The aim of the final thesis Methods for IT investment evaluation and decision making is to verify relationship between strategy of the company its Enterprise Architecture and IT investments evaluation. To achieve the aim of the thesis is necessary to define the term of Enterprise Architecture and its relationship with IT Project Portfolio Management. The literature retrieval which follows after is focused on calculation of IT investment profitability and return. The calculation is very difficult due to intangible benefits which are one of the common goals of IT investments. The customer satisfaction, improve of the current business process or employees satisfaction are one of the examples of the intangible benefits. Cost/Benefit analysis is one of the methods depicted for calculation of the intangible benefits. Methods for decision support as Analytic Hierarchy Process are highlighted as the significant instrument. The risk analysis and simulation of the risk in IT investments decision making are also mentioned but according to the scope of thesis just very briefly. Major methods are used on the model example of the evaluation and decision making process to demonstrate the whole theoretical part of the thesis. The biggest added value of the final thesis is the deep analysis of the relationship between strategy of the company its Enterprise Architecture and IT investment evaluation. Entire final thesis should be used as the fundament for IT investment evaluation and decision making framework.

Regeringens    ambition    är    att    Sveriges    myndigheter,    kommuner    och    regioner    ska    vara    bäst    i    världen    på    att    använda    digitaliseringens    möjligheter.    Något    som    står    i    vägen    för    detta    mål    är    det    digitala    arvet    i    form    av    föråldrade    system    som    inte    kan    bytas    ut    på    grund    av    begränsade    ekonomiska    möjligheter.    Ett    sätt    att    hantera    det    digitala    arvet    kan    vara    innovation, som    exempelvis    kan    innefatta    RPA    (Robotic    Process    Automation).    Denna    digitala    innovation    tvingar    inte    organisationer    att    byta    ut    redan    existerande    mjukvarusystem    vilket    gör    att    det    kan    ses    som    en    enkel    lösning    för    offentlig    sektor.    För    att    underlätta    effektiviseringen    av    projekt    för    digital    innovation    kan    samverkan    mellan    verksamhet    och    IT    (Business    IT    Alignment:    BITA)    vara    avgörande.    Då    intressentgrupperna    medborgare    och    myndighet    oftast    involveras    i    studier    inom    den    offentliga    kontexten    upplever    vi    att    ytterligare    studier    behöver    göras    om    samverkan    mellan    interna    intressenter.    Litteraturen    kopplat    till    digital    innovation    inom    offentlig    sektor    fokuserar    främst    på    utmaningar som    byråkrati    och    lagar    vilka    är    svåra    att    förändra    och    mindre    på    interna    sociala    utmaningar.    Därför    behöver    fler    studier    utforska    utmaningar    kopplat    till    båda    dessa    faktorer.I    vår    kvalitativa    fallstudie    vill    vi    bidra    med    kunskap    om    olika    intressenters upplevelse    av    projekt    för    digital    innovation    inom    den    offentliga    sektorn.    Baserat    på    intressenternas    upplevelser    utforskar    studien    vilka    faktorer    som    kan    påverka    ett    sådant    projekts    fortgående    vilket    gör    att    vi    utgår    från    frågeställningarna;    Vad    finns    det för    utmaningar    i    projekt    för    digital    innovation    inom    offentlig    sektor? och    Vilken    betydelse    har    Business    IT    Alignment    i    ett    projekt    för    digital    innovation    inom    offentlig    sektor?. Det    studerade    fallet    är    en    svensk    myndighet    som    arbetar    med    att    införa    RPA    för    en    intern    process    vilket    vi    valt    att    kalla    för    ett    projekt    för    digital    innovation.    Datainsamlingen    har    gjorts    genom    semistrukturerade    intervjuer    med    intressenter    på    både    verksamhets- och    ITsidan    i    myndigheten.    Denna    data    har    sedan    analyserats    och    tolkats    genom    tematisk    analys    där    vi    tagit    fram    teman    utifrån    empirin    och    studiens    teoretiska    referensram.    De    slutsatser    vi    kunnat    dra    gällande    den    första    frågeställningen    är    att    de    utmaningar    som    finns    i    projekt    för    digital    innovation    inom    den    offentliga    sektorn    är    val    av    arbetsform,    riskavvisande    kultur och    bristande    Business    IT    Alignment. Slutsatsen    gällande    den    andra    frågeställningen    är    att    Business    IT    Alignment    har    stor    betydelse    i    projekt    för    digital    innovation    inom    offentlig    sektor.    Bristande    BITA    är    tillika    den    främsta    utmaningen    att    ta    hänsyn    till    när    det    kommer    till    att    lyckas    med    sådana    projekt.Studien    bidrar    med    insikter    kring    vilka    utmaningar    som    kan    finnas    för    projekt    för    digital    innovation    inom    offentlig    sektor    samt    vilken    betydelse    BITA    har    för sådana    projekt.    En    viktig    insikt    är    att    utmaningarna    Val    av    arbetsform och    Riskavvisande    kultur    leder    till    utmaningen    Bristande    BITA,    vilket    belyser    att    det    kan    finnas    relationer    mellan    olika    utmaningar.    Med    dessa    insikter    är    studiens    kunskapsbidrag    att    skapa    diskussion    och    väcka    nya    tankar    som    kan    hjälpa berörda verksamhetsaktiva    att    bättre    förstå    och    planera    liknande    projekt    som    involverar    digital    innovation.

The need for complex software to coordinate the activities of modern enterprises has become a necessity for their success. As business sectors are rapidly reshaped, organizations become global, and consumers have a seemingly endless degree of choice, these competitive conditions require software engineers to incorporate consumer values—personal judgments based on comparative, preferential experiences—into the design of such supporting software. Traditional modes of thinking, whose primary focus was often on economic value, are being left behind, as consumers are requiring more qualitative experiences than ever before. And while the impact of quantitative values on IT is readily seen and acknowledged within software engineering, such qualitative values, and in particular consumer values, have been researched to a lesser degree. To foster greater alignment between business and its supporting IT infrastructure, requirements engineers operating under such conditions need new means to both capture real preferences of consumers and then relate such preferences to requirements for next-generation software.  To address this problem, this thesis establishes a conceptual link between the preferences of consumers and system requirements by systematically accommodating the variations between them. It accomplishes this by following a design science research paradigm to support the development of the works' primary artifact—the Consumer Preference-aware Meta-Model (CPMM). CPMM is designed to improve alignment between business and IT by both capturing the real preferences of consumers and then relating such preferences to the requirements engineering process. It relies on research contributions within three areas in information systems—Business Strategy, Enterprise Architecture, and Requirements Engineering—whose relationships to consumer values have been under-researched and under-applied. These support the design and development of CPMM and its relevance to the problem area. The benefits it provides towards solving the problem are then exemplified in three demonstrations: via logical mappings between CPMM and a common approach to business strategy (strategy maps/balanced scorecards); the application of CPMM to generate requirements for a Patient Health Record (PHR) system; and an empirical study of the development of a consumer preference-based system for online education for foreign and domestic students at Swedish universities. / I moderna företag har behovet av komplex mjukvara för att samordna verksamheten blivit en nödvändighet för att uppnå framgång. Då branscher snabbt omformas, organisationer globaliseras och konsumenter ges till synes oändliga valmöjligheter; krävs att mjukvaruingenjörer införlivar konsumentvärden - personliga bedömningar baserade på jämförande förmånliga upplevelser - i utformningen av dylik stödjande mjukvara. Traditionella sätt att tänka, primärt fokuserade på ekonomiska värden; hamnar lätt på efterkälken eftersom konsumenterna i högre utsträckning kräver alltmer kvalitativa upplevelser. Och medan det kvantitativa genomslaget av IT lätt kan observears och bekräftas med mjukvaruvaruteknik; är forskning kring kvalitativa värden, särskilt konsumentvärden, betydligt ovanligare. För att underlätta överensstämmelsen mellan företag och dess stödjande IT-infrastruktur, måste kravställande ingenjörer som arbetar under dessa förhållanden hitta sätt att fånga konsumenternas verkliga preferenser, och sedan relatera dessa till kraven för nästa generations programvara. För att lösa detta problem, fastställer denna avhandling ett begreppsmässigt samband mellan konsumentpreferenser och systemkrav genom att systematiskt tillmötesgå och jämka skillnader mellan dem. Detta åstadkoms genom att använda ett designvetenskapligt forskningsparadigm som också är avhandlingens primära artefakt; the Consumer Preference-aware Meta-Model (CPMM). CPMM är utformat för att förbättra anpassningen mellan affärsmässighet och IT genom att fånga upp konsumenternas verkliga preferenser och relatera dessa till kravhanteringsprocessen. CPMM bygger på forskningsinsatser inom tre informationssystemområden; affärsstrategi, verksamhetsarkitektur och kravhantering; vars relation till kundvärdering hittills är tämligen outforskad. Dessa tre områden stödjer både utformning och utveckling av CPMM och dess relevans för problemområdet. Fördelarna med CPMM exemplifieras slutligen i tre demonstrationer: genom logiska mappningar mellan CPMM och redan etablerade tillvägagångssätt för affärsstrategier (strategikartor/balanserade styrkort); genom tillämpning av CPMM för att generera krav på patientjournalsystem (PHR); samt en empirisk studie av utvecklingen av en konsumentpreferensbaserat system för online-utbildning riktat till både utländska och svenska studenter vid svenska lärosäten.

Business-IT alignment (BITA) has clearly become more important over the last decade. However, considerable difficulties remain when attempting to achieve a mature level of BITA. Therefore, research efforts which have resulted in a number of theoretical models have been able to help in devising and applying supportive tools for assessing different components of BITA. However, most of these efforts have either been produced in Anglo-Saxon countries or have been based on specific experiences in those countries. Consequently, they have tended to ignore a number of factors which differ in nature due to variations in cultural contexts. However, organisational culture has been given little consideration. Societal and organisational cultural aspects of BITA are particularly important because the majority of BITA models tend to focus more on the efficiency and effectiveness of BITA components rather than on trying to create ways in which how BITA can be achieved or maintained in different contexts. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the impact of societal and organisational culture on achieving BITA and influencing its maturity. The main result is an extended BITA model developed originally by Luftman, known as; Luftman’s Strategic Alignment Maturity Model (SAM), which is influenced by the organisational culture perspective. The research method and process advocated by Peffers et al. (2007) is used in the thesis to design the extended-SAM, consisting of six activities. The first of these activities involves identifying specific problems. This is achieved by an extensive literature survey of theories related to BITA, an explorative study of the impact of organisational culture on BITA and a classification of the general limitations of BITA. The second activity concerns the requirement for definitions of the designed artifact. The third activity is then specified in terms of designing the artifact; i.e. an extended-SAM. The design is based on constructed hypotheses of the potential impact of organisational culture elements (based on Smit et al.’s model (2008) on BITA attributes (based on SAM), and followed by an empirical study of 6 multinational organisations, for testing the hypotheses. Following that, in the fourth activity, various processes for extending SAM are demonstrated in different seminars within the IT management group at DSV, in conference papers and in different seminars of the Swedish research School of Management and Information Technology (MIT) (Forskarskolan Management och IT. In the fifth activity, the extended-SAM model is evaluated in 5 multinational organisations to test its practicality and utility. In the last activity, a journal paper (Paper III in the thesis) is presented to summarise all the processes. The communication is also carried out through pre-licentiate and the licentiate seminars. The extended-SAM shows in the result of the thesis that organisational culture is a clear factor that should be considered while assessing and studying BITA maturity. In addition, by considering organisational culture, assessing BITA is clearly shown as being more accurate and as reflecting a more detailed picture of the organisation’s BITA.

No description available.

Strategic business and IT alignment assessment is growing in importance. Different assessment methods have been used to try to pursue the complexity of this dynamic and evolutionary alignment. Despite the fact that alignment is a real problem and a challenge of utmost importance, no consensus can be found on what alignment really is, how it should be measured in the organization in practice, or what measures should be taken to maintain and improve it. Consequently, the key question about how to assess and accomplish (define, identify, measure, maintain and improve) the strategic business and IT alignment is still a great unanswered challenge for many enterprises. In this thesis work, three main research questions were formulated: how can the validity and reliability of an alignment assessment method be improved, what are the dominant topics in the area of alignment, and how to facilitate the analysis of the business and IT governance alignment based on business process simulation and balanced scorecard methods. This is a composite thesis work that includes an introduction and six papers (paper A-F). The main contributions and results of this thesis are described in published and included technical papers. In papers A and B an alternative organization-wide approach and metamodel for assessing strategic business and IT alignment are proposed. Two case studies were performed applying the proposed approach. In paper C, a prioritized diagram of the most widely accepted strategic alignment model, with the purpose of categorizing the most important topics in the research area of strategic business and IT alignment is presented. One of the relevant topics that were identified is governance. In papers D, E and F, there are presented a business process simulation approach and a balanced scorecard method in order to facilitate the assessment of the business and IT governance alignment. An illustrative example of the simulation approach is presented in an appendix of this thesis. This research work aims to improve the decision-making process for business and IT managers at different levels in an enterprise by means of increasing the level of understanding and knowledge as well as by enhancing existing models and methods, for evaluating strategic business and IT alignment. / <p>QC 20101110</p>

The purpose of business-IT alignment is to optimise the relation between business and IT in order to maximise the business value of IT. Successful business-IT alignment can be enabled by business processes and e-processes functioning as adaptive mediators between business and IT systems. Business processes are the ways actors work in enterprises and collaborate in value networks, while e-processes support a flexible flow of information between IT systems and business processes. The overall goal of this thesis is to propose methods for business process and e-process design and evaluation for achieving alignment between enterprise goals and IT systems. The methods are based on model-driven approaches, using enterprise and software models. More precisely, the proposed methods can be used for designing models of business processes supporting the fulfilment of enterprise goals in the setting of a value network; for designing models of generic and reusable business processes that support the fulfilment of enterprise goals; for designing models of e-processes that support a flexible alignment of IT systems with business processes; and for evaluating the extent to which business processes are aligned with enterprise goals and IT systems. The result of the thesis can be used to support business and system designers with practical knowledge on how to align business and IT systems in order to create efficient, high-quality, flexible and innovative organisations. The research presented in this thesis has been carried out following the design science paradigm. This paradigm is characterised by the creation of new and innovative artefacts for solving general problems, and the evaluation of their benefits and drawbacks.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T19:00:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 etienne1.pdf: 913979 bytes, checksum: 5a8679404b0f4801aa38979fc0e330b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The primary objective of this work is to obtain a CIO¿s Critical Competencies model which could be applied to Brazilian CIO. This study was conducted by an explanatory research in a quantitative approach. Theoretical studies were done to understand CIO¿s environment, his identity, his career and organizational relationship. The analysis was based on six CIO¿s competencies models which describe how this professional could have a better performance. The intention of this approach was to provide a better understanding about the research problem. Then a meta-model was done as well as a survey. Once applied on Internet, the survey had 111 valid respondents, all Brazilian CIOs. To obtain the final model statistical factorial analysis was applied to the answers. Each identified factor in the model corresponds to a critical competency for Brazilian CIO. The model was submitted to hypotheses tests trying to establish what is the relation between each resultant factor and the time in the role for each respondent as well as his company size. This study has emerged a CIO critical competencies model to the Brazilian CIO, regarding his good performance. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a obtenção de um modelo de Competências Críticas que possa ser aplicado ao CIO brasileiro. Para isso foi realizada uma pesquisa de natureza explanatória por meio de abordagem quantitativa. Para atingir este objetivo, foram feitos estudos teóricos relacionados ao ambiente do CIO, sua identidade, seu desenvolvimento na carreira, bem como seu relacionamento com sua organização e com fornecedores. Para efeito de análise foi considerado nesta pesquisa um conjunto de seis modelos encontrados na literatura mundial que descrevem as competências necessárias ao desempenho profissional do CIO, buscando assim, obter-se um melhor entendimento do problema de pesquisa. A partir daí, foi proposto um metamodelo de competências críticas e elaborado um questionário, sendo este o instrumento de pesquisa que foi utilizado neste estudo. Aplicado o questionário a partir da Internet, obteve-se uma participação de 111 respondentes válidos, sendo todos CIOs brasileiros. Uma vez efetuada a coleta de dados, foram adotados testes estatísticos relativos à Análise Fatorial, com o propósito de obter-se um modelo definitivo. Neste modelo encontrado, cada fator identificado representa uma competência crítica para o CIO brasileiro. Foram também testadas hipóteses a partir do modelo identificado, apurando qual a relação existente entre a importância atribuída aos fatores resultantes e o tempo de atuação de cada respondente como CIO, bem como o porte das empresas em que atuou. Como resultado do estudo, estabeleceu-se um modelo de competências críticas aplicável ao CIO brasileiro, associado ao seu bom desempenho nas suas atribuições.

Submitted by paulo junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-02-23T18:50:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VREULS ETIENNE Competencias Criticas do CIO.pdf: 913979 bytes, checksum: 5a8679404b0f4801aa38979fc0e330b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by paulo junior(paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-02-23T18:51:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VREULS ETIENNE Competencias Criticas do CIO.pdf: 913979 bytes, checksum: 5a8679404b0f4801aa38979fc0e330b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-02-25T13:36:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VREULS ETIENNE Competencias Criticas do CIO.pdf: 913979 bytes, checksum: 5a8679404b0f4801aa38979fc0e330b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-28 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a obtenção de um modelo de Competências Críticas que possa ser aplicado ao CIO brasileiro. Para isso foi realizada uma pesquisa de natureza explanatória por meio de abordagem quantitativa. Para atingir este objetivo, foram feitos estudos teóricos relacionados ao ambiente do CIO, sua identidade, seu desenvolvimento na carreira, bem como seu relacionamento com sua organização e com fornecedores. Para efeito de análise foi considerado nesta pesquisa um conjunto de seis modelos encontrados na literatura mundial que descrevem as competências necessárias ao desempenho profissional do CIO, buscando assim, obter-se um melhor entendimento do problema de pesquisa. A partir daí, foi proposto um metamodelo de competências críticas e elaborado um questionário, sendo este o instrumento de pesquisa que foi utilizado neste estudo. Aplicado o questionário a partir da Internet, obteve-se uma participação de 111 respondentes válidos, sendo todos CIOs brasileiros. Uma vez efetuada a coleta de dados, foram adotados testes estatísticos relativos à Análise Fatorial, com o propósito de obter-se um modelo definitivo. Neste modelo encontrado, cada fator identificado representa uma competência crítica para o CIO brasileiro. Foram também testadas hipóteses a partir do modelo identificado, apurando qual a relação existente entre a importância atribuída aos fatores resultantes e o tempo de atuação de cada respondente como CIO, bem como o porte das empresas em que atuou. Como resultado do estudo, estabeleceu-se um modelo de competências críticas aplicável ao CIO brasileiro, associado ao seu bom desempenho nas suas atribuições. / The primary objective of this work is to obtain a CIO’s Critical Competencies model which could be applied to Brazilian CIO. This study was conducted by an explanatory research in a quantitative approach. Theoretical studies were done to understand CIO’s environment, his identity, his career and organizational relationship. The analysis was based on six CIO’s competencies models which describe how this professional could have a better performance. The intention of this approach was to provide a better understanding about the research problem. Then a meta-model was done as well as a survey. Once applied on Internet, the survey had 111 valid respondents, all Brazilian CIOs. To obtain the final model statistical factorial analysis was applied to the answers. Each identified factor in the model corresponds to a critical competency for Brazilian CIO. The model was submitted to hypotheses tests trying to establish what is the relation between each resultant factor and the time in the role for each respondent as well as his company size. This study has emerged a CIO critical competencies model to the Brazilian CIO, regarding his good performance.

Submitted by José Carlos Paula Correia (jcpcorreia@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-15T02:00:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao JC.pdf: 13814116 bytes, checksum: b31819ef74fce7aae7ed173f2d7402a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2013-05-20T13:26:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao JC.pdf: 13814116 bytes, checksum: b31819ef74fce7aae7ed173f2d7402a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-05-22T19:22:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao JC.pdf: 13814116 bytes, checksum: b31819ef74fce7aae7ed173f2d7402a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-22T19:22:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao JC.pdf: 13814116 bytes, checksum: b31819ef74fce7aae7ed173f2d7402a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-29 / O papel da Tecnologia da Informação (TI) no dia-a-dia das organizações torna-se cada vez mais importante e, consequentemente, o papel de seus profissionais. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal investigar a percepção dos profissionais de TI brasileiros acerca das competências essenciais que o principal executivo de TI (Chief Information Officer - CIO, em Inglês) atuante no mercado brasileiro deve ter para desempenhar adequadamente suas funções. O levantamento dessa percepção foi feito tendo por base a Teoria das Representações Sociais, por meio do método de evocação de palavras. Por intermédio da análise das percepções, foi possível identificar as competências e compará-las àquelas identificadas na literatura científica. / The role of Information Technology (IT) in organizations day-to-day activities becomes increasingly important and therefore the role of its professionals. The present study aims at investigating the perception of IT professionals about the core competencies the CIOs working in Brazil must have to adequately perform their duties. That perception will be obtained via the Theory of Social Representations, by using the words evoking method. Through the analysis of that perception, the study will identify the afore mentioned competencies and compare them to those identified in the literature.