Este estudo consiste em uma análise sobre as formas de inserção da habitação popular no tecido urbano de Salvador. Compreende como os conjuntos habitacionais se relacionam com o seu contexto urbano adjacente e com a cidade. Para isso, pesquisamos nos conjuntos habitacionais: Vilar Viver Melhor, Loteamento Vale das Dunas e Jardim Nova Primavera, estes conjuntos estão localizados em diferentes áreas de Salvador, o que permite um recorte analítico comparativo entre as três realidades. O estudo também compreende as investidas dos agentes do capital financeiro nos programas habitacionais populares. / This study analyses the process of popular houses\' insertion in the urban tissue of Salvador. Consists in how the habitational groups interact with its urban neighborhood and with the whole city. The sites studied was Vilar Viver Melhor, Loteamento Vale das Dunas e Jardim Nova Primavera. They are located in different areas in Salvador what permits an analysis among the three realities. The study encloses too the financial investiments in popular houses programs.

No description available.

Knowledge of the distribution of fitness effects of new mutations (DFE) can enable us to quantify the amount of genetic change between species that is driven by natural selection and contributes to adaptive evolution. The primary focus of this thesis is the study of methods to infer the DFE and the study of adaptive evolution in the house mouse subspecies Mus musculus castaneus. Firstly, I extended previous methodology to model the DFE based on polymorphism data. Methods that have previously been used to infer the DFE from polymorphism data have relied on the assumption of a unimodal distribution. I developed new models that can be used to fit DFEs of arbitrary complexity, and found that multimodality can be detected by these models given enough data. I used these new models to analyse polymorphism data from Drosophila melanogaster and M. m. castaneus, and found evidence for a unimodal DFE for D. melanogaster and a bimodal DFE for M. m. castaneus. Secondly, I investigated the contribution of change in coding and non-coding DNA to evolutionary adaptation. I used a polymorphism dataset of ~80 loci from M. m. castaneus sequenced in 15 individuals to investigate selection in protein-coding genes and putatively regulatory DNA close to these genes. I found that, although protein-coding genes are much more selectively constrained than non-coding DNA, they experience similar rates of adaptive substitution. These results suggest that change in functional non-coding DNA sequences might be as important as protein-coding genes to evolutionary adaptation. Thirdly, I used whole genome data from 10 M. m. castaneus individuals to compare the rate of adaptive substitution in autosomal and X-linked genes. I found that, on average, X-linked genes have a 1.8 times faster rate of adaptive substitution than autosomal genes. I also found that faster-X evolution is more pronounced for male-specific genes. I used previously developed theory to show that these observations can be explained if new advantageous mutations are recessive, with an average dominance coefficient less than or equal to 0.25. These results can help to explain the long-studied phenomenon of the large effect of the X chromosome in speciation.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries / Department: Architecture.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University

Esta dissertação parte da indagação sobre o arquétipo residencial arquitetônico da casa-pátio, que se configura como um vazio na habitação, um espaço confinado, protegido e oculto. Este pátio interno, fechado, com suas sutis mas ricas características, conferem a ele uma ambiência única, com uma peculiar atmosfera. Essa indagação originou-se a partir da vivência do autor, como estagiário de arquitetura, em uma casa na cidade de Porto Alegre, construída na década de 1970, de autoria do arquiteto Elyseu Victor Mascarello (1935- 2008), formado em 1958, na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, onde foi aluno do primeiro corpo docente da instituição. A investigação consolida a busca do autor pela compreensão sobre o que estava em jogo na clareira da residência, quem eram os atuantes, e se haveria uma forma de mimetizar aquela condição em novos projetos ou outras situações. A identificação do pátio interno como uma clareira na casa e sua aproximação metafórica com o conceito heideggeriano da clareira do ser (Lichtung) conduz a pesquisa à investigação sobre a fenomenologia de acordo com a visão de Heidegger, relacionando a clareira filosófica, existencial, à clareira física, doméstica. Nestas condições, a clareira da casa-pátio Mascarello torna-se o cerne central da pesquisa, na busca pelas nuances presentes que a configuram, que a potencializam. A clareira de Heidegger é definida e aproximada à casa sagrada, existencial. No âmbito doméstico, outros exemplos de tipologias de clareiras em casas-pátio são desvelados, analisando-se suas potencialidades de clareiras. Este trabalho busca, portanto, trazer uma nova luz à casa com pátio interno, sob a égide da ancestralidade conceitual da casa, analisando o microcosmos criado, a presença da natureza e do cosmos em diferentes tipologias de casas-pátio. / This dissertation arose out of the inquiry concerning to the architectonic residential archetype of the courtyard house, which is configured by an empty area in the habitation, a confined, protected and occult space. This enclosed inner courtyard, with its subtle yet rich features, gives it a unique ambience with a peculiar atmosphere. This investigation was originated from the author’s experience, as an architectural intern, in a house located in Porto Alegre, built in the 1970s, by the architect Elyseu Victor Mascarello (1935-2008). Mascarello graduated in 1958, from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, where he had been a student of the first academic teachers of the institution. The investigation consolidates the author's search for an understanding of what was at stake in the clearing of the residence, what were the active elements, and whether there would be a way of miming that condition into new projects or into other situations. The identification of the internal courtyard as a clearing in the house and its metaphorical relation, with the Heideggerian concept of the clearing of being (Lichtung), leads the research to the investigation of phenomenology, according to Heidegger's view, relating the existential philosophical clearing to the physical domestic clearing. Under these conditions, the clearing of Mascarello’s courtyard house becomes the central focus of the research, aiming to find the existing nuances, which configures and enhances the clearing. Heidegger's clearing is defined and related to the sacred, existential house. Within the domestic scope, other examples of clearing typologies in courtyard houses are unveiled, analyzing their potential for clearings. This work thus aims to shed a new light on the house with internal courtyard, under the aegis of the conceptual ancestry of the house, analyzing the created microcosm, the presence of nature and of the cosmos in different courtyard house typologies.

Introdução - Alguns tipos de fungos, como o mofo, são de fundamental importância médica, principalmente por produzirem toxinas nocivas à saúde dos humanos. São frequentemente encontrados no interior dos domicílios quando há condição favorável, como umidade e temperatura adequada. Vários estudos relataram associação entre mofo e doenças alérgicas ou respiratórias em crianças. Objetivos - Descrever as características dos domicílios dos recém-nascidos incluídos em um estudo de coorte na cidade de São Paulo e identificar as possíveis associações com o desenvolvimento de mofo visível nas superfícies (paredes, piso e teto). Métodos - Este trabalho faz parte de uma coorte de recém-nascidos com início em 2003 e término em 2007, denominada PROJETO CHIADO. Participaram do estudo 378 domicílios. Entrevistadores fizeram visitas nestas residências para coletar dados referentes às características dos domicílios (tipo de cobertura, tipo de forro, idade da construção) e condições intra-domiciliares (ventilação, aglomeração, incidência solar, temperatura, presença de umidade, presença de mofo). Foram realizadas análises descritivas e análises bivariável e multivariável (regressão logística) para identificar possíveis associações entre as características dos domicílios e a presença de mofo. Resultados Foi encontrado mofo visível na maioria dos domicílios visitados (66 por cento), sendo 28 por cento no quarto da criança e 38 por cento em outros cômodos. Foi relatada umidade em aproximadamente metade dos domicílios (47 por cento) e ventilação regular, ruim ou péssima em 42 por cento. Foram identificadas associações positivas entre a presença de mofo no quarto da criança e ventilação ruim ou péssima (OR=2,14; IC95 por cento:1,05-4,38), falta de incidência solar no verão (OR=3,84; IC95 por cento:1,59-9,28) e aglomeração de quatro ou mais pessoas no quarto da criança (OR=2,09; IC95 por cento:1,24-3,50). Por outro lado, os tipos construtivos apresentaram associação inversa com o mofo (OR=0,41; IC95 por cento: 0,17-1,01) para cobertura com telha de cerâmica e forro de madeira ou cobertura com fibrocimento e forro de concreto e OR=0,40; IC95 por cento: 0,18-0,90 para cobertura com telha de cerâmica e forro de concreto. Conclusão Ventilação precária, falta de incidência solar no domicílio durante o verão e aglomeração de pessoas no domicílio propiciam o desenvolvimento de mofo enquanto que os tipos construtivos com coberturas feitas com materiais de maior densidade protegem os domicílios contra o desenvolvimento de mofo. A partir do conhecimento das características dos domicílios, é possível realizar intervenções para evitar o crescimento do mofo / Introduction Some kind of fungi, such as mold, has fundamental medical importance, especially by producing toxins harmful to human health. They are often found inside the homes when there are favorable conditions, such as appropriated humidity and temperature. Several studies have reported associations between mold and respiratory and allergic diseases in children. Objectives To describe the household characteristics of the newborns included in a cohort study in the city of São Paulo and to identify possible associations with the visible mold development on the surfaces (walls, floors and ceiling). Methods This study is part of a newborns cohort study that started in 2003 and finished in 2007, called WHEEZING PROJECT. 378 households participated in the study. Interviewers visited the homes to collect data from households characteristics (type of roof, type of ceiling, building age) and indoor conditions (ventilation, crowding, solar incidence, temperature, presence of moisture, presence of mold). Descriptive analyses and bivariate and multivariate analyses (logistic regression) were performed to identify associations between households characteristics and the presence of mold. Results Visible mold was found in most households visited (66 per cent), 28 per cent in the child´s room and 38 per cent in the other rooms. Moisture was reported in 47 per cent of the houses, and regular, bad or very bad ventilation in 42 per cent. Positive associations were found between the presence of mold in the homes and bad or very bad ventilation (OR=2,14; 95 per centCI: 1,05-4,38), no solar incidence in the summer (OR=3,84; 95 per centCI: 1,59-9,28) and crowding of at least four people in the child´s room (OR=2,09, 95 per centCI: 1,24-3,50). On the other hand, the type of construction showed inverse association with the mold (OR=0,41; 95 per centCI: 0,17-1,01) to ceramic tile roof and wood ceiling or cement-fibre roof and concrete ceiling and OR=0,40; CI IC95 per cent: 0,18-0,90 to ceramic tile and concrete ceiling. Conclusion Poor ventilation, no solar incidence in the home during the summer and crowding in the child´s room facilitate the development of mold, while the type of construction with high density materials protects the homes against the mold development. From the knowledge of the households characteristics, it is possible to perform interventions to prevent mold growth

No description available.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / The concept of self-help in a site and services project is based on the assumption that given the security of land tenureship_, an owner-builder can manage the whole process of house implementation. Generally, in any sponsored site and services project this assumption is supported by "aid" ; that is, the sponsor provides some financial and/or technical assistance. while this "aid" is minimum, often provided in the form of infrastructure, serviced plots, and some cash for purchasing building materials, it is assumed that such "aid" would assist the owner-builder in implementing the dwelling on the serviced plot. It is also assumed that the planning and construction of the dwelling would be carried out throughout the dweller's own decision-making and self-help efforts. In theory, the concept is valid. It is also adopted in most of the site and services projects in East Africa. Self-help is assumed to contribute towards economic savings, mobilization of human resources, increase in community spirit and group participation and to achieve a host of other benefits. This study looks at one such site and services project in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya. Through several in-depth case histories of carefully selected allottee families from the Dandora Community Development Project, a site and services project in Nairobi, the thesis shows the actual form(s) and practice of self-help. Several allottees were interviewed to understand further the real nature of self-help. That is, who did what, when, how and at what cost. Other inquiry was on the background and characteristics of the allottees' families, their approach to house planning and construction, characteristics and economics of construction, self - help practice amongst different: groups of allottees', cost and benefits of self-help and some impact of the rules of the Dandora Community Development Department (DCDD) in house implementation. The study presents several case histories of immigrant families in the process of urbanization in Nairobi. The cases trace the path of these low-income families from squatter settlements to the site and services project, emphasizing the element of self-help underlying the process of settlement. The actual role of an owner-builder is different from some of the assumptions held on self-help housing. The hard line of economic cost and benefits, as perceived in theory, does not necessarily hold true and neither do other assumptions on self - help applications in the site and services project. Chapters 1 and 2 present some background to the study, the research method employed and some of the theoretical constructs underlying the concept of self-help. In Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 findings of the field research are presented. Specifically, different forms of self-help, their characteristics, practice, costs and benefits, and some illustrations as observed in the site and services project are presented. All the material covered under these Chapters is an outcome of the author's intensive field research on the allottees of the Dandora Community Development Project, from later 1978 to mid 1979. In· Chapter 8 the uses, costs, and benefits of the dwellings completed by means of the various self-help forms are further articulated. In the final Chapter the findings on actual self-help practices are compared with the held on self-help. This analysis is followed by major conclusions drawn from the study. / by Praful Naran Soni. / M.Arch.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-182). / The purpose of this thesis is to determine the factors affecting the transformation of user requirements for a single family detached house by analyzing changing technology and life-styles of the traditional and modern house and to use these factors as guidelines for alternative building systems. Chapter 1 gives an overview of trends in housing construction and describes the user requirement profile with required floor area for each life stage. In Chapter 2, the underlying ideas of house, family and home in Japanese culture are analyzed to determine the factors which influence housing design and the way the Japanese live. Specific changes in life-style and housing design were analyzed in order to clarify certain issues which affect residential design. In Chapter 3, alternative performance statements are determined, based on changing life-styles. Chapter 4 briefly describes the four-stage development of housing industry technology after WWII. In Chapter 5, typical house plans of three selected development stages are compared and analyzed with regard to changes in technology. Principal transformation factors are derived from this analysis. Finally, projected trends assessing the future of building systems in Japan are discussed in the conclusion. / by Yoshiko Ryu. / M.Arch.