The question of how to design efficient environmental policies has become one of the most important questions of our time, but finding the answer it is not easy. Simple models of environmental regulation do not take into account the complexity of real markets. One aspect that is sometimes ignored is the market structure of the regulated industry. This critical review of the literature shows that market structure can both influence and be influenced by environmental regulation and that determining the optimal environmental policy is complicated.

Esta investigación respecto a la adquisición de aspecto es una de las pocas realizadas en un programa de inmersión. / En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un estudio realizado con el fin de investigar la adquisición del aspecto verbal por estudiantes de inmersión de noveno grado. El análisis se basó en narrativas de ficción y personales. En una primera etapa, no sólo los participantes escribieron dos narrativas, una de ficción y otra personal, sino también llevaron a cabo una narrativa personal oral. Posteriormente, completaron dos narrativas (una personal y otra de ficción), eligiendo entre el pretérito y el imperfecto. El estudio muestra que los alumnos tienen un alto grado de exactitud en el uso del pretérito y del imperfecto, a la vez que descubre que el marcador por defecto pudiera ser el imperfecto tanto en narrativas de ficción como personales.

Cognitive radios is one of the hot topics for emerging and future wireless commu- nication. It has been proposed as a suitable solution for the spectrum scarcity caused by the increase in frequency demand. The concept is based on allowing unlicensed users, called cognitive or secondary users, to share the unoccupied frequency bands with their owners, called the primary users, under constraints on the interference they cause to them. The objective of our work is to propose some enhancements to cognitive radio systems while taking into account practical constraints. Cogni- tive radios requires a capability to detect spectrum holes (spectrum sensing) and a scheduling flexibility to avoid the occupied spectrum and selectively use the empty spectrum (dynamic resource allocation). Thus, the work is composed of two main parts. The first part focuses on cooperative spectrum sensing. We compute in this part the analytical performance of cooperative spectrum sensing under non identical and imperfect channels. Different schemes are considered for the cooperation between users such as hard binary, censored information, quantized, and soft information. The second part focuses on the dynamic resource allocation. We first propose low-cost re- source allocation algorithms that use location information to estimate the interference to primary users to replace absence of instantaneous channel state information. We extend these algorithms to handle practical implementation constraints such as dis- 5 crete bit-loading and collocated subcarriers allocations. We then propose a reduced dimension approach based on the grouping of subcarriers into clusters and performing the resource allocation over clusters of subcarriers instead of single subcarriers. This approach is shown to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm with lim- ited performance loss. In addition, it is valid for a generic set of resource allocation problems in presence of co-channel interference between users.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第18638号 / 経博第500号 / 新制||経||271(附属図書館) / 31552 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 照山 博司, 教授 柴田 章久, 准教授 敦賀 貴之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

The Law of One Price (LOP) is one of the most frequently tested economic laws. In simple terms the LOP states that once price is converted to a common currency, the same goods should sell for the same price in different countries. We have extracted the data from the price comparison website PriceSpy over seven different countries to analyze the trend in price dispersion. The methodologies we have used were regression for comparison of three different country pairs along with descriptive statistics to analyze the price dispersion trends related to the exchange rate. We concluded that there are many factors to make the fluctuation in prices and deny the LOP.

This thesis investigates the use of Bayesian analysis upon an opponent¿s behaviour in order to determine the desired goals or strategy used by a given adversary. A terrain analysis approach utilising the A* algorithm is investigated, where a probability distribution between discrete behaviours of an opponent relative to a set of possible goals is generated. The Bayesian analysis of agent behaviour accurately determines the intended goal of an opponent agent, even when the opponent¿s actions are altered randomly. The environment of Poker is introduced and abstracted for ease of analysis. Bayes¿ theorem is used to generate an effective opponent model, categorizing behaviour according to its similarity with known styles of opponent. The accuracy of Bayes¿ rule yields a notable improvement in the performance of an agent once an opponent¿s style is understood. A hybrid of the Bayesian style predictor and a neuroevolutionary approach is shown to lead to effective dynamic play, in comparison to agents that do not use an opponent model. The use of recurrence in evolved networks is also shown to improve the performance and generalizability of an agent in a multiplayer environment. These strategies are then employed in the full-scale environment of Texas Hold¿em, where a betting round-based approach proves useful in determining and counteracting an opponent¿s play. It is shown that the use of opponent models, with the adaptive benefits of neuroevolution aid the performance of an agent, even when the behaviour of an opponent does not necessarily fit within the strict definitions of opponent ¿style¿. / Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)

Finding strategies for games have been of interest tohumans throughout history. With the advancement of technologyand the way the financial market is compounded, enormous timeand resources are spent on modelling real world problems asgames and searching for strategies modelled to enhance produc-tivity and rule out inefficiencies. This thesis aims to investigate the existence of strategies that would allow players (agents)to complete common objectives when one category of agentsalready have a given strategy. This is done through studyingan example and investigating the application and implicationof the introduction of an abstraction function. The performedstudy concluded that if such a function could be more rigorouslymathematically formulated, it could increase the effectiveness ofstrategy searches and synthesis in the field. / Människor har alltid varit intresserade avatt hitta strategier för spel. I och med teknikens utveckling ochfinansmarknadens uppbyggnad läggs enorm tid och resurser påatt modellera verkliga problem som spel och söka efter strategierför att öka produktiviteten och minska ineffektivitet. Syftet medrapporten är att undersöka om det finns strategier som gör detmöjligt för spelarna (agenterna) att uppnå gemensamma mål nären kategori av agenter redan har en given strategi. Detta görsgenom att studera ett exempel och undersöka tillämpningar ochkonsekvenserna av att införa en abstraktionsfunktion. I studiendrogs slutsatsen att om en sådan funktion kunde formulerasstrikt matematiskt skulle den kunna öka effektiviteten i strate-gisökningar inom området. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2022, KTH, Stockholm

This dissertation is a collection of essays on intellectual property rights and optimal product selection when innovation occurs sequentially. One of the highlights of this dissertation has been to show the possibility of full rent extraction by the patent holder when uncertainty in litigation is taken into consideration. The result of the theoretical model has practical policy implication regarding the design of an optimal patent system. The other highlight of this dissertation is to show the coexistence of maximal and minimal product differentiation in a sequentially growing market. This result sheds light on the simulation of a multi-dimensional product space. Brief Summaries of Chapters: Chapter 1 presents a survey of the historical, legal, and economic aspects of patents. The emphasis in this survey is to recognize the crucial elements in the current patent law practice and to initiate research projects thereof. Chapter 2 considers a model of sequential innovation in which patent infringement occurs and the outcome of litigation is uncertain. By recognizing the "diminishing returns to litigation" exhibited in the winning probability distribution function for the plaintiff, it is shown that a basic researcher holding a patent is able to extract all the profit facilitated by the basic innovation. More intriguingly, under rather general circumstances, broader patent breadth may diminish the patent holder's incentive to innovate. Chapter 3 extends the previous model to include a rule on the reasonable royalty to determine the damage award. In addition to the full rent extraction results, the extended model further reveals that the second innovator has incentive to "invent around" with close imitation or "invent enough" with a much improved product. Comparative statics with respect to parameters of litigation cost and granted patent breadth are performed. Among other things, it is demonstrated that an increase in patent breadth, and an increase of litigation costs may neutralize each other. Chapter 4 analyzes a model of two-dimensional product differentiation in which sequential entry occurs and the potential entrant outperforms the incumbent in innovating a new dimension. For a three-stage entry-variety-price duopoly, a unique subgame-perfect equilibrium is obtained and fully characterized. Most importantly, the entrant will completely utilize its capacity to innovate and achieve the principle of maximum differentiation with respect to the innovated variety. However, it is shown that with a sequentially growing product space, firms will not choose extreme opposite positions in all dimensions in order to soften price competition; the principle of minimum differentiation persists with respect to the traditional variety. / Ph. D.

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