Busca-se a minimização da emissão de material particulado em incinerador industrial de resíduos perigosos através do controle operacional de algumas variáveis de processo. Essas variáveis, que afetam diretamente a qualidade da queima, são: intervalo de tempo de alimentação, modo de introdução de pequena quantidade de resíduo líquido no forno rotativo e excesso de oxigênio na saída dos gases de combustão. Todos os testes têm a mesma taxa de resíduos incinerados (kg/h). Na faixa estudada, o controle operacional mostrou resultados expressivos: em todos os casos, para cada variável estudada, a emissão de material particulado na melhor condição foi aproximadamente 2,5 vezes menor o valor da emissão de material particulado, se comparado com a pior condição de operação. / The minimization of particulate matter emissions in hazardous industrial waste incinerator was sought through operational control of some specific variables of the process. These variables, which have direct interference in the combustion quality, are: mean time between semi-batch feedings, mode of fedding of small amounts of liquid waste, and oxygen excess in the off-gas. All tests have been performed with the same feeding rate (kg/h). In the range studied, operational control showed expressive results: for each variable tested, the particulate matter emission in the worst operational point was around 2,5 times that obtained within the best condition.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:32:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Gomes.pdf: 2006569 bytes, checksum: 26d7655af3d07495e23fe51c50863feb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A major challenge, present in most Brazilian cities, it is the sustainable management of municipal solid waste (MSW). The final disposal of this waste, the way they are, i.e., without undergoing any form of treatment, brings a lot of problems, not just environmental but also social and mainly economic, because occurs loss of feedstock and also waste of the energy on this residues. One way to reuse this energy and reducing environmental impacts is the treatment of solid waste using the technology of controlled incineration with energy recovery. In this study was evaluated the energy potential of MSW of the Ponta Grossa/PR city from the incineration technology, being performed for that, two collections, the first producing a pattern residue and the second held at the municipal landfill. The dependent variables analyzed were the gravimetric characterization, proximate analysis and heating value. The gravimetric waste characterization of the second collection showed values close to the national average for recyclable waste (30% and 31.9%, respectively), values below the national average for organic matter and above for the tailings. In the immediate analysis, the content of fixed carbon was 0.03 to 0.09 kg kg-1, the volatile material of the samples of second collection ranged from 0.75 to 0.81 kg kg-1. And from the higher heating value of waste from both collections, 18,313 kJ kg-1 and 19,807 kJ kg-1, was estimated energy recovery. The electrical energy from MSW, in the current state, of the first collection would supply 51,534 homes in the city and the second collection, 55,500 residences. Considering the ideal scenario, with 100% of recycling, the energy recovered would still significant (18,199,095 MJ month-1), allowing the supply of 30,997 homes, 28% of the total households of Ponta Grossa. / Um grande desafio, presente na maior parte dos municípios brasileiros, é a gestão sustentável dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD). A disposição final destes resíduos da forma como se apresentam, ou seja, sem passar por nenhuma forma de tratamento, traz inúmeros problemas, não só ambientais, mas também sociais e principalmente econômicos, pois ocorre desperdício de matéria-prima e também da energia contida nestes resíduos. Uma forma de reaproveitamento desta energia e de redução dos impactos ambientais é o tratamento dos resíduos sólidos utilizando a tecnologia de incineração controlada com aproveitamento energético. Neste estudo foi avaliado o potencial energético dos RSD do município de Ponta Grossa/PR a partir da tecnologia de incineração, sendo realizado para isso, duas coletas, a primeira produzindo um resíduo padrão e a segunda realizada no aterro do município. As variáveis dependentes analisadas foram a composição gravimétrica, análise imediata e o poder calorífico. A caracterização gravimétrica dos resíduos da segunda coleta apresentaram valores próximos da média nacional para os resíduos recicláveis (30% e 31,9%, respectivamente), valores abaixo da média nacional para a matéria orgânica e acima para os rejeitos. Na análise imediata, os conteúdos de carbono fixo foram de 0,03 a 0,09 kg kg-1, o de materiais voláteis das amostras da segunda coleta variaram de 0,75 a 0,81 kg kg-1 e o de cinzas de 0,10 a 0,18 kg kg-1. A partir do poder calorífico superior dos resíduos de ambas as coletas, 18.313 kJ kg-1 e 19.807 kJ kg-1, foi estimado a recuperação energética. A energia elétrica proveniente dos RSD, no estado atual, provenientes da primeira coleta abasteceria 51.134 residências do município e da segunda coleta, 55.500 residências. Considerando o cenário ideal, com 100% de reciclagem, a energia recuperada ainda seria significativa (18.199.095 MJ mês-1), permitindo o abastecimento de 30.997 residências, 28% do total de residências do município de Ponta Grossa.

A tecnologia de incineração no gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos é empregada de maneira intensa em diversos países do mundo. No Brasil, além da sua utilização eventual em resíduos de serviços de saúde, há uma proposta para implantação de duas usinas de grande porte visando ao tratamento térmico de resíduos sólidos domiciliares na cidade de São Paulo. Através de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, são apresentados os principais parâmetros técnicos e ambientais desta tecnologia, entre eles os mecanismos de combustão e de formação de poluentes, os tipos de equipamentos empregados, as formas de manejo e disposição de cinzas e escórias e os métodos de controle e redução de emissões atmosféricas como gases ácidos, material particulado e metais pesados. Também é feita uma revisão do atual conhecimento técnico-científico sobre dioxinas e furanos relativamente à incineração de resíduos sólidos urbanos. A partir desta base teórica pesquisada e da análise dos Estudos de Impacto Ambiental e dos Relatórios de Impacto Ambiental das usinas de incineração de Santo Amaro e Sapopemba, conclui-se que tais incineradores, na forma como são propostos, não apresentam o nível tecnológico necessário para atender às normas de operação e emissão de poluentes vigentes em países onde há legislação regulando esta atividade. / The incineration technique on the management of municipal solid waste is intensely used in several countries. In Brazil, besides an occasional utilization on medical services waste, there is a proposal for the implantation of two large facilities for the thermal treatment of domestic solid waste in São Paulo city. Through a review on this theme, we present here the main technical and environmental parameters on this technology, including the combustion and the pollutant generation mechanisms, types of equipment, management and disposition of fly and bottom ashes and the main control and reduction methods of atmospheric pollution like acid gases, particulates and heavy metals. The state of the art on the present technical-scientific knowledge on dioxins and furans connected to the incineration of urban solid waste is presented. On this theoretical basis and on the analysis of the environmental impact assessment and environmental impact report on the Santo Amaro and Sapopemba facilities, we conclude that the incineration systems, as in the proposal, do not present the technologic level necessary to obey the operation and pollutant emission rules on the countries where this activities are controlled.

O gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) tornou-se uma tarefa que demanda ações diferenciadas e articuladas, em função da quantidade e diversidade dos mesmos. O grande desafio está em encontrar soluções ambientalmente seguras, socialmente adequadas e economicamente eficientes para equacionar este problema. Todavia, se corretamente gerenciados, estes resíduos podem ser aproveitados do ponto de vista energético. Estimativas realizadas neste estudo apontam para um potencial de geração de energia a partir de resíduos urbanos, para o Brasil, da ordem de 16 GW (utilizando o processo de incineração) ou 5,8 GW (pela digestão anaeróbia em aterros). Outros benefícios da recuperação energética dos resíduos também podem ser destacados tais como: (a) benefícios estratégicos, uma vez que essa ação pode contribuir como fonte alternativa de energia; (b) benefícios ambientais, pois colabora com organização dos aterros e a mitigação de gases de efeito estufa; (c) benefícios sócio-econômicos, devido ao desenvolvimento de tecnologia nacional com o uso de equipamento e insumos nacionais e, sobretudo, (d) emprego de mão-de-obra qualificada e não qualificada nas várias etapas do processo de recuperação energética. O presente trabalho faz uma análise das tecnologias potencialmente aplicáveis no Brasil, para recuperação energética a partir RSU, e propõe uma série de diretrizes para esse aproveitamento, levando em consideração as especificidades da realidade brasileira. / The management of solid waste (MSW) has become a challenge that demands articulated and non-conventional actions because of the quantity and diversity of such wastes. Finding environmentally friendly, socially adequate and economically efficient solutions to overcome this issue is the challenge to be faced. Nevertheless, if properly managed, these wastes can be recovered from the standpoint of energy. Estimates presented in this work highlight a potential power generation from urban waste, in Brazil, around 16 GW (using incineration process) or 5.8 GW (by anaerobic digestion in landfills). Several other advantages of recovering energy from waste could also be rolled as follows: (a) strategic benefits, since it may contribute as an alternative energy source and increase energy supply; (b) environmental benefits, once it contributes to improve waste management and to the mitigation of greenhouse gases; (c) social-economic benefits, due to the development of a Brazilian technology taking advantage of national equipment and materials, and most important, (d) employment of skilled and unskilled labor in the various stages of the energy recovery process. This thesis analyzes though the technologies potentially applicable in Brazil for energy recovery from MSW, and proposes guidelines for such use taking into account the specificities of the Brazilian reality.

Avfallsförbränning kan användas för att minska volymen hos avfallet, destruera farligt avfall och utvinna energi för el- och värmeproduktion. Umeå Energis kraftvärmeverk Dåva 1 förbränner hushålls- och verksamhetsavfall. Vid förbränningen bildas bland annat kväveoxider (NOx) vars utsläpp regleras dels av Förordning SFS 2013:253 om förbränning av avfall och dels av Lagen (1990:613) om miljöavgift på utsläpp av kväveoxider (NOx) vid energiproduktion (kväveoxidavgiften). Dåva 1 använder selektiv icke-katalytisk rening (SNCR) med ammoniakinsprutning för att rena rökgaserna från NOx. En del av ammoniaken förblir oreagerad (ammoniakslip) och bidrar troligen till korrosion på den kallare lågtrycksekonomisern nedströms rökgaskanalen. Umeå Energi vill minska sina utsläpp av NOx utan att öka risken för ammoniakrelaterad korrosion av lågtrycksekonomisern. I det här arbetet undersöktes om och hur NOx-bildningen kunde minskas och om det befintliga SNCR-systemet kunde optimeras. Vidare gjordes en utredning om användningen av selektiv katalytisk rening (SCR) på svenska avfallsförbränningsanläggningar samt om och var i Dåva 1 SCR skulle vara fördelaktig att installera. Effektiviteten hos SNCR-systemet testades genom att i perioder stänga av ammoniakdoseringen och logga rökgasinnehållet. Det visade sig vara mycket effektivt (80 %) om det kördes vid rätt temperaturintervall. Men det framkom också att temperaturgränserna för vilken tdoseringsnivå som används troligen kan behöva korrigeras för förbättringar i effektiviteten vid andra temperaturer. Det skulle kunna minska både NOx-utsläpp och ammoniakanvändningen. Användningen av SCR vid svenska avfallsanläggningar undersöktes genom intervjuer. Det visade sig vara bara fem anläggningar och där alla hade placerat katalysatorn i rengasposition, alltså efter elfilter och våt rening. Rökgasinnehållet vid tre olika positioner i Dåva 1 undersöktes för att se om det fanns höga halter av SO2, HCl och stoft, vilka i kombination med ammoniak kan skapa beläggningar som minskar effektiviteten hos en katalysator. Alla positioner låg efter slangfiltren och hade därmed låg stofthalt. Position A låg mellan slangfilter och högtryckseko1 hade den varmaste positionen (205℃) och position B efter ekopaketen (145℃). Position C var efter alla reningssteg i rengaspostion och svalaste positionen (65℃). Variationen hos temperaturerna för de olika positionerna medför en stor skillnad i behovet av att återvärma rökgaserna. Den säkraste positionen, med lägst innehåll av stoft, HCl och SO2 var rengaspositionen, men den krävde istället mest uppvärmning av rökgaserna. Med tanke på att SNCR-systemet visade sig ha förbättringspotential, borde det effektiviseras innan man överväger att installera ett SCR system. / Waste incineration is used to reduce the volume of waste, destruction of hazardous waste and to extract energy in combined heat and power plants (CHP). Umeå Energi’s CHP Dåva 1 incinerates municipal solid waste (MSW) and other hazardous waste. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are formed in the combustion process. The emission of NOx is regulated in Sweden’s regulation SFS 2013:253 and law 1990:613. Dåva 1 uses selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) with ammonia as flue gas treatment, to reduce NOx in the flue gas. Some of the ammonia in the process remains unreacted (ammonia slip) and it probably contributes to corrosion in the colder economizer. Umeå Energi wants to reduce the NOx emissions without increasing the ammonia related corrosion of the economizer. In the present study, the possibility to reduce NOx formation by SNCR optimization was evaluated. Furthermore an investigation on the use of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) in waste incineration plants in Sweden, and whether it is beneficent to install in Dåva 1, was included. The current efficiency of the SNCR system was tested by switching of the ammonia in short periods of time and measuring and logging the flue gas composition. The efficiency (80 %) proved to be very high if operated at the optimal temperature. ButHowever, the test also showed that the temperature limits for the injection levels could be optimized for improved efficiency. Improved efficiency at all temperatures could reduce both NOx emission and ammonia use. The use of SCR in Swedish waste incineration plants was investigated through interviews. It was found that only five plants are equipped with SCR and they were placed in the clean gas position – after electrostatic precipitatorelectric filter and wet scrubber treatment. The contents of the flue gas was examined monitored at three positions at Dåva 1. The content of SO2, HCl and dust were measured, which in combination with ammonia can cause coating with reduces the efficiency of the catalyst. All three positions were located after the textile filters and had low contents of dust. Position A was located between the textile fabric filters and the economizers and was the hottest position with 205℃. Position B was located after the economizers and had the temperature of 145℃. Position C had the cleanest and thereby the safest position for a catalyst, due to its location after all the flue gas treatments, but the temperature was only 65℃ and requires most re-heating of the flue gas. Since the SNCR system proved to have potential to be more efficient, it should be optimized before considering an investment in a SCR system.

<p></p><h1>Abstract</h1><p>Waste disposal is a global problem contributing to the ongoing climate change by large emissions of greenhouse gases. By using waste material as a resource instead of landfilling, the greenhouse gas emissions from landfills are reduced. Waste material can be used for waste incineration with energy recovery, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas emission from energy utilization by changing from fossil fuels to a partly renewable fuel.</p><p>Arges County in Romania has severe problems with its waste material, mainly sewage sludge and waste from households and industries. As a consequence of the Romanian EU accession in 2007, Arges County is obliged to close its landfills for waste in a near future. A reconstruction of the wastewater treatment plant and an improved management of the sewage sludge residue are necessary in order to comply with EU standards. The requirements from the EU regarding waste disposal together with the existence of a district heating network in the residence city Pitesti, makes it interesting to investigate energy recovery from waste material in Arges County.</p><p>Therefore, the goal of the study is to evaluate the possibility to extract energy from co-incineration of the waste material, sewage sludge and waste generated in Arges County. In order to reach this goal, the composition and quantities of the waste material is investigated. A suitable technology for the waste-to-energy (WTE) plant is proposed, based on the data of the waste material as well as on   established WTE technologies and their costs. It is assumed that the WTE plant will be implemented in 2020 and that all the generated waste will be incinerated. Furthermore, an environmental analysis is carried out, which presents the reductions of greenhouse gas emissions with the proposed WTE plant in comparison with the present system; including the management of waste and sludge and the district heating production, which is based on fossil fuels.</p><p>The result shows that the waste material in Arges County has a calorific value of 7.5 MJ per kg, which is suitable for co-incineration of waste and sludge. The suggested WTE plant has the total power of 130 MW, annually recovering 620 and 330 GWh of heat and electric power respectively. The investment cost of the WTE plant is estimated to 226 million euro with a payback time of 8 years. The environmental analysis shows that the proposed system in comparison with the present system will decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 88 percent.</p><p>A WTE plant appears to be a sound investment in Arges County and would sharply reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in the county. However, some obstacles exist. Waste management is a new field in Romania and currently there are no WTE plants. Furthermore, the data used in this study concerning the quantity and composition of the waste, is uncertain and further studies are necessary before a WTE plant can be established.</p><p> </p>

The use of municipal refuse (RDF) as fuels has received widespread attention for reason of its energy equivalence and the increasing lack of available landfill sites. The principal obstacle to the construction of combustion facilities is that RDF produces toxic compounds, including heavy metals and such organic compounds as PCDD and PCDF. In this study, the emissions of metal and organic compounds were investigated under oxygen deficient and oxygen surplus conditions for the RDF and such high volume contributors as office papers and magazines. The principal metal emissions of the RDF were Al, Ca, K, Si, and Zn. Magazines significantly contribute B, Mg, Mn, Ti emissions, whereas office papers contributed Ti and Zn emissions. The metal emissions were not significantly different between oxygen deficient and oxygen surplus conditions at a temperature of 750��C. The combustion of RDF produced a full range of PCDFs and PCDFs, the source of which was determined to be RDF, papers, and even untreated wood combustion effluents in the parts-per-billion range. In contrast to metal emissions, emission rates were higher under the oxygen surplus condition than for the oxygen deficient condition and PCDD and PCDF emissions were significant in relation to the chloride contents of fuel, rather than by fuel type as was the case for the large volume contributors. With the exception of Hg, Se, S, Sr, and Pb, the metal emissions were largely derived from the particles in the effluent. / Graduation date: 1993 / Text is slanted on original. Best scan available.

Energy recovery by waste incineration has a double function as waste treatment method and supplier of electricity and/or heat, thereby linking the systems of energy and waste management. Both systems are undergoing great changes, mainly due to new regulations. Important regulations within waste management in Sweden are a ban on landfill of combustible waste and organic waste, and a tax on landfill of waste. New waste incineration facilities are being built in order to increase capacity to meet these demands. The aim of this thesis is to investigate impacts on Swedish district heating systems of increased use of waste as a fuel in economic and environmental terms, the latter mainly by assessing emissions of carbon dioxide. Of importance is the influence of various policy instruments. To highlight the connection between the energy and waste management systems and how these influence each other is another goal, as well as the function of district heating systems as user of various waste heat supplies. An important assumption for this thesis is a deregulated European electricity market, where the marginal power production in the short term is coal condensing power and in the long term natural gas based power, that affects the conditions for combined heat and power in district heating systems. The method used is case studies of three Swedish municipalities that utilise waste in their district heating systems. In two papers, the scope is broadened from the energy utility perspective by comparing the energy efficiency of energy recovery and material recovery of various fractions, and the effect of including external costs for CO2 as well as SO2, NOx and particles. The ambition is that the results can be part of the decision making process for energy utilities and for policy makers in the energy sector and waste management. It is economically advantageous to use waste as a fuel in the energy sector and regulations in the waste management sector and high taxes on fossil fuels contribute to profitability. Waste incineration plants are base suppliers of heat because they derive revenue from receiving the waste. Economic conditions for waste incineration are altered with the introduction of a tax on incinerated municipal waste. A conflict may arise between combined heat and power production in district heating systems and waste incineration, since the latter can remove the heat sink for other combined heat and power plants with higher efficiencies. Combined heat and power is the main measure to decrease carbon dioxide emissions in district heating systems on the assumption that locally produced electricity replaces electricity in coal condensing plants. It can be difficult to design policy instruments for waste incineration due to some conflicting goals for waste management and energy systems. Comparing the energy efficiency of material recovery and energy recovery is a way to assess the resource efficiency of waste treatment methods. From that perspective, if there is a district heating system which can utilise the heat, biodegradable waste and cardboard should be energy recovered and plastics and paper material recovered. To put costs on environmental effects, so called external costs, is a way to take these effects into regard in traditional economic calculations, but the method has drawbacks, e.g. the limited range of environmental effects included and uncertainties in the monetary valuation of environmental effects.

Abstract Waste disposal is a global problem contributing to the ongoing climate change by large emissions of greenhouse gases. By using waste material as a resource instead of landfilling, the greenhouse gas emissions from landfills are reduced. Waste material can be used for waste incineration with energy recovery, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas emission from energy utilization by changing from fossil fuels to a partly renewable fuel. Arges County in Romania has severe problems with its waste material, mainly sewage sludge and waste from households and industries. As a consequence of the Romanian EU accession in 2007, Arges County is obliged to close its landfills for waste in a near future. A reconstruction of the wastewater treatment plant and an improved management of the sewage sludge residue are necessary in order to comply with EU standards. The requirements from the EU regarding waste disposal together with the existence of a district heating network in the residence city Pitesti, makes it interesting to investigate energy recovery from waste material in Arges County. Therefore, the goal of the study is to evaluate the possibility to extract energy from co-incineration of the waste material, sewage sludge and waste generated in Arges County. In order to reach this goal, the composition and quantities of the waste material is investigated. A suitable technology for the waste-to-energy (WTE) plant is proposed, based on the data of the waste material as well as on   established WTE technologies and their costs. It is assumed that the WTE plant will be implemented in 2020 and that all the generated waste will be incinerated. Furthermore, an environmental analysis is carried out, which presents the reductions of greenhouse gas emissions with the proposed WTE plant in comparison with the present system; including the management of waste and sludge and the district heating production, which is based on fossil fuels. The result shows that the waste material in Arges County has a calorific value of 7.5 MJ per kg, which is suitable for co-incineration of waste and sludge. The suggested WTE plant has the total power of 130 MW, annually recovering 620 and 330 GWh of heat and electric power respectively. The investment cost of the WTE plant is estimated to 226 million euro with a payback time of 8 years. The environmental analysis shows that the proposed system in comparison with the present system will decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 88 percent. A WTE plant appears to be a sound investment in Arges County and would sharply reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in the county. However, some obstacles exist. Waste management is a new field in Romania and currently there are no WTE plants. Furthermore, the data used in this study concerning the quantity and composition of the waste, is uncertain and further studies are necessary before a WTE plant can be established.

This master’s thesis has been performed in Bangkok, Thailand at the company Eco Design Consultant Co., Ltd. The aim is to investigate the possibilities to generate absorption cooling from municipal solid waste in the Bangkok area. The investigation includes a comparison between waste incineration and biogas production with combustion to see which alternative is preferable. During the investigation, a Swedish perspective has been used. The research for the report mainly consisted of published scientific articles from acknowledged sources as well as information from different Thai authorities. Also, experts within different areas were contacted and interviewed. In order to determine which of the two techniques (waste incineration or biogas production with combustion) that is best suited to generate absorption cooling, a model was designed. This model involved several parameters regarding e.g. plant efficiency, amount of treated waste and internal heat usage. As for the results of the model, three parameters were calculated: the generated cooling, the net electricity generation and the reduced greenhouse emissions. The overall Thai municipal solid waste generation in Thailand is estimated to approximately 15 million tons per year and the majority of the waste ends up at open dumps or landfills. There are only two to three waste incinerators in the country and a few projects with biogas generation from municipal solid waste. The main electricity is today generated from natural gas which makes the majority of the Thai electricity production fossil fuel based. As for absorption cooling, two applications of this technique has been found in Thailand during the research; one at the Naresuan University and one at the Suvarnabhumi airport in Bangkok. The model resulted in that the best alternative to power absorption cooling technique is waste incineration. This alternative has potential to generate 3200 GWh cooling per year and 1100 GWh electricity per year. Also, this alternative resulted in the largest decrease of greenhouse gas emissions, ‐500 000 tons per year. The model also showed that the same amounts of generated cooling and electricity can never be achieved from biogas production with combustion compared to waste incineration. Regardless, waste incineration has an important drawback: the citizens of Thailand seem to oppose further development of waste incineration in the country. The biogas technique seems more approved in Thailand, which benefits this alternative. Due to the high moisture and organic content in the municipal solid waste, a combination between the two waste handling alternatives is suggested. This way, the most energy can be withdrawn from the waste and the volume of disposed waste is minimized. Our overall conclusion is that the absorption cooling technique has great potential in Thailand. There is an increasing power‐ and cooling demand, absorption cooling generated from either or both of the alternatives can satisfy these demands while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We also believes that the cost for using absorption cooling has to be lower than for the current compression cooling if the new technique is to be implemented further.