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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
541

Microbiota development and mucosal IgA responses during childhood in health and allergic disease

Dzidic, Majda 02 September 2019 (has links)
[ES] Antecedentes: Los patrones de colonización microbiana alterados durante la infancia pueden ser en parte responsables del aumento de enfermedades alérgicas en los países desarrollados. La microbiota intestinal difiere en composición y diversidad durante los primeros meses de vida en niños que luego desarrollan o no una enfermedad alérgica. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre la importancia de las respuestas inmunitarias tempranas de la mucosa a la microbiota intestinal en el desarrollo de alergias infantiles. Además, los estudios con respecto al efecto protector de la microbiota de la leche materna en el riesgo de desarrollar alergias no han sido concluyentes. Aunque la cavidad bucal es el primer lugar de encuentro entre la mayoría de los antígenos exógenos y el sistema inmunológico, no existen datos sobre la influencia de las bacterias orales en el desarrollo de alergias durante la infancia. Objetivos: El objetivo general de esta tesis fue evaluar la composición y diversidad microbiana en muestras orales, intestinales y de leche materna, junto con su interacción con IgA, para estudiar el papel de la colonización microbiana durante edades tempranas de la vida en condiciones de salud y de enfermedad alérgica. Sujetos: Los bebés y las madres incluidas en este estudio forman parte del ensayo aleatorio doble ciego más grande de Suecia, entre 2001 y 2003, donde se evaluaron los posibles efectos preventivos sobre la alergia de Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 hasta los 2 y 7 años. En esta tesis, utilizamos muestras de heces recogidas a los 1 y 12 meses, y muestras orales de bebés, obtenidas longitudinalmente a los 3, 6, 12, 24 meses y 7 años. Además, analizamos muestras de leche materna, recogidas a un mes después del parto de las madres correspondientes. Métodos: Se utilizaron tecnologías de secuenciación de segunda generación dirigidas al gen 16S rARN, en combinación con citometría de células marcadas por fluorescencia, para abordar las respuestas de IgA de la mucosa hacia las bacterias intestinales y de la leche materna. Además, se utilizó la secuenciación del gen 16S para describir la colonización oral de la microbiota, en muestras de saliva, de niños que desarrollaron alergias o de aquellos que se mantuvieron sanos. Los niveles de carga bacteriana en diferentes hábitats microbianos se obtuvieron mediante la metodología de qPCR y los niveles totales de IgA de las muestras de heces se determinaron mediante inmuno-ensayo ELISA. Resultados y conclusión: La colonización de la cavidad bucal durante la infancia temprana es progresiva, aumenta en complejidad con el tiempo, y varios factores externos parecen influir en gran medida en la maduración de la microbiota oral, ya sea con un impacto a corto o largo plazo. Los cambios tempranos en la composición microbiana oral parecen influir en la maduración inmune y el desarrollo de alergias en la infancia, y la presencia de especies bacterianas específicas puede ser importante para este proceso. Además, las respuestas de IgA alteradas hacia la microbiota intestinal durante la infancia precedieron a las manifestaciones de asma y alergia durante los primeros 7 años de vida, y el consumo de leche materna con una riqueza microbiana reducida en el primer mes de vida puede aumentar el riesgo de desarrollar alergia durante la infancia. Los hallazgos observados en la presente tesis deben confirmarse en cohortes más grandes y la importancia de los factores ambientales postnatales para el desarrollo temprano de la microbiota debe abordarse más a fondo. Las investigaciones futuras deben ir más allá de la caracterización de la composición de la comunidad bacteriana e investigar los mecanismos funcionales entre los microorganismos colonizadores tempranos, la maduración inmunitaria y la alergia, así como el desarrollo del asma durante la infancia. / [CAT] Antecedents: S'ha proposat que els patrons de colonització microbiana alterats durant la infància podrien ser en part els responsables de l'augment de malalties al·lèrgiques als països desenvolupats. La microbiota intestinal difereix en composició i diversitat durant els primers mesos de vida en els nens que després van desenvolupar una malaltia al·lèrgica. No obstant això, poc es sap sobre la importància de les respostes immunes de la mucosa a la microbiota intestinal en el desenvolupament d'al·lèrgies infantils. A més, les investigacions amb relació a l'efecte protector de la microbiota de la llet materna en el risc de desenvolupar al·lèrgies no han sigut concloents. Encara que la cavitat bucal és el primer lloc de trobada entre la majoria dels gèneres externs i el sistema immunològic, encara no s'ha descobert la influència dels bacteris en el desenvolupament d'una al·lèrgia durant la infància. Objectius: L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi va ser avaluar la composició microbiana i la diversitat de mostres orals, fecals i llet materns, juntament amb la seva interacció amb IgA, per estudiar el paper del desenvolupament microbià durant el període de la infància primerenca a la salut i la malaltia al·lèrgica. Subjectes: Les mares i xiquets inclosos en aquest estudi formen part d'un estudi aleatori doble-cec a Suècia, entre el 2001 i el 2003, on es van avaluar els possibles efectes preventius de la suplementació amb Lactobacillus ATCC 55730 fins als 2 i 7 anys. En aquesta tesi, s'utilitzaren mostres de bebès arreplegades longitudinalment, obtinguts a 1 i 12 mesos, 3, 6, 12, 24 mesos i 7 anys, respectivament. A més, s'analitzaren les mostres de llet materna, arreplegades a un mes postpart de les corresponents mares. Mètodes: S'han utilitzat tecnologies de seqüenciació de nova generació dirigides al ARNr 16S, en combinació amb la classificació de les cèl·lules activades, per abordar les respostes de la mucosa cap als bacteris intestinals i de la llet materna. A més, s'utilitzà la seqüenciació d'Illumina MiSeq del gen 16S per descriure la colonització microbiana oral, i es van obtenir mostres longitudinals de saliva de menuts que varen desenvolupar al·lèrgies i d'alguns que es van mantenir saludables. Els nivells de càrrega bacteriana en diferents nínxols microbians s'han obtingut mitjançant la metodologia de qPCR i els nivells totals d'IgA de les mostres fecals es determinaren mitjançant l'immunoassaig ELISA. Resultats i conclusions: La colonització de la cavitat bucal durant la primera infància és transitòria, augmenta la seva complexitat amb el temps, i diversos factors externs influeixen en gran mesura el procés de maduració de la microbiota oral, amb un impacte a curt i llarg termini. Els canvis primerencs en la composició microbiana oral pareixen influir en la maduració del sistema immunològic i el desenvolupament d'al·lèrgies a la infància, així com la presència d'espècies bacterianes específiques pot ser important per a aquest progrés. A més, les respostes d'IgA alterades cap a la microbiota intestinal durant la infància precedeixen a les manifestacions relatives a la malaltia asmàtica i al·lèrgiques durant els primers 7 anys de vida. Per altra banda, el consum de llet materna amb una microbiota de riquesa reduïda al primer mes de vida podria augmentar el risc de desenvolupar al·lèrgia durant la infància. Els resultats observats en aquest estudi haurien de confirmar-se en cohorts humanes més grans i la importància dels factors ambientals post natals que influeixen en el desenvolupament de la microbiota primerenca han de ser més estudiats. Les investigacions futures deuen anar més enllà de la caracterització de la composició de la comunitat bacteriana i investigar els mecanismes funcionals entre els microorganismes colonitzadors primerencs, la maduració del sistema immunològic i el desenvolupament de l'al·lèrgia i l'asma durant la in / [EN] Background: It has been proposed that altered microbial colonization patterns during infancy may be partly responsible for the increase of allergic diseases in developed countries. The gut microbiota differs in composition and diversity during the first months of life in children who later do or do not develop allergic disease. However, little is known about the significance of early mucosal immune responses to the gut microbiota in childhood allergy development, and the findings regarding the protective effect of breastmilk microbiota in the risk of allergy development have been inconclusive. Furthermore, even though the oral cavity is the first site of encounter between a majority of foreign antigens and the immune system, the influence of oral bacteria on allergy development during childhood has not yet been reported. Objectives: The general aim of this thesis was to assess the microbial composition and diversity of oral, fecal and breastmilk samples, together with its interaction with IgA, in order to study the role of microbial development during early childhood in health and allergic disease. Subjects: The infants and mothers included in this study were part of a larger randomized double-blind trial in Sweden, between 2001 and 2003, where potential allergy preventive effects of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 were evaluated until 2 and 7 years of age. In this thesis, we used longitudinally collected stool and oral samples from infants, obtained at 1 and 12 months and 3, 6, 12, 24 months and 7 years of age, respectively. Furthermore, we analyzed breastmilk samples, collected at one month post partum, from the corresponding mothers. Methods: Next-generation sequencing technologies targeting the 16S rRNA gene, in combination with cell activated cell sorting, were used in order to address mucosal IgA responses towards gut and breastmilk bacteria. Furthermore, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used in order to describe oral microbiota colonization, in longitudinally obtained saliva samples, from children developing allergy or staying healthy. Bacterial load levels in different microbial habitats were obtained by qPCR methodology and total IgA levels of stool samples were determined by ELISA immunoassays. Results and conclusion: Colonization of the oral cavity during early childhood is transitional, increasing in complexity with time, and several external factors appear to greatly influence oral microbiota maturation, having either a short or a long-term impact. Early changes in oral microbial composition seem to influence immune maturation and allergy development in childhood, and the presence of specific bacterial species may be important for this progress. Furthermore, altered IgA responses towards the gut microbiota during infancy preceded asthma and allergy manifestations during the first 7 years of life, and consumption of breastmilk with a reduced microbial richness in the first month of life may increase the risk for allergy development during childhood. Findings observed here need to be confirmed in larger cohorts and the importance of postnatal environmental factors for early microbiota development should be addressed further. Future research should go beyond characterization of bacterial community composition and investigate the functional mechanisms between early colonizing microorganisms, immune maturation and allergy and asthma development during childhood. / Dzidic, M. (2019). Microbiota development and mucosal IgA responses during childhood in health and allergic disease [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/125479 / TESIS
542

Measles immunization coverage and dropout rate on children between 6 months and 14 years in the City of Tshwane, Hammanskraal

Mogotsi, Charmaine Koketso 06 1900 (has links)
Measles is a highly contagious virus that can affect the entire population if an effective immunisation programme is not in place. This study was aimed at determining the measles immunisation coverage and the dropout rate among children aged between 6 months and 14 years and at assessing factors associated with caregivers’ knowledge and perception of, and attitude towards the measles immunisation programme. Between 14 May 2018 and 31 July 2018, a descriptive, cross-sectional study design was conducted using simple random sampling to sample 381 caregivers of children at nine public health facilities at Tshwane Sub-district 2, Hammanskraal town. Data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire and observational checklist, and analysed using IBM SPSS version 23.0. Overall, the measles immunization coverage was 95.8% (365/381) and the MCV1-MCV2 dropout rate was 4.1%. The association between educational level and employment status (correlation coefficient=0.157**, p=0.0002), measles knowledge (correlation coefficient=-0.244**, p=0.000), immunization importance (correlation coefficient=-0.194**, p=0.000) and measles vaccine schedule (correlation coefficient=-0.138**, p=0.007) were found to be significant at p<0.05. The findings in this study revealed that caregivers’ positive attitude towards, and knowledge of measles immunisation programme resulted in high measles immunisation coverage and low dropout rate. It is recommended that continuous positive immunisation education about the benefits and importance be emphasized in order to increase immunisation uptake. / Health Studies / M. P. H.
543

Rôle de CD73 dans la fonction et la transformation des lymphocytes B ainsi que dans le métabolisme cellulaire

Allard, David 08 1900 (has links)
L’axe adénosinergique est au cœur de divers processus pathophysiologiques. L’enzyme CD73 joue un rôle pivot dans la génération de l’adénosine en catalysant la déphosphorylation de l’adénosine monophosphate. L’adénosine contribue à un éventail large de processus biologiques et pathologiques, principalement via l’activation de récepteurs transmembranaires. L’adénosine est principalement reconnue pour son activité régulatrice des cellules immunitaires et CD73 pour son rôle dans l’accumulation de l’adénosine dans le microenvironnement tumoral. En effet, en altérant la réponse immunitaire anti-tumorale via l’inhibition des fonctions effectrices de divers types de cellules immunes, CD73 et l’adénosine sont fréquemment associés à la progression tumorale et s’inscrivent comme cibles thérapeutiques intéressantes. Les rôles de CD73 et l’adénosine dans d’autres processus immunitaires physiologiques ne sont pas tous aussi bien compris, notamment concernant les processus d’immunisations. En utilisant un modèle murin d’immunisation contre le pneumocoque, cette thèse démontre un rôle positif, mais non essentiel, de CD73 et de l’adénosine dans la commutation isotypique des lymphocytes B et la génération d’une immunité protectrice contre l’infection au S. pneumoniae. Cette découverte est pertinente au développement de stratégies thérapeutiques afin d’augmenter l’efficacité d’immunisation dépendante des cellules B, plus particulièrement chez les populations à risque en bas âge. Ensuite, alors que la modulation de l’axe adénosinergique, notamment via l’inhibition de CD73, est une avenue thérapeutique étudiée dans divers contextes de tumeurs solides, ce potentiel thérapeutique demeure largement inexploré dans des modèles de néoplasmes sanguins. En utilisant un modèle de souris transgénique de leucémie spontanée, cette thèse démontre un rôle pro-tumorigénique, avec un biais sexuel, de CD73 dans la leucémie lymphoïde chronique des lymphocytes B (LLC), via l’altération de l’immunité anti-tumorale. Enfin, alors que les rôles immunosuppressifs de CD73 et l’adénosine sont bien décrits, leurs activités pro-tumorigéniques qui s’étendent au-delà de l’immunité anti-tumorale sont peu connues. En accord avec la littérature, cette thèse explore plusieurs hypothèses selon lesquelles CD73 module l’activité métabolique mitochondriale des cellules cancéreuses. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse suggèrent un rôle pro-tumorigénique à l’enzyme CD73, indépendant de la signalisation adénosinergique et de l’inhibition de l’immunité anti-tumorale, qui favorise la flexibilité métabolique et plus particulièrement la respiration mitochondriale des cellules cancéreuses, via la voie de récupération de la biosynthèse du nicotinamide (NAD+). En résumé, cette thèse apporte plusieurs précisions quant aux rôles biologiques de l’enzyme CD73 qui sont pertinents à l’immunisation dépendante des lymphocytes B, à la pathogénèse de la LLC ainsi qu’à la régulation de l’activité métabolique des cellules cancéreuses. Cette thèse offre de nouvelles pistes de réflexion quant au potentiel thérapeutique que renferme l’axe adénosinergique et plus particulièrement CD73, en approfondissant nos connaissances quant à l’éventail de ses fonctions. / The adenosinergic axis is central to a plethora of pathophysiological processes. The enzyme CD73 is key to the generation of adenosine by catalyzing the dephosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate. Adenosine’s contribution to biological and pathological processes is mainly carried through the activation of transmembrane receptors. Adenosine is mostly appreciated for its regulatory activity on a variety of immunes cells whereas CD73 is often referred to the enzyme responsible for adenosine accumulation within tumor microenvironment. Thus, by hindering antitumoral immune responses, CD73 and adenosine are frequently associated with cancer progression and targeting these offers great therapeutic potential in clinic. CD73 and adenosine’s role in other immune physiological processes are not fully understood, notably regarding immunization processes. Using a murine model of pneumococcal immunization, this thesis herein demonstrates a positive, but non-essential, role for CD73 and adenosine in B cells’ isotype class switching required to protective immunity against S. pneumoniae. This finding is particularly relevant to the development of novel strategies aimed at enhancing B cell-dependent immunization in high-risk populations such as young infants. While targeting the adenosinergic axis, particularly CD73, was extensively proven efficient in restoring antitumor immunity in many solid tumor contexts, its therapeutic potential in blood neoplastic malignancies remain largely unexplored. Using a transgenic mouse model of spontaneous leukemia, this thesis identifies a sex-oriented pro-tumorigenic role for CD73 in favoring B cells chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) progression, through the inhibition of antitumor immunity. Finally, while immunosuppression by CD73 and adenosine is well described in cancer, other immune-independent pro-tumorigenic roles of CD73 are poorly understood. In accordance with literature, this thesis explores various hypotheses by which CD73 regulates cancer cells’ mitochondrial metabolic activity. Results presented herein suggest an immune- and adenosine signaling-independent pro-tumorigenic function for CD73 in favoring cancer cells’ metabolic flexibility and more particularly mitochondrial respiration through the nicotinamide (NAD+) salvage biosynthesis pathway. In sum, this thesis brings many insights into CD73’s biological functions relevant to B cells-dependent immunization, in CLL pathogenesis and in cancer cells’ metabolic activity. By expanding our knowledge of the extend of CD73’s biological functions, this thesis further discusses novel potential therapeutic opportunities.
544

The lived experience of obtaining required childhood vaccinations from Latino immigrants’ perspective

deRose, Barbara Sue 07 July 2014 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Vaccinations are an important step in preventing childhood illnesses and disease outbreaks in the community. Complete immunizations before school assure eligibility for enrollment and protect children against severe illness. The fact that foreign-born children of Latino immigrants face health disparities in receiving vaccinations is well documented. However, there is little information in the literature about the actual experience of immigrants facing the complexities of the health system, and through their eyes, which factors ultimately affect vaccination rates of immigrant Latino children. The purpose of this study is to give voice to Latino immigrant families who have recently immigrated to the United States, in terms of the issues they encountered when engaging the health care system for vaccinations.
545

The utilisation of routine statistical data submitted to the Department of Health by local authority primary health care clinics in Kwazulu Natal

Fetter, Helen Ann Robertson 11 1900 (has links)
The collection and utilisation of statistical data is an integral component of rendering primary health care services. This study aimed to assess the utilisation of statistics on certain statistical forms submitted regularly to the Department of Health, by professional nurses at local authority primary health care clinics. Results revealed the following important shortcomings: • Statistics on different forms are viewed in isolation, resulting in a lack of necessary comparisons being made to determine trends. • Several targeted issues in the Reconstruction and Development Programme received insufficient attention, for example, immunisations, teenage pregnancies, tuberculosis treatment, sexually transmitted diseases. • A general managerial inability to analyse, display and utilise collected data by professional nurses. Recommendations centred around increasing the knowledge regarding maternal health care, more focus on prioritised areas of the Reconstruction and Development Programme, appropriate training regarding analysis and utilisation of collected statistics at local primary health care level. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing)
546

The utilisation of routine statistical data submitted to the Department of Health by local authority primary health care clinics in Kwazulu Natal

Fetter, Helen Ann Robertson 11 1900 (has links)
The collection and utilisation of statistical data is an integral component of rendering primary health care services. This study aimed to assess the utilisation of statistics on certain statistical forms submitted regularly to the Department of Health, by professional nurses at local authority primary health care clinics. Results revealed the following important shortcomings: • Statistics on different forms are viewed in isolation, resulting in a lack of necessary comparisons being made to determine trends. • Several targeted issues in the Reconstruction and Development Programme received insufficient attention, for example, immunisations, teenage pregnancies, tuberculosis treatment, sexually transmitted diseases. • A general managerial inability to analyse, display and utilise collected data by professional nurses. Recommendations centred around increasing the knowledge regarding maternal health care, more focus on prioritised areas of the Reconstruction and Development Programme, appropriate training regarding analysis and utilisation of collected statistics at local primary health care level. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing)

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