, OR area, and attended a 2-hour group diet training session and individual clinic appointment before starting a one-month excitotoxin additive free diet. At the end of the month, subjects reporting greater than 30% symptom improvement went onto a 2-week double blind crossover challenge period where they were randomized to receive either MSG in juice for 3 days or placebo for 3 days. The following week they received whatever they did not receive the first week. Eighty-four percent of those who finished the diet reported >30% symptom improvement and pre-post diet analysis demonstrated highly significant difference scores for all major outcome measures. Total symptom scores (11.4, p<0.0001), fibromyalgia impact questionnaire-revised scores (FIQR) (22, p<0.0001), and IBS quality of life (IBS-QOL) questionnaire scores (11, p<0.0001) were all significantly reduced, as were visual analog pain (VAS) change scores for FM (5.4, p<0.0001) and IBS (4.6, p<0.0001). Challenge results demonstrated that diet responders got significantly worse when challenged with MSG as compared to placebo in most measures (total symptom score, p<0.02; FIQR, p<0.03; and IBS-QOL, p<0.05). VAS for IBS and FM both worsened, but to a lesser degree (mean change of 2.1 (p<0.19) and 2.5 (p<0.07) respectively). The majority of responders were still following the diet at 2 months post study which suggests feasibility and benefit. Results suggest that the excitotoxin additive free dietary intervention may provide significant symptom relief equal to or greater than current pharmacological strategies for fibromyalgia patients with IBS.
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Adherence and Effectiveness of Positional Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea SyndromeFridel, Keith January 2011 (has links)
The purpose of this investigation was to explore how adherence to a positional therapy intervention affected therapeutic outcome in participants with positional-related obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Eighteen adult participants identified as having positional-related obstructive sleep apnea by an initial overnight polysomnography study were recruited. Participants were instructed to use a “tennis ball technique” positional device for three weeks at home and record their sleep habits and adherence before a final post-treatment polysomnography evaluation. A repeated measures MANOVA found significant effects of treatment between pre- and post-test on the objective polysomnography variables of Total Recording Time [F(1,17) = 5.21, p<.05, η²=.24], Total Sleep Time [F(1,17) = 8.59, p<.01, η²=.34], Sleep Efficiency [F(1,17) = 5.42, p<.05, η²=.24], Total REM sleep time [F(1,17) = 9.91, p<.01, η²=.37], and the Apnea- Hypopnea Index [F(1,17) = 14.28, p<.001, η²=.46]. Sleep onset latency was not statistically significant. There were significant effects of treatment on the subjective measures of the Functional Outcome of Sleep Quality [F(1,17) = 8.92, p<.01, η²=.35], Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [F(1,17) = 11.2, p<.01, η²=..39], Epworth Sleepiness Scale [F(1,17) = 6.69, p<.05, η²=.28], and the Brief Symptom Inventory [F(1,17) = 5.14, p<.05, η²=.23]. No significant interaction effects were found between treatment and adherence when participants were grouped post-hoc into an adherent or non-adherent categories based on their self-reported daily log data. In summary, the results of this study indicated that the positional device was efficacious for significantly improving both objective polysomnography variables and subjective variables of sleep. The results also indicated even partially adherent participants reported significant improvements in nighttime sleep quality and quality of life after the three week treatment period. Mixed Linear Modeling demonstrated that significant improvements in sleep quality, time to sleep onset, and total sleep time were not seen until the last weeks of treatment. This study found very acceptable adherence rates with this positional device design; all participants were able to utilize the therapeutic device on at least a portion of every night during the three-week intervention.
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Miniplan - a tool to assist participative localised systemic managementStockley, Alan January 1998 (has links)
No description available.
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Facing reality of coffee producing farmers in northern Nicaragua : – A field study on the effects of the development program FondeAgro.Blom, Izabelle January 2014 (has links)
Abstract In 2001 a development program named FondeAgro was implemented in the northern region of Nicaragua with the aim to reduce poverty by rural development. During a ten-year period peasants in the departments of Jinotega and Matagalpa received expert assistance on farming in order to improve their livelihoods and create sustainable businesses as small- and medium- scale peasants. This study aims to present the reality of coffee producing farmers who participated in FondeAgro, ending in 2011. Research is made on if and how farmers continue with methods learned during the program and its effects on production- and livelihood development. Existing reports present the implementation of the program and farmers’ abilities to adapt and work with new methods, though this stretches only until the end of the program, 2011. Accordingly, there is no information on how farmers’ lives appear after the program’s end, why this research is carried through. A field study was conducted in the municipality El Cúa, department of Jinotega in northern Nicaragua in 2012. In order to visualize the complex pattern of poverty, access to or lack of capital assets the sustainable livelihoods framework is used for analysis. To further elucidate the effects of the development program and attainment of goals, a manual on development interventions by Sida is used as well. The conclusion of this research on the development program FondeAgro is that the effects of the program are positive and negative, differing mainly depending on farmers being small- or medium-scale producers. Many farmers have improved their livelihoods through their participation in FondeAgro but for some farmers there is no change to previous life situation. What seems to be decisive in order to continue with methods learned is what type of assistance that has been given to each farmer during the program years as well as possibilities to participate in cooperatives. The methods used to achieve the objectives of the program have not given the results hoped for and many farmers are still facing a future in severe poverty Keywords: Nicaragua, FondeAgro, agriculture, farmers, livelihoods, intervention
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