Diplomová práce se zabývá vytvořením softwarové aplikace IRR tool, pro společnost ABC s.r.o. IRR tool je nástroj sloužící k monitoringu vnitřního výnosového procenta investic, které jsou nabízeny v produktech společnosti. Cílem práce je s využitím Visual Studia rozšířit prostředí sloužící zaměstnancům společnosti o tento nástroj a nabídnout jim možnost nahlédnutí k výpočtu tohoto ukazatele. Nástroj poslouží k upřesnění informací pro zaměstnance, podpoří jejich analytické možnosti a povede k vyšší spokojenosti zákazníků.

Omställningen till förnyelsebara energikällor kombinerat med ett åldrande elnät har resulterat i en opålitlig strömförsörjning för Svenska industrier. Det har lett till att Sverige behövt importera stora mängder elektricitet från utlandet för att möta marknadensefterfrågan. Det har drabbat energikrävande industrier hårt och konsekvenserna har blivit en nedstängning av produktionen på grund av skenande elpriser. Den här uppsatsens syfte är att lösa problemet genom att undersöka en implementation av egenägda solceller ovanpå industriella lokaler. Syftet är att täcka upp för den Svenska energimarknadens tillkortakommanden. För att göra det så är det här kandidatexamensarbetet skrivet i samarbete med Logistikbolaget Speed Logistics AB som har sin verksamhet i Rosersberg utanför Stockholm. Arbetet kommer att undersöka huruvida solceller kopplade med batterier kan hjälpa Svenska industrier att bli självständiga från elnätet. Arbetet undersökte vilka solceller och batterier som fanns tillgängliga på marknaden samt de bidrag och incitament som fanns under tiden det här arbetet utfördes våren 2021. Därefter genomfördes lönsamhetsberäkningar och en praktisk undersökning av Speed Logistics anläggning för att skapa ett beslutsunderlag kring industriella tillämpningar av solceller. Beräkningar utfördes med en anläggningsstorlek av solceller på 499 kW för att hjälpa tillatt täcka Speed Logistics energibehov på 864 000 kWh per år. Resultaten visade att med kalkylränta på 7 % så krävdes det att solcellerna kostade 14 tusen kronor eller mindre per installerad kW för att uppnå lönsamhet. Att uppnå en sjävlförsörjning från elnätet med den mängd solenergi producerad i Rosersberg är inte praktiskt möjligt. Batterier blev inte lönsamt och gav en negativ internränta även med optimala förutsättningar. Batteriinstallationen blir därför en eventuell försäkring mot ett opålitligt elnät och inte en investering. / The transition to renewable energy coupled with an outdated electricity grid has resulted in unreliable access to electricity for Swedish industries. The country is forced to import large amounts of electricity to meet demand. This leads to problems for the large energy demanding Swedish Industries where some industrial corporations are forced to shut down production due to soaring prices in electricity. To solve these problems this thesis will examine the incorporation of privately owned solar cells on top of industrial properties to help combat the shortfalls of the Swedish energy markets. This bachelor thesis will be written in cooperation with the Swedish Logistical corporation Speed Logistics who has decided to be proactive towards these current issues. The aim of this thesis is to examine the installation of solar cells on top of their facility in Rosersberg outside of Stockholm. Another solution that will be examined is the implementation of batteries to become self-sufficient from the grid and generate further savings in case of a continuation of increased electricity pricing. The paper also examined the market for solar cells, batteries, and the current regulatory incentives during the writing of this thesis in spring 2021. Calculations were made using various financial formulas in order to provide a measurement of the profitability of solar cells. The calculations were carried out for a 499 kW solar cell system to cover parts of Speed Logistics’ almost 864 000 kWh yearly electricity usage. The results showed that solar panels will indeed be a useful investment if the cost of installation falls at 14 thousand SEK or lower per kW. The amount of solar energy in Rosersberg was found to not be sufficient for practical self-reliance of electricity. Batteries won’t provide any profitability measured in internal rate of return or Net present value. However, they might still work as insurance from electricity outages.

<p>In much of the recent times the practitioner’s fraternity has been focused towards making investment decisions, based on traditional financial evaluation techniques ranging from Net present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Pay Back Period, Profitability Index. Although these techniques have performed satisfactorily and have provided practitioners’ insights about how to value investments and thereby providing them a holistic view of the project and making informed decisions. However, these traditional techniques have focused more on quantifying the risk assessment done at the beginning of the project, by taking into consideration an optimal discount rate based on the firm’s overall cost of capital, and the additional risk associated with the given project. Nevertheless, these traditional Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) techniques, fails to take into account the value of managerial flexibility in business environments associated with a high degree of uncertainty, thereby not encapsulating the value of different options which are embedded within the project, that managers possess and the value of new information during the project lifecycle. In order to value these options, Real Options Valuation technique has been proposed, which predominantly traces its origin from valuing financial options. Though various academicians have supported this technique and the potential benefits it offers to organizations while making investment decisions, it still rests on a number of assumptions, which needs to be validated across different businesses. Therefore, this study focuses on understanding the obstacles involved with the implementation of Real Options Valuation technique, based on the three roadblocks identified by Lander and Pinches (1998).</p><p>A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted within a given case company X in Sweden. Wherein based on the existing financial evaluation technique that company X uses while making investment decisions are analyzed. Based on the responses provided by the company X officials, the study revealed that company X employs traditional financial evaluation techniques, since they are been widely accepted across a wide range of industries, and also decision makers, and shareholders tend to prefer a probabilistic risk assessment at the beginning of the project, however company X do acknowledge the potential benefits offered by Real Options Valuation technique, but they are not been implemented, because of its ignorance among the key decision makers, coupled with complex mathematical calculations and various assumptions that needs to be incorporated while using Real Options approach for valuing investments, which makes it difficult in the context of given company X for using Real Options approach for valuing investments.</p>

In much of the recent times the practitioner’s fraternity has been focused towards making investment decisions, based on traditional financial evaluation techniques ranging from Net present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Pay Back Period, Profitability Index. Although these techniques have performed satisfactorily and have provided practitioners’ insights about how to value investments and thereby providing them a holistic view of the project and making informed decisions. However, these traditional techniques have focused more on quantifying the risk assessment done at the beginning of the project, by taking into consideration an optimal discount rate based on the firm’s overall cost of capital, and the additional risk associated with the given project. Nevertheless, these traditional Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) techniques, fails to take into account the value of managerial flexibility in business environments associated with a high degree of uncertainty, thereby not encapsulating the value of different options which are embedded within the project, that managers possess and the value of new information during the project lifecycle. In order to value these options, Real Options Valuation technique has been proposed, which predominantly traces its origin from valuing financial options. Though various academicians have supported this technique and the potential benefits it offers to organizations while making investment decisions, it still rests on a number of assumptions, which needs to be validated across different businesses. Therefore, this study focuses on understanding the obstacles involved with the implementation of Real Options Valuation technique, based on the three roadblocks identified by Lander and Pinches (1998). A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted within a given case company X in Sweden. Wherein based on the existing financial evaluation technique that company X uses while making investment decisions are analyzed. Based on the responses provided by the company X officials, the study revealed that company X employs traditional financial evaluation techniques, since they are been widely accepted across a wide range of industries, and also decision makers, and shareholders tend to prefer a probabilistic risk assessment at the beginning of the project, however company X do acknowledge the potential benefits offered by Real Options Valuation technique, but they are not been implemented, because of its ignorance among the key decision makers, coupled with complex mathematical calculations and various assumptions that needs to be incorporated while using Real Options approach for valuing investments, which makes it difficult in the context of given company X for using Real Options approach for valuing investments.

Background and problem: Since the new law took place in 1999, it has been illegal towash a car with substances that can damage the environment on a paved street or on a driveway through a garage. This has conveyed to a new industry where more and more self-service car wash facility have opened around the country. Vetlanda Vägkrog AB has since 2012 been planning to install manual self-service car wash facility at the back of their restaurant business. The authors mission was to make an analysis in order to examine whether an investment of carwashes are lucrative enough for Vetlanda Vägkrog AB. Aim: The study's main objective was to analyze the profitability of an investment in a self-service car wash facility at Vetlanda Vägkrog AB, based on given data. The authors sub-aim was to clarify which factors in general that had played the greatest part in the establishment of a self-service car wash facility. Method: The authors have used an abductive approach in order to fulfill the aim of the study. Furthermore, have the authors used semi-structured interviews in order to gather all empirical data. The interviews were performed on the suppliers, municipal employees and the two owners of Vetlanda Vägkrog AB. The collected data is then explained using theory and henceforth meet the purpose. Conclusion: The results of this study shows that the investment of a self-service car wash facility based on Vetlanda Vägkrog AB conditions is economically efficient and profitable. Net present value method, Pay back and internal rate of return (IRR) is the following methods that the authors consistently have used in order to solve this task. An analysis of three different outcomes were made on the variables that might influence the results, for instance volume and periodic payments has been done in order to get an idea of how sensitive the estimate was. / Bakgrund och problem: Efter den nya lagen som trädde fram 1999 förbjuds tvätt avbilen med ämnen som skadar miljön på en asfalterad gata eller garageuppfart. Detta har medfört till en ny bransch då allt flera självtvätthallar har öppnats runt om i landet. Vetlanda Vägkrog AB har sedan 2012 haft planer på att installera manuella tvätthallar på baksidan av restaurangverksamheten. Vårt uppdrag var att göra en analys där vi granskade om en investering av biltvättar var lukrativt för Vetlanda Vägkrog AB. Syfte: Studiens huvudsyfte var att analysera lönsamheten för en investering i en biltvätthall åt Vetlanda Vägkrog AB, utifrån given data. Delsyftet blev att belysa vilka generella faktorer som hade spelat störst roll vid ett upprättande av en självtvätthall. Metod: För att uppfylla syftet med studien har vi utgått från en abduktiv metod. Vihar genom semistrukturerade intervjuer samlat empiri från leverantörer, kommunalanställda och två av delägarna för Vetlanda Vägkrog AB. Det materialet förklaras sedan med hjälp av teori för att slutligen uppfylla syftet. Slutsats: Resultatet av vår undersökning visar att investering av en självtvätthallutifrån Vetlanda Vägkrog AB förutsättningar är ekonomiskt effektiv och lönsamt. För att lösa uppgiften användes följande metoder payback-metoden, nuvärdemetoden och internräntemetoden.En analys med tre olika utfall gjordes på de variabler som kunde tänkas påverka resultatet, exempelvis volym och särutbetalningar har gjorts för att få en uppfattning påhur känslig kalkylen var. Samtliga utfall påvisade positivt resultat.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_victor_goltz.pdf: 3143568 bytes, checksum: bf72f21ec23b8d4e251915d335a9bf25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-27 / The investment in reforestation with Eucalyptus as a way to ensure the cheap and quality supply of plant biomass to be used as an energy source in grain dryers, is constantly put into evidence in cereal companies and agricultural cooperatives. Like any other economic activity, needs to be assessed from the point of view of their financial return on invested capital, so that it can contribute to support the decisions. Thus, this study aims to analyze the economic feasibility for implementation of reforestation with eucalyptus to supply the needs of firewood in Seara Industria e Comercio de Produtos Agropecuarios Ltda in its three receiving, processing and storage plants installed in northern Parana. The calculation methodology took into consideration the needs of firewood annual production costs during the production cycle of 21 years , with cuts every 7 years, and considering that the price of wood is the one practiced by the regional market. To analyze the feasibility, we considered the assessment criteria for Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) in two scenarios: a) considering the purchase area, b) considering the lease area. Both alternatives took into account areas far more than 150 km of consumer units. The opportunity cost considered was 6.0% per year. It was concluded that, investment in forestry as a source of biomass for energy, are economically feasible and provided the lease area required, being economically unfeasible scenario in purchasing the required area. / O investimento em reflorestamento com eucalipto, como forma de garantir o fornecimento de biomassa vegetal barata e de qualidade a ser utilizada como fonte de energia em fornalhas de secadores de grãos, é constantemente colocado em evidência em empresas cerealistas e cooperativas agrícolas. Assim como qualquer outra atividade econômica precisa ser avaliada do ponto de vista de sua retorno financeiro do capital investido, para que se possa embasar as decisões. Desta forma, este estudo visa analisar a viabilidade econômica para implantação de reflorestamento com eucalipto para suprir as necessidades de lenha da Seara Industria e Comercio de Produtos Agropecuários Ltda, em suas três unidade de recepção, beneficiamento e armazenamento instaladas na região norte do Paraná. A metodologia de calculo levou em consideração as necessidades de lenha anual, os custos de produção durante o ciclo de produção considerado de 21 anos, com cortes a cada 7 anos, e, considerando que o preço da lenha e aquele praticado pelo mercado regional. Para analise da viabilidade, foram considerados os critérios de avaliação pelo Valor Presente Liquido (VPL) e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) em dois cenários: a) considerando a compra da área; b) considerando o arrendamento da área. Ambas alternativas levaram em consideração áreas distantes no máximo a 200 km das unidades consumidoras. A taxa mínima de atratividade considerada foi de 6,0% ao ano. Concluiu-se que o investimento em reflorestamento como fonte de biomassa vegetal para energia só e economicamente viável na condição de arrendamento da área necessária, sendo inviável economicamente no cenário de compra da área necessária.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to present an approach for good practice with regards to using cost benefit analysis (CBA) as a value-adding activity in the information security investment process for large enterprises. The approach is supported by empirical data.</p><p>From a MIO model perspective, this report is focused on the phase of strategic choices regarding organization, i.e. trying to find optimal investments for efficient operations. To assess, improve and monitor the operational effectiveness and management’s internal control environment is essential in today’s business execution. Executive management and boards are increasingly looking for an information security governance framework that encompasses information technology and information security: a single framework through which all information assets and activities within the organisation can be governed, to provide the optimum capability for meeting the organisation’s objectives, in terms of functionality and security.</p><p>The investment decision is one of the most visible and controversial key decisions in an enterprise. Some projects are approved, others are bounced, and the rest enter the organisational equivalent of suspended animation with the dreaded request from the decision makers to “redo the business case” or “provide more information.”</p><p>The concept of cost benefit analyses of information security helps management to make decisions on which initiatives to fund with how much, as there needs to be an approach for measuring and comparing different alternatives and how they meet business objectives of the enterprise. Non-financial metrics are identified using different approaches: governance effectiveness, risk analysis, business case analysis or game theory. The financial performance metrics are driven by the main value disciplines of an enterprise. These lead to the use of formulas enabling the measurement of asset utilisation, profit or growth: ROI (ROIC), NPV, IRR (MIRR), FCF, DCF, Payback Period, TCO, TBO, EVA, and ROSI.</p><p>The author shows research in the field of good corporate governance and the investment approval process, as well as case studies from two multinational enterprises. The case from Motorola demonstrates how IT governance principles are equally applicable to information security governance, while the case from Ericsson demonstrates how an information security investment decision can be supported by performing a cost benefit analysis using traditional marketing approaches of business case analysis (BCA) and standard financial calculations.</p><p>The suggested good practice presented in this thesis is summarised in four steps:</p><p>1. Understand main rationale for the security investment</p><p>2. Identify stakeholders and strategic goals</p><p>3. Perform Cost Benefit Analysis (non-financial and financial performance metrics)</p><p>4. Validate that the results are relevant to stakeholders and strategic goals</p><p>DISCLAIMER</p><p>This report is intended for academic training only and should not be used for any other purposes. The contents are not to be considered legal or otherwise professional advice. No liability is taken, whatsoever, by the author.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to present an approach for good practice with regards to using cost benefit analysis (CBA) as a value-adding activity in the information security investment process for large enterprises. The approach is supported by empirical data. From a MIO model perspective, this report is focused on the phase of strategic choices regarding organization, i.e. trying to find optimal investments for efficient operations. To assess, improve and monitor the operational effectiveness and management’s internal control environment is essential in today’s business execution. Executive management and boards are increasingly looking for an information security governance framework that encompasses information technology and information security: a single framework through which all information assets and activities within the organisation can be governed, to provide the optimum capability for meeting the organisation’s objectives, in terms of functionality and security. The investment decision is one of the most visible and controversial key decisions in an enterprise. Some projects are approved, others are bounced, and the rest enter the organisational equivalent of suspended animation with the dreaded request from the decision makers to “redo the business case” or “provide more information.” The concept of cost benefit analyses of information security helps management to make decisions on which initiatives to fund with how much, as there needs to be an approach for measuring and comparing different alternatives and how they meet business objectives of the enterprise. Non-financial metrics are identified using different approaches: governance effectiveness, risk analysis, business case analysis or game theory. The financial performance metrics are driven by the main value disciplines of an enterprise. These lead to the use of formulas enabling the measurement of asset utilisation, profit or growth: ROI (ROIC), NPV, IRR (MIRR), FCF, DCF, Payback Period, TCO, TBO, EVA, and ROSI. The author shows research in the field of good corporate governance and the investment approval process, as well as case studies from two multinational enterprises. The case from Motorola demonstrates how IT governance principles are equally applicable to information security governance, while the case from Ericsson demonstrates how an information security investment decision can be supported by performing a cost benefit analysis using traditional marketing approaches of business case analysis (BCA) and standard financial calculations. The suggested good practice presented in this thesis is summarised in four steps: 1. Understand main rationale for the security investment 2. Identify stakeholders and strategic goals 3. Perform Cost Benefit Analysis (non-financial and financial performance metrics) 4. Validate that the results are relevant to stakeholders and strategic goals DISCLAIMER This report is intended for academic training only and should not be used for any other purposes. The contents are not to be considered legal or otherwise professional advice. No liability is taken, whatsoever, by the author.

Kiribati, a small and low lying island country located on the equator, is vulnerable to impact of Global Warming. In response, Kiribati¡¦s Government continues and remains firm to fight the increase of pollution gases. Rather than just fighting using words, Kiribati seriously takes into consideration issues which promote the use of clean energy in all aspects. .This thesis emphasizes the use of large scale photovoltaic (PV) installation as a clean energy source that may help contribute in the total energy demand for this island. Here, a large photovoltaic generation system as a Distribution Generation (DG) to feed main utility network (i.e. PUB) on the island, assumed to be constructed in the National Main Stadium (NMS) at Betio Town as the DG Interconnection site, is analyzed. This PVGS has been investigated from two different perspectives: 1) Independent Power Producer (IPP) point of view, which is the design of the selling price of PV power generation and 2) Utility point of view, which is the design of saving costs incurred from PVGS contribution. PV power generation is simulated according to the hourly solar irradiation and temperature provided by the Weather Office in Kiribati. The cash flow of annual power generation, the operation and maintenance costs and the capital investment cost of the PVGS are then used to derive the payback time (PBT) and the internal rate of return (IRR) for the PVGS under different selling price of PV power generation. The voltage variation and the system losses of the distribution feeder, which serves the National Stadium, are also evaluated by executing the load flow analysis for the impact analysis of the PVGS. Results indicate that the reduction of voltage variation and system¡¦s losses can be obtained with the PVGS installed to provide the dispersed generation for the local loads. However, the PVGS penetration is limited due to the violation of voltage variation introduced by the large intermittent PV power generation. The selling price of PV generation has to be designed according to the conditions of solar irradiation and temperature so that sufficient incentives can be provided.

This work consists in performing an economic study regarding the implementation of photovoltaic micro and minigeneration in the Northeast region of Brazil, considering the Compensation System for Electric Energy. A thorough literature review is presented focused on concept of solar energy, as well as potential applications and inherent advantages and disadvantages. In order do understand the current market scenario comprising photovoltaic generation in Brazil, the costs associated to several system components and involved taxes are evaluated. In order to assess solar resources in a given study region and evaluate the amount of energy that generated during one year, three examples regarding systems rated at 1.5 kW, 100 kW and 1 MW are presented and discussed. Based on key parameters such as initial investments, generation rate, operation and maintenance costs, and energy generated, the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return are calculated of each aforementioned case. It can be seen that a negative NPV is obtained for the 1.5-kW systems, while the positive values exist for the 100-kW and 1-MW ones. Besides, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is lower than the financial ends for the 1.5-kW system and higher for the remaining others. / O presente trabalho trata de realizar um estudo econÃmico de sistemas fotovoltaicos de micro e minigeraÃÃo para a regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil, considerando o Sistema de CompensaÃÃo de Energia ElÃtrica. Uma revisÃo literÃria aprofundada à apresentada e focada no conceito de energia solar, bem como suas potenciais aplicaÃÃes e as vantagens e desvantagens inerentes. Para entender a situaÃÃo atual do mercado com relaÃÃo à energia fotovoltaica no cenÃrio brasileiro, sÃo apresentados preÃos de aquisiÃÃo das componentes que compÃem o sistema solar e exemplificados os impostos envolvidos. A fim de mensurar o recurso solar da regiÃo de anÃlise e avaliar a quantidade de energia elÃtrica gerada em um ano, sÃo apresentados e discutidos trÃs exemplos de sistemas com as potÃncias de 1,5 kW, 100 kW e 1 MW. A partir dos dados de investimentos iniciais adotados, taxa de geraÃÃo, custos de operaÃÃo e manutenÃÃo, energia gerada sÃo calculados o Valor Presente LÃquido e a Taxa Interna de Retorno para cada sistema escolhido, tendo como resultados o VPL negativo para o sistema fotovoltaico de 1,5 kW e positivo para os sistemas de 100 kW e 1 MW, e a TIR inferior a taxa de atratividade financeira para o sistema de 1,5 kW e superior para os demais sistemas fotovoltaicos analisados.