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Impurity trapped excitons (ITEs) occurring in divalent ytterbium doped calcium and strontium fluoride crystals have been investigated by exploiting the radically different radiative decay rates of the lowest exciton state and higher excited states, utilizing a novel two-colour transient photoluminescence enhancement experiment. The ITE energy levels have been directly measured with the observation of sharp transitions occurring from the changes of states of the localized hole and broad bands associated with changes of state of the delocalized electrons. The dynamic behaviour under excitation by time delayed ultra-violet (UV) and infrared (IR) pulses has been observed allowing for the identification of excitation and decay pathways between the ITE states. The position and transition intensities of the sharp lines within the IR excitation spectrum have been successfully matched using a semi-empirical effective Hamiltonian crystal field model. In CaCaF₂:Yb²⁺ the lines occurring at 249 and 1145 cm⁻¹ were matched with the crystal field parameter B4 = 800 cm⁻¹ and the exchange parameter G3(fs) = 5900 cm⁻¹. In SrCaF₂:Yb²⁺ these lines were observed at 178 and 1284 cm⁻¹ and matched with B4 = 600 cm⁻¹ and G3(fs) = 7278 cm⁻¹. Local heating and direct absorption by intra-excitonic transitions are found to be the causes of the broad band observed in the spectrum and have been deconvolved by studying the dynamic behaviour of the monitored emission at different IR excitation frequencies. Through this modeling, higher lying ITE states have been identified occurring at 785 cm⁻¹ in SrCaF₂:Yb²⁺ and in between 740 - 820 cm⁻¹ in CaCaF₂:Yb²⁺. The dynamic model developed successfully simulates the temporal behaviour of the emission under IR excitation under a variety of parameters including IR fluence, excitation frequency, sample temperature and UV - IR pulse delay. Examination of the SrCaF₂:Yb²⁺ dynamic behaviour over a time scale of 100 ms shows UV driven trap population at a rate of approximately 3% per pulse, which are liberated and recycled to the Yb²⁺ ground state by the IR pulse. The two-colour technique is applied to MgCaF₂:Yb²⁺, a candidate for possible ITE emission. Temperature dependent emission spectra obtained under UV excitation indicates the possibility of an ITE state, independently populated from the 5d level of the Yb²⁺. Typical 5d emission is also observed from this system. Under IR excitation, liberation of shallow traps and possible local heating is observed. No ITE emission is conclusively found with IR probing.

根據國際貨幣基金會（International Monetary Fund, IMF）之資料顯示，服務業對一個國家在經濟發展上的貢獻比，已扮演愈來愈吃重的角色。為了因應此發展趨勢，從2006年起，政府部門便計畫能運用臺灣在「ICT科技平台」上的既有優勢，推動特定產業的科技化服務，以帶動服務產業及資訊科技產業升級。 科技化服務（IT-enabled Service, ITeS）一詞泛指善用資通訊尖端科技，提供客戶創新應用或服務，以滿足客戶需求，創造更大效益之模式。全球科技化服務業的運作，可概分為2種模式，分別為透過IT科技傳遞由人提供的服務（Services via IT, SvIT），以及科技本身就是一種服務（IT as a Services, ITaaS）。 本研究採用個案研究法，探討企業推動科技化服務的執行過程以及可能面臨的問題。以利豐集團於2000年投資電子商務的個案為例，應用所建議的科技化服務發展模型去分析個案公司從規劃、建置到營運等階段中所投入的資源及所配置的資產，並歸納出導入過程中的管理性議題，以及所衍生的資訊科技與企業競爭策略、科技化的機會與風險等相關議題。希望透過本研究結果，提供管理部門、服務產業以及資訊科技產業業者在推動以及導入科技化服務之參考。 / In recent years, International Monetary Fund (IMF) statistics show that the service sector’s importance in economic growth is more and more apparent. To cope with the trend, Taiwan government has been planning to elaborate Taiwan’s advantage in Information & Communication Technology (ICT) industry to promote ITeS since 2006, with the promotion and ITeS developing, the stakeholders are looking forward to create long-term revenue and expand this new information service market. IT-enabled Services (ITeS) can be defined as the combination of knowledge regarding certain specific areas and information technologies (IT), or the generation of new application ideas based on IT itself, to create innovative technology-based services, new business model and value added. There are two main groups of ITeS as follows: (1) Mode I: business process services delivered via IT, for example on-line banking, remote healthcare, and so on; and (2) Mode II: technology itself as a service, for example Software as a Service (SaaS). This research adopts case study as research method to discuss ITeS implementation and the potential challenges behind the scenes. By taking Li & Fung’s beta launch of the new business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce portal in August 2000 event as the single case, the study based on the proposed ITeS implementation process framework to review the case, the analysis result shows the IT assets, managerial assets and market assets through the proposal, the planning, the development and the operation phases, and generalizes the managerial issues about ITeS implementation, and the related IT and strategy, IT-enabled opportunities and risks topics. From the research findings, this research aims to provide a reference about the implementation and promotion of ITeS to those enterprises that are service firms or have interest in ITeS, as well as the ICT industry and the authority.

Compared to traditional business services, IT-enabled services provide more value to customers and providers by enabling traditional business services with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and delivering them via e-channels (i.e., Internet, Mobile networks). Although IT-enabled service systems help in co-creating value through collaboration with customers during service design and delivery, they raise challenges when we attempt to understand, design and produce innovative and intelligent IT-enabled services from a multi-disciplinary perspective by including businesses, technology and people for value addition and increasing benefits. Due to their social-technical nature and characteristics (i.e., Intangibility, Inseparability, Perishability, Simultaneity), IT-enabled services also lack common methods to systemize services driven by customer requirements and their satisfactions and co-produce them through ad-hoc collaboration. In this thesis, we propose a middle-out methodology to model, design and systemize advanced IT-enabled service driven by customer requirements and collaboration among all actors to jointly co-create service systems. From a multi-disciplinary perspective, the methodology relies on a multi-view models including a service system reference model, a requirement model and a collaboration model to ensure system flexibility and adaptability to requirement changes and take into account joint efforts and collaboration of all service actors. The reference model aims at a multi-disciplinary description of services (ontological, systematical and characteristic-based descriptions), and formalizing business knowledge related to different domains. As for the requirement model, customer needs are specified in common expressiveness language understandable by all service actors and made possible its top-down propagation throughout service lifecycle and among actors. The collaboration model advocates a data-driven approach, which increases busi-ness, technical and semantic interoperability and exhibits stability in comparison to business processes centric approaches. Finally, the collaboration hinges on de-livery channels expressed as data flows and encapsulating business artifacts as per which business rules are generated to invoke underlying software components.

Comparé aux services traditionnels du secteur tertiaire, les services facilités par les technologies de l'information et des communications (ITeS, à partir du sigle en anglais, IT-enabled Services) suscitent un intérêt croissant de clients et fournisseurs d'une part du fait de l’automatisation des processus et d'autre part grâce aux nouveaux canaux de communication (Internet, réseaux mobiles, …) que ces services supportent. De ce fait, les ITeS co-créent de la valeur ajoutée due à la collaboration entre les clients et les fournisseurs lors de la conception et la livraison de services. Cet enrichissement des services traditionnels conduit à une remise à plat des méthodes actuelles de conception de biens et de services. En effet, elles ne permettent pas de répondre aux exigences imposées par ce contexte de collaboration multidisciplinaire qui intègrent les entreprises, les technologies de l'information et de la communication et les acteurs sociaux. Les caractéristiques intrinsèques des services (à savoir, l'intangibilité, l'inséparabilité, la périssabilité, la simultanéité) et leur nature sociotechnique requière à la fois une méthodologie de conception globale dirigée par les exigences des clients en vue de leur satisfaction et une approche systémique prenant en compte la dimension collaborative, le cycle de vie des services et les changements organisationnels, métiers et technologiques. Pour faire face à ces enjeux, nous proposons une méthodologie descendante pour modéliser et concevoir un système de services dirigé par les exigences des clients et supportant la collaboration entre tous les acteurs afin de permettre la co-création de ce système. Notre méthodologie repose sur une approche pluridisciplinaire et offre un ensemble de modèles interconnectés (modèle de référence de service, modèle d’exigence et modèle de collaboration) ce qui permet d’une part de donner de la flexibilité au système et de la rendre adaptable en cas de changements des exigences et d’autre part de supporter la collaboration entre tous les acteurs. Le modèle de référence offre une description des différentes dimensions du système de services (ontologique, caractéristiques et systémique) et explicite ainsi les connaissances liées aux domaines différents. En se basant sur le modèle d’exigences, les besoins du client sont spécifiés dans un langage commun et compréhensible par tous les acteurs. Ceci permet leur propagation dans tout le cycle de vie de service et leur diffusion à tous les acteurs. Le modèle de collaboration préconise une approche guidée par les données - une approche opposée aux processus métiers collaboratifs traditionnels - ce qui favorise l'interopérabilité technique et sémantique et augmente la stabilité du système face aux changements. Enfin, La collaboration s’appuie sur les canaux de communication qui engendrent des flux d'objets métiers selon lesquels des règles d'affaires sont générées afin d’invoquer les composants logiciels sous-jacents. / Compared to traditional business services, IT-enabled services provide more value to customers and providers by enabling traditional business services with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and delivering them via e-channels (i.e., Internet, Mobile networks). Although IT-enabled service systems help in co-creating value through collaboration with customers during service design and delivery, they raise challenges when we attempt to understand, design and produce innovative and intelligent IT-enabled services from a multi-disciplinary perspective by including businesses, technology and people for value addition and increasing benefits. Due to their social-technical nature and characteristics (i.e., Intangibility, Inseparability, Perishability, Simultaneity), IT-enabled services also lack common methods to systemize services driven by customer requirements and their satisfactions and co-produce them through ad-hoc collaboration. In this thesis, we propose a middle-out methodology to model, design and systemize advanced IT-enabled service driven by customer requirements and collaboration among all actors to jointly co-create service systems. From a multi-disciplinary perspective, the methodology relies on a multi-view models including a service system reference model, a requirement model and a collaboration model to ensure system flexibility and adaptability to requirement changes and take into account joint efforts and collaboration of all service actors. The reference model aims at a multi-disciplinary description of services (ontological, systematical and characteristic-based descriptions), and formalizing business knowledge related to different domains. As for the requirement model, customer needs are specified in common expressiveness language understandable by all service actors and made possible its top-down propagation throughout service lifecycle and among actors. The collaboration model advocates a data-driven approach, which increases busi-ness, technical and semantic interoperability and exhibits stability in comparison to business processes centric approaches. Finally, the collaboration hinges on de-livery channels expressed as data flows and encapsulating business artifacts as per which business rules are generated to invoke underlying software components.