No / Background: Drug errors are a common and persistent problem in health care and are also associated with serious adverse events. Reporting has become the cornerstone of learning from errors, but is not without its imperfections. Aim: The aim of this study is to improve reporting and learning from drug errors through investigating the contributory factors in drug errors and quality of reporting in an acute hospital. Methods: A retrospective, random sample of 991 drug error reports from 1999 to 2003 were subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis. This was followed by 40 qualitative interviews with a volunteer, multi‐disciplinary sample of health professionals. The combined analysis has been used to develop a knowledge base for improved drug error reporting. Results: The quality of reports varied considerably, and 27% of reports lacked any contributory factors. Documentary analysis revealed a focus on individuals, sometimes culminating in blame without obvious justification. Doctors submitted few reports, and there were notable differences in reporting according to clinical location. Communication difficulties commonly featured in causation, and high workload and interruptions were predominant contributory factors in the interview data. Interviewees viewed causation as multifactorial, including cognitive and psychosocial factors. Organizational orientation to error was predominantly perceived by interviewees as individual rather than systems‐based. Staff felt obliged to report but rarely received feedback. Implications and conclusio: Drug errors are multifactorial in causation. Current reporting schemes lack a theoretical basis, and are unlikely to capture the information required to ensure learning about causation. Health professionals have reporting fatigue and some remain concerned that reporting promotes individual blame rather than an examination of systems factors. Reporting can be strengthened by human error theory, redesigned to capture a range of contributory factors, facilitate learning and foster supportive actions. It can also be feasible in routine practice. Such an approach should be examined through multi‐centred evaluation.

Improving patient safety through reduction of medical errors is a national priority. One of the strategies widely utilized to address this issue is the use of incident reporting systems. The purpose of this study was to describe factors that predict the likelihood that Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) will use incident reporting systems, guided by the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991). A non-experimental, correlational research design was utilized to achieve the study aims. Following IRB approval, a cross-sectional survey was administered electronically to a random sample of practicing CRNAs. Correlational analyses and a standard logistic regression were utilized to determine the relationship between cognitive factors and CRNAs' use of incident reporting systems. Two hundred and eighty-three practicing CRNAs participated in this study. These CRNAs value incident reporting, perceive social pressure to report, and feel in control over reporting, yet had not consistently used existing incident reporting systems in the past 12 months. A CRNA’s attitude toward reporting and the degree to which he or she perceived social pressure to report, were determined to be significant predictors of the likelihood that a CRNA would use an incident reporting system. Social pressure to report was the most important factor in the prediction model. The results of this study revealed that there are missed opportunities for learning from patient safety incidents in anesthesia practice. The information gained in this study has the potential to assist organizations in the design of strategies to promote incident reporting by practicing CRNAs.

<p>What affect if an incident is reported?</p><p>- an interview study with nurses</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Everyday in health care, there are incidents which can harm patients. However, reporting these incidents is not always a positive experience. The number of incident reports which are documented are a lot fewer than the number of incidents that actually occur. The purpose of the present study was to describe factors that affect nurses’ decisions on whether to report an incident or not. Interviews were carried out with ten nurses. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed. Collected data were analysed, inspired by Burnard’s model of content analysis. The result showed two categories which can affect the decision of whether to report or not report an incident. One category Personal considerations, described that personal consequences for all concerned were important, that is, consequences for themselves, the patient, workmates and their own family. They also felt a moral responsibility and claimed that their conscience sometimes guided them when they chose whether to report an incident or not. The second category, Leadership and organisation described practical consequences; nurses wanted feedback and wanted to see that reporting incidents led to changes being made. They also claimed that the culture and routines in the workplace influenced their decision to report an incident. Hopefully, in order to ensure patient safety, the result in this study can contribute to preventive measures being taken so that even more incidents are reported, as this affects patient safety in the highest degree.</p>

What affect if an incident is reported? - an interview study with nurses ABSTRACT Everyday in health care, there are incidents which can harm patients. However, reporting these incidents is not always a positive experience. The number of incident reports which are documented are a lot fewer than the number of incidents that actually occur. The purpose of the present study was to describe factors that affect nurses’ decisions on whether to report an incident or not. Interviews were carried out with ten nurses. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed. Collected data were analysed, inspired by Burnard’s model of content analysis. The result showed two categories which can affect the decision of whether to report or not report an incident. One category Personal considerations, described that personal consequences for all concerned were important, that is, consequences for themselves, the patient, workmates and their own family. They also felt a moral responsibility and claimed that their conscience sometimes guided them when they chose whether to report an incident or not. The second category, Leadership and organisation described practical consequences; nurses wanted feedback and wanted to see that reporting incidents led to changes being made. They also claimed that the culture and routines in the workplace influenced their decision to report an incident. Hopefully, in order to ensure patient safety, the result in this study can contribute to preventive measures being taken so that even more incidents are reported, as this affects patient safety in the highest degree.

Devido aos altos índices de acidentes do trabalho nas atividades de distribuição de energia elétrica, é imprescindível o empenho em aprimorar seus sistemas de gestão de segurança e saúde do trabalho. Nesse setor, bem como em outros, o desempenho em segurança é normalmente medido reativamente através de índices de acidentes, abordagem que vem sendo questionada pelos pesquisadores da área, que propõem que seja enfocada a variabilidade do trabalho real. Assim, emerge a premissa de que a gestão de segurança e saúde do trabalho deve estar imersa em uma cultura de informação, onde o sistema de relatos de incidentes se apresenta como ferramenta. É nesse contexto que é apresentado esse estudo realizado em uma concessionária de distribuição de energia elétrica no Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa tem por objetivo principal contribuir com a prevenção de acidentes sob uma perspectiva pró-ativa, através da proposição de diretrizes para o projeto, implantação e avaliação de um sistema de relatos de incidentes. A estratégia adotada para condução do estudo foi a pesquisa-ação, o que possibilitou aferir o processo envolvido na implementação do sistema. Durante a fase de projeto, que ocorreu de agosto a setembro de 2009, os pesquisadores em conjunto com membros da empresa determinaram as diretrizes fundamentais de operação do sistema, assim como adaptaram o formulário de relatos de acordo com a realidade da empresa estudada. Na última semana de setembro de 2009 teve início a etapa de implantação do sistema de relatos de incidentes, através de um estudo piloto com duas das sete equipes de eletricistas envolvidas no estudo, precedido por uma capacitação para o uso do sistema. Em meados de dezembro, o sistema de relatos foi estendido para todo o departamento envolvido no estudo e foi conduzido pela equipe de pesquisa até maio de 2010. A etapa de avaliação do sistema ocorreu através de entrevistas, em agosto de 2010 e março de 2011, com membros da empresa envolvidos no estudo, assim como por observações em campo durante toda a pesquisa. Durante a implantação do sistema de relatos de incidentes e a análise dos dados gerados, foi possível aprofundar a compreensão acerca da variabilidade do cenário em que os eletricistas desempenham suas tarefas, assim como identificar ações corretivas prioritárias. Como principais resultados podem ser citadas a prevalência de estruturas fora de padrão como agentes causadores dos incidentes e a influência do ambiente externo na atividade dos eletricistas. Por fim, foi analisado como um sistema de relatos de incidentes pode favorecer os princípios da engenharia de resiliência. / Due to high rates of occupational accidents in the electricity distribution´s activities, an effort is necessary to improve their safety and occupational health management. In this sector, as well as in others, the safety performance is normally measured by reactively accident rates, an approach that has been questioned by researchers, which propose to focus on the variability of the real work. Thus emerges the premise that the safety and occupational health management should be immersed in an information culture, where the incident reporting system is presented as a tool. This is the context of this study, realized in a company of electric energy distribution at Rio Grande do Sul. The research aims at contributing to the prevention of accidents with a proactive approach, by proposing guidelines for design, implementation and evaluation of an incident reports system. The strategy adopted for conducting the study was action research, enabling to assess the process involved in implementing the system. During the project, which occurred from August to September 2009, researchers and members of the company determined the basic orientation of the system operation, as well as adapted the reports form in accordance to the reality of the company. In the last week of September 2009 began the implantation phase of the incident report system, through a pilot study with two of the seven teams of electricians involved in the study, preceded by training. In December, the reporting system was extended to the entire department involved in the study and was lead by the research team until May 2010. The evaluation phase of the system occurred through interviews, in August 2010 and March 2011, with members of the company involved in the study, as well as field observations throughout the research. During the system´s implantation and analysis of data generated, it was possible to deepen the understanding of the variability of the scenario in which the electricians perform their tasks, as well as to identify priorities for corrective actions. Prevalence of non-standard structures as causative agents of the incidents and the influence of external environment on the activity of the electricians were the main results. Finally, it was analyzed how an incident reports system may favor the principles of resilience engineering.

Devido aos altos índices de acidentes do trabalho nas atividades de distribuição de energia elétrica, é imprescindível o empenho em aprimorar seus sistemas de gestão de segurança e saúde do trabalho. Nesse setor, bem como em outros, o desempenho em segurança é normalmente medido reativamente através de índices de acidentes, abordagem que vem sendo questionada pelos pesquisadores da área, que propõem que seja enfocada a variabilidade do trabalho real. Assim, emerge a premissa de que a gestão de segurança e saúde do trabalho deve estar imersa em uma cultura de informação, onde o sistema de relatos de incidentes se apresenta como ferramenta. É nesse contexto que é apresentado esse estudo realizado em uma concessionária de distribuição de energia elétrica no Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa tem por objetivo principal contribuir com a prevenção de acidentes sob uma perspectiva pró-ativa, através da proposição de diretrizes para o projeto, implantação e avaliação de um sistema de relatos de incidentes. A estratégia adotada para condução do estudo foi a pesquisa-ação, o que possibilitou aferir o processo envolvido na implementação do sistema. Durante a fase de projeto, que ocorreu de agosto a setembro de 2009, os pesquisadores em conjunto com membros da empresa determinaram as diretrizes fundamentais de operação do sistema, assim como adaptaram o formulário de relatos de acordo com a realidade da empresa estudada. Na última semana de setembro de 2009 teve início a etapa de implantação do sistema de relatos de incidentes, através de um estudo piloto com duas das sete equipes de eletricistas envolvidas no estudo, precedido por uma capacitação para o uso do sistema. Em meados de dezembro, o sistema de relatos foi estendido para todo o departamento envolvido no estudo e foi conduzido pela equipe de pesquisa até maio de 2010. A etapa de avaliação do sistema ocorreu através de entrevistas, em agosto de 2010 e março de 2011, com membros da empresa envolvidos no estudo, assim como por observações em campo durante toda a pesquisa. Durante a implantação do sistema de relatos de incidentes e a análise dos dados gerados, foi possível aprofundar a compreensão acerca da variabilidade do cenário em que os eletricistas desempenham suas tarefas, assim como identificar ações corretivas prioritárias. Como principais resultados podem ser citadas a prevalência de estruturas fora de padrão como agentes causadores dos incidentes e a influência do ambiente externo na atividade dos eletricistas. Por fim, foi analisado como um sistema de relatos de incidentes pode favorecer os princípios da engenharia de resiliência. / Due to high rates of occupational accidents in the electricity distribution´s activities, an effort is necessary to improve their safety and occupational health management. In this sector, as well as in others, the safety performance is normally measured by reactively accident rates, an approach that has been questioned by researchers, which propose to focus on the variability of the real work. Thus emerges the premise that the safety and occupational health management should be immersed in an information culture, where the incident reporting system is presented as a tool. This is the context of this study, realized in a company of electric energy distribution at Rio Grande do Sul. The research aims at contributing to the prevention of accidents with a proactive approach, by proposing guidelines for design, implementation and evaluation of an incident reports system. The strategy adopted for conducting the study was action research, enabling to assess the process involved in implementing the system. During the project, which occurred from August to September 2009, researchers and members of the company determined the basic orientation of the system operation, as well as adapted the reports form in accordance to the reality of the company. In the last week of September 2009 began the implantation phase of the incident report system, through a pilot study with two of the seven teams of electricians involved in the study, preceded by training. In December, the reporting system was extended to the entire department involved in the study and was lead by the research team until May 2010. The evaluation phase of the system occurred through interviews, in August 2010 and March 2011, with members of the company involved in the study, as well as field observations throughout the research. During the system´s implantation and analysis of data generated, it was possible to deepen the understanding of the variability of the scenario in which the electricians perform their tasks, as well as to identify priorities for corrective actions. Prevalence of non-standard structures as causative agents of the incidents and the influence of external environment on the activity of the electricians were the main results. Finally, it was analyzed how an incident reports system may favor the principles of resilience engineering.

Devido aos altos índices de acidentes do trabalho nas atividades de distribuição de energia elétrica, é imprescindível o empenho em aprimorar seus sistemas de gestão de segurança e saúde do trabalho. Nesse setor, bem como em outros, o desempenho em segurança é normalmente medido reativamente através de índices de acidentes, abordagem que vem sendo questionada pelos pesquisadores da área, que propõem que seja enfocada a variabilidade do trabalho real. Assim, emerge a premissa de que a gestão de segurança e saúde do trabalho deve estar imersa em uma cultura de informação, onde o sistema de relatos de incidentes se apresenta como ferramenta. É nesse contexto que é apresentado esse estudo realizado em uma concessionária de distribuição de energia elétrica no Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa tem por objetivo principal contribuir com a prevenção de acidentes sob uma perspectiva pró-ativa, através da proposição de diretrizes para o projeto, implantação e avaliação de um sistema de relatos de incidentes. A estratégia adotada para condução do estudo foi a pesquisa-ação, o que possibilitou aferir o processo envolvido na implementação do sistema. Durante a fase de projeto, que ocorreu de agosto a setembro de 2009, os pesquisadores em conjunto com membros da empresa determinaram as diretrizes fundamentais de operação do sistema, assim como adaptaram o formulário de relatos de acordo com a realidade da empresa estudada. Na última semana de setembro de 2009 teve início a etapa de implantação do sistema de relatos de incidentes, através de um estudo piloto com duas das sete equipes de eletricistas envolvidas no estudo, precedido por uma capacitação para o uso do sistema. Em meados de dezembro, o sistema de relatos foi estendido para todo o departamento envolvido no estudo e foi conduzido pela equipe de pesquisa até maio de 2010. A etapa de avaliação do sistema ocorreu através de entrevistas, em agosto de 2010 e março de 2011, com membros da empresa envolvidos no estudo, assim como por observações em campo durante toda a pesquisa. Durante a implantação do sistema de relatos de incidentes e a análise dos dados gerados, foi possível aprofundar a compreensão acerca da variabilidade do cenário em que os eletricistas desempenham suas tarefas, assim como identificar ações corretivas prioritárias. Como principais resultados podem ser citadas a prevalência de estruturas fora de padrão como agentes causadores dos incidentes e a influência do ambiente externo na atividade dos eletricistas. Por fim, foi analisado como um sistema de relatos de incidentes pode favorecer os princípios da engenharia de resiliência. / Due to high rates of occupational accidents in the electricity distribution´s activities, an effort is necessary to improve their safety and occupational health management. In this sector, as well as in others, the safety performance is normally measured by reactively accident rates, an approach that has been questioned by researchers, which propose to focus on the variability of the real work. Thus emerges the premise that the safety and occupational health management should be immersed in an information culture, where the incident reporting system is presented as a tool. This is the context of this study, realized in a company of electric energy distribution at Rio Grande do Sul. The research aims at contributing to the prevention of accidents with a proactive approach, by proposing guidelines for design, implementation and evaluation of an incident reports system. The strategy adopted for conducting the study was action research, enabling to assess the process involved in implementing the system. During the project, which occurred from August to September 2009, researchers and members of the company determined the basic orientation of the system operation, as well as adapted the reports form in accordance to the reality of the company. In the last week of September 2009 began the implantation phase of the incident report system, through a pilot study with two of the seven teams of electricians involved in the study, preceded by training. In December, the reporting system was extended to the entire department involved in the study and was lead by the research team until May 2010. The evaluation phase of the system occurred through interviews, in August 2010 and March 2011, with members of the company involved in the study, as well as field observations throughout the research. During the system´s implantation and analysis of data generated, it was possible to deepen the understanding of the variability of the scenario in which the electricians perform their tasks, as well as to identify priorities for corrective actions. Prevalence of non-standard structures as causative agents of the incidents and the influence of external environment on the activity of the electricians were the main results. Finally, it was analyzed how an incident reports system may favor the principles of resilience engineering.

This thesis focuses on the topics of Business Continuity Management and Disaster Recov-ery Management in the context of small and medium sized businesses which offer or use IT services in the cloud. The aim of this thesis is to carry out a theoretical research of BCM and DRM in the aforementioned context and to analyze situation in a specific company based on the results of the research. This includes analysis of specific incidents that hap-pened in the company, analysis of how the company reacts to the incidents and how are the incidents logged and reported. The analysis identifies weak spots in the company and their potentials of improvement. The most serious weak spot discovered is that BCM and DRM are not implemented in the company. In the last part this thesis suggests measures to im-prove the situation in the specific company. That includes both specifying general goals and procedures and also defining specific policies, plans and reaction schemes. Specifically those are politics handling the incidents categorization, warning and communication, inci-dent reporting and performing maintenance.

Bakgrund: Varje år drabbas nästan var tionde patient av skador under vårdtiden, skador som hade kunnat undvikas. Detta leder till ett onödigt lidande för dessa patienter och deras närstående. Vårdskadorna beräknas enligt Socialstyrelsen (2008) kosta samhället sex miljarder kronor per år. Operationssjuksköterskor liksom all vårdpersonal har skyldighet att avvikelserapportera händelser som kunnat leda till eller lett till vårdskada. Syftet med att rapportera avvikelser är att dra lärdom och att med riskförebyggande insatser förhindra att händelserna uppstår igen. Syfte: Att studera vilken erfarenhet operationssjuksköterskor har av avvikelserapportering. Metod: Studien utfördes som en tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Ett studiespecifikt frågeformulär innehållande tio strukturerade frågor med möjlighet till egna kommentarer användes. Formulärets frågor behandlade erfarenheter kring avvikelserapportering. Resultat: En stor majoritet av deltagarna (85 %) hade någon gång avstått från att skriva avvikelserapport. Slutsatser: Bland annat var tidsbrist en avgörande faktor varför operationssjuksköterskorna inte dokumenterade en avvikelserapport. / Background: Each year, nearly every tenth patient suffers of injuries during hospitalization, which could have been avoidable. This leads to unnecessary suffering for the patients and their families. Health damage according to the National Board (the Swedish Socialstyrelsen) (2008) costs the society six billion Swedish kronor (SEK) every year. It is mandatory for theatre nurses to report incidents that could have coast injuries to the patient during hospitalization. The purpose with incident reports is to learn from mistakes and with preventive measurements make the healthcare safer for the patients. Aim: To evaluate theatre nurses experience with reporting incidents. Method: The study was conducted as a cross-sectional design with quantitative data. A study- specific questionnaire comprising ten structured questions with the possibility of their comments was used. The form´s questions dealt with experiences about incident reporting. Result: A large majority of respondents (85 %) had at some point refrained from writing incident reports. Conclusions: Among other things, lack of time was the decisive factor why theatre nurses were not documented an incident report.

Background Being able to learn from mistakes is a vital aspect of nurse’s professionalism and increasing patient safety. With Crew Resource Management methodologies, aviation and other High Risk Organisations have succeeded in enabling learning cultures that should be applicable also to healthcare. Purpose The purpose was to describe how Crew Resource Management and the inherent learning culture could improve nurse’s professionalism and patient safety within the healthcare system.  Method A literature overview based on database searches in CINAHL, PubMed and a manual search, resulting in 25 scientific articles analysed using an integrated analysis method and quality review.  Results Crew Resource Management implementations have a positive effect on the nurse’s professional role and patient safety but have still not reached the full potential. Incident reporting is a key factor in providing feedback but still encounters barriers as a basis for pre-emptive learning. Identified barriers are not using Crew Resource Management components as a whole, a lack of feedback and an insufficient learning culture. Feedback is connected to nurse’s perception and situational awareness strengthening morale and professionalism. Conclusion Nurses professionalism and patient safety is dependent on being able to learn from mistakes which is a key aspect of Crew Resource Management. Learning is enabled by the reporting of mistakes in incident reporting systems without the fear of being punished. Improvements to both systems and the reporting culture are seen as needed, as-well as changes to the education system promoting reporting as part of an overall safety and learning culture.