No Rio Grande do Sul opera uma planta piloto que incinera resíduos do setor coureirocalçadista; o processo de gaseificação e combustão gera uma cinza contendo alto teor de cromo (~55% Cr2O3). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de aproveitamento do cromo da “cinza de couro” na produção de aço inoxidável (no reator Forno Elétrico a Arco), utilizando-se como ferramenta a Termodinâmica Computacional. Inicialmente fez-se um estudo sobre os fundamentos termodinâmicos dos sistemas envolvidos. Partiu-se de sistemas simples, com grau crescente de complexidade, avaliando-se a possibilidade de redução do Cr2O3(s) presente na cinza. Após esse estudo, foram realizadas simulações. Nas proporções analisadas, os resultados mostram que não acontece incorporação de cromo ao banho com a adição da cinza, na temperatura de 1600 ºC, pois a escória é saturada em cromo. Na temperatura de 1700 ºC é possível a adição de certa quantidade de cinza, mas, no entanto, sob condições muito especiais, e com baixo rendimento (no melhor resultado obtido, apenas 6% do cromo adicionado através da cinza de couro é incorporado à fase banho). Verificou-se ainda que variar a basicidade da escória causa efeito bastante significativo no retorno de cromo ao banho. Se a cinza de couro for adicionada a um sistema escória-banho que inicialmente contém pouco cromo (é o caso de aços baixa liga), a maior parte do cromo adicionado é incorporada ao banho. Ou seja, adicionar Cr2O3(s) em escória de aços que tem como especificação baixos teores de cromo resulta em melhor aproveitamento do cromo da cinza. Quanto ao sistema CaO-SiO2-CrOx-MgO , verificou-se que a existência de magnésio leva à formação de picrocromita (MgO.Cr2O3), fase de difícil redução pelo silício. Adicionando-se ainda alumina a esse sistema, não se observaram mudanças significativas. / In Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil) has been working a pilot plant that burns footwear leather waste. The gasification/combustion process generates an ash with high chromium content (~55% Cr2O3). The aim of this work was to evaluate the possibility of using the “leather ash” in the stainless steel production (in the Eletric Arc Furnace), with the aid of computational thermodynamics. The thermodynamic fundamentals of the involved systems were investigated. The possibility of reduction of the Cr2O3(s) present in the ash was evaluated starting at simpler systems, with increasing degree of complexity. After this preliminary study was done, the simulations were carried through. The results showed that incorporation of chromium to the bath by ash addition does not happen in the temperature of 1600ºC, since the slag is saturated in chromium. In the temperature of 1700ºC, it is possible the addition of certain amount of ash, however with low income (in the best result, only 6% of chromium added through the leather ash was incorporated to the bath). It was showed that slag basicity causes a significant effect in the return of chromium to the bath. If the leather ash is added to a slag-metal system which does not contain chromium, or which contains only a low quantity of chromium, the majority of the added chromium will be incorporated to the bath. Thus, Cr2O3(s) addition can be carried out for the production of another kinds of steel (with lower chromium content). It has been verified that magnesium leads to the picrochromite (MgO.Cr2O3) formation; for this phase, the reduction by silicon is not possible. Adding aluminium to the slags results in no significant changes observed.

A tecnologia de incineração no gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos é empregada de maneira intensa em diversos países do mundo. No Brasil, além da sua utilização eventual em resíduos de serviços de saúde, há uma proposta para implantação de duas usinas de grande porte visando ao tratamento térmico de resíduos sólidos domiciliares na cidade de São Paulo. Através de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, são apresentados os principais parâmetros técnicos e ambientais desta tecnologia, entre eles os mecanismos de combustão e de formação de poluentes, os tipos de equipamentos empregados, as formas de manejo e disposição de cinzas e escórias e os métodos de controle e redução de emissões atmosféricas como gases ácidos, material particulado e metais pesados. Também é feita uma revisão do atual conhecimento técnico-científico sobre dioxinas e furanos relativamente à incineração de resíduos sólidos urbanos. A partir desta base teórica pesquisada e da análise dos Estudos de Impacto Ambiental e dos Relatórios de Impacto Ambiental das usinas de incineração de Santo Amaro e Sapopemba, conclui-se que tais incineradores, na forma como são propostos, não apresentam o nível tecnológico necessário para atender às normas de operação e emissão de poluentes vigentes em países onde há legislação regulando esta atividade. / The incineration technique on the management of municipal solid waste is intensely used in several countries. In Brazil, besides an occasional utilization on medical services waste, there is a proposal for the implantation of two large facilities for the thermal treatment of domestic solid waste in São Paulo city. Through a review on this theme, we present here the main technical and environmental parameters on this technology, including the combustion and the pollutant generation mechanisms, types of equipment, management and disposition of fly and bottom ashes and the main control and reduction methods of atmospheric pollution like acid gases, particulates and heavy metals. The state of the art on the present technical-scientific knowledge on dioxins and furans connected to the incineration of urban solid waste is presented. On this theoretical basis and on the analysis of the environmental impact assessment and environmental impact report on the Santo Amaro and Sapopemba facilities, we conclude that the incineration systems, as in the proposal, do not present the technologic level necessary to obey the operation and pollutant emission rules on the countries where this activities are controlled.

Orientador: Gilmar Barreto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T07:10:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_FelipedeMello_M.pdf: 6968120 bytes, checksum: 59d5634a5a4bff603ee4b2bf138d55ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho enfoca o problema de identificação multivariável de um processo de incineração de resíduos líquidos que faz parte do complexo da unidade de utilidades da empresa BASF S.A, localizada em Resende-RJ. Para trabalhos futuros, pretendemos utilizar esta identificação em um projeto de controlador inteligente. A escolha desse processo foi motivada pelo potencial de melhoria no sistema de controle da combustão, sendo realizado um estudo com as possíveis melhorias econômicas e operacionais com a otimização do processo de incineração. Os sistemas nebulosos foram enfocados de maneira especial, por causa da sua capacidade de processar informação de natureza incerta e qualitativa. O modelo nebuloso Takagi-Sugeno (TS) foi implementado para representar o processo de incineração de resíduos líquidos em estudo. Os resultados das simulações efetuadas com os modelos nebulosos TS obtidos representam de maneira adequada o comportamento real do sistema de incineração / Abstract: This work is concerned with the problem of multivariable identification of liquids residues incineration process that is a complex part of utilities unit in BASF SA. Company, located in Resende-RJ. For future works, we intend use this identification in an intelligent controller design. The choice of this process was motivated by the potential of improvement on combustion system control of the incineration process, and was realized a study considering the possible economic and operational improvements with the incineration process optimization. The fuzzy systems were focused in a special way, because of its capability to process information of uncertain and qualitative nature. The Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model was implemented to represent the studied liquids residues incineration process. The simulation results obtained with TS fuzzy models represent, in an adequate way, the real behavior of an incineration system / Mestrado / Automação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Arai Augusta Bernardez Pecora / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T11:34:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HerreraCamacho_LydaMargarita_M.pdf: 1762236 bytes, checksum: c6b9125be4a28906691da985c3fb676e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O propósito desta pesquisa foi o estudo experimental da transferência de calor suspensãoparede em um leito fluidizado circulante em escala piloto. Foi escolhido um modelo de planejamento experimental denominado delineamento composto central rotacional, visando verificar a influência de três variáveis: temperatura do leito, inventário de sólidos e velocidade superficial do ar no coeficiente de transferência de calor suspensão-parede. Os testes foram executados usando como material particulado areia quartzosa industrial com diâmetro médio de m µ 356 . Um total de dezoito testes foi executado para cinco temperaturas do leito (250 a 400°C), cinco velocidades superficiais do ar (5 a 7m/s) e cinco inventários de sólidos (7 a 9 Kg). O trocador de calor estudado foi do tipo tubo duplo com folga anular de 47,3 mm, o qual utiliza como fluido de resfriamento água escoando paralelamente à suspensão gás-sólido. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que os fatores temperatura do leito e inventário de sólidos apresentaram as maiores influências sobre o coeficiente de transferência de calor, enquanto a velocidade superficial do gás apresentou um pequeno efeito. Os resultados experimentais foram comparados com três modelos teóricos, encontrando-se que a melhor correspondência com os resultados foram obtidos pela aplicação do modelo do pesquisador BASU (1989). Foi proposta uma correlação simples para previsão do coeficiente de transferência de calor em leito fluidizado circulante, válida para as faixas de operação testadas neste trabalho / Abstract: The purpose of this research was the experimental study of the suspension to surface heat transfer in a pilot scale circulating fluidized bed system. A Rotational Composite Central Design of experiments was applied in order to verify the influence of three important factors: bed temperature, gas fluidization velocity and solids inventory on suspension to surface heat transfer coefficient. Experiments were done using quartz sand, m µ 356 mean diameter as solid material and air as fluidization gas. A total of eighteen tests were performed for five riser temperatures (250 to 400°C), five gas fluidization velocities (5 to 7m/s) and five solids inventory (7 to 9 Kg). The experimental system is composed of a riser 102 mm internal diameter and 4 m height and a downcomer with 63 mm internal diameter. The studied heat exchanger, double pipe type, is located at the riser; 1000 mm above the gas entrance and presents a cooling water flow through a 47,3 mm annular space. Experimental results showed that the riser temperature and the solids inventory presented more influence on the suspension to surface heat transfer coefficient than the superficial gas velocity. The experimental results were compared with three theoretical models and the results showed that the best agreement occurred for the BASU (1989) model. A simple correlation was proposed to calculate the suspension to surface heat transfer coefficient as a function of the three studied influence factors to be applied inside the variables range studied. / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T19:25:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lino_FatimaAparecidadeMorais_D.pdf: 4563371 bytes, checksum: bb5cfda45f05124356d651f091207118 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Com o aumento da população mundial, nas últimas décadas, a geração de resíduo sólido e de esgoto doméstico tem aumentado. No Brasil, são gerados diariamente acima de 250 mil toneladas de resíduo sólido urbano e cerca de 28 milhões de metros cúbicos de esgoto, mas coletá-los e tratá-los tem sido um dos maiores desafios para os administradores municipais. Tanto o resíduo sólido quanto o esgoto doméstico sem tratamento impactam o ambiente e, consequentemente, a saúde pública. Este trabalho propõe técnicas de tratamento de RSU e ED com recuperação de energia e minimização dos impactos ambientais, com base na reciclagem, biodigestão e incineração, aplicadas ao Brasil e em seis municípios de regiões distintas. Os resultados mostram que a reciclagem de 10% do potencial de reciclável coletado no país pode render R$ 110 milhões/mês, ganhos de 256.9 mil GJ / dia de energia e emissão evitada de cerca de 5,8 MtCO2/ano. Na incineração de resíduo sólido, a energia elétrica resultante equivale ao consumo de 16,5 milhões de residências com emissões de cerca de 12,9 MtCO2/ ano. A incineração do lodo de esgoto resulta em energia elétrica equivalente ao consumo de 1,3 milhão de residências e emissões de 0,875 MtCO2 / ano. Além de recuperar água para reuso correspondente à metade do volume de esgoto gerado diariamente. Pelos resultados, conclui-se que municípios grandes geradores de RSU e de ED podem obter melhor aproveitamento energético e econômico com os sistemas de tratamento propostos enquanto municípios pequenos, a sugestão é que se agrupem para tratar o resíduo de forma comunitária visando à redução dos custos e aproveitamento dos benefícios / Abstract: During the last decades the world population increased and as a consequence the production of urban solid waste and domestic sewage also increased. The daily production of urban solid waste in Brazil is about 250 thousand tons while the domestic sewage is about 28 million cubic meters, whose collection and treatment turned to be one of the big challenges for the public administration. Intuitionally, this work proposes techniques for treating the urban solid waste and domestic sewage minimizing the ambient impacts and producing energy by recycling, biodigestion and incineration which were used for Brazil and six municipalities in distinct regions. The results show that recycling only 10% of the available recyclables can provide a monthly sum of R$ 110 million, daily energy economy of 257 mil GJ and avoid the emission of about 5.8 MtCO2/year. The incineration of the urban solid waste can generate electricity enough for 16.5 million residences and emitting 12.9 MtCO2 / year. The incineration of sewage sludge can generate electricity enough for 1.3 million houses and emits 0.875 MtCO2 / year. The recuperated water for reuse is about 50% of the daily consumed water. From the results it is possible to conclude that big municipalities can benefit from the innumerous energy, financial and ambient advantages by adequately treating their RSU and domestic sewage. It is recommendation that small municipalities can join together to use common installations to reduce costs and share benefits / Doutorado / Termica e Fluidos / Doutora em Engenharia Mecânica

Företaget Againity AB har planer på att driftsätta avfallsförbränningsanläggningar i områden av världen där avfallsförbränning inte är särskilt vanlig. Againity står därför inför utmaningen att rena rökgaserna till godkända nivåer. För att göra detta krävs först och främst en kartläggning över förbränningstekniker, föroreningsemissioner och de olika utsläppskrav som finns. Vidare utvärderas vilka rökgasreningstekniker som är bäst lämpade för avfallsförbränningsanläggningar i de områden som Againity vill vara verksamt i. Genom att förbränna avfall i en förbränningsanläggning finns förutsättningar att rent förbränningstekniskt minska utsläppen av föroreningar. I en eldstad där förbränningen sker i kontrollerade former kan en önskad temperatur uppnås med hjälp av optimal lufttillförsel. Med kombinationen av en temperatur kring 800 – 1100 ºC och en uppehållstid på minst 2 sekunder kan fullständig förbränning av bränslet uppnås och utsläppen av miljöbelastande ämnen kan reduceras kraftigt. Föroreningar har undersökts baserat på de lagstiftningar som finns för utsläppsbegränsningar. En av dessa är svaveldioxid, som bidrar till försurning av vatten och mark. En annan är dioxiner, som genom biomagnifikation är skadliga för människor och djur. För att uppnå maximal reduktion av föroreningar används kombinationer av olika rökgasreningstekniker. Stoftbundna partiklar kan avskiljas ur rökgaserna med hjälp av olika slags filter, medan sura gaser måste reagera med ett annat ämne för att kunna fångas upp eller avskiljas på annat sätt. Kväveoxider avskiljs inte på samma sätt som de tidigare nämnda föroreningarna, utan reduceras istället med en reaktant som bildar en harmlös gas. Tack vare att data finns angående avfallsfraktioner, har teoretiska halter av vissa ämnen i rökgaserna beräknats. Företaget Testos mätningar vid avfallsförbränningsanläggningar har använts för andra föroreningar. Efter jämförelse med utsläppskrav för olika regioner har rekommendationer av lämpliga röksgasreningstekniker presenterats. Dessa förslag på rökgasreningsanläggningar har tagits fram ur ett miljö- och ekonomiperspektiv. Vi har kommit fram till att fullständig förbränning är en grundläggande princip som verksamhetsutövare behöver lägga stort fokus på. Gemensamt för alla våra anläggningsförslag har varit det elektrostatiska filtret, som vi tycker bör implementeras vid alla förbränningsanläggningar. Vi rekommenderar också andra reningstekniker som skrubber och SNCR, men dessa metoder bör sättas i relation till den miljömässiga kravbild, de ekonomiska resurser som finns och infrastrukturens funktionalitet. / The company Againity AB has plans to apply waste incineration systems in regions where waste management is a major issue. To manage this Againity must take flue gas treatment in consideration. As flue gas treatment isn’t their area of expertise, a disquisition of combustion techniques, pollution and emission standards will be necessary. Henceforth can an evaluation of which flue gas treatment techniques that would be suitable for waste incineration plants in the regions where the plants are intended to be. By incinerate waste in an incineration plant there is good conditions to obtain a less polluted flue gas just by using good combustion techniques. In a plant where you can control the combustion, a certain desired temperature can be achieved by injecting the right amount of air. The combination of a temperature around 800 – 1100 °C and a residence time of at least two seconds, result in complete combustion of the waste and emissions of environmental pollutants will be reduced. Based on emission standards, certain pollutants have been evaluated. One of those pollutants is sulphur dioxide, which contribute to acidification of earth and water. Another relevant pollutant is dioxins, which is harmful for humans and animals due to its capability of biomagnification. To acquire as clean flue gas as possible several flue gas treatment techniques should be applied in combination. By using filters in general, dust and particles bound in dust can be separated from the flue gas. As for acidic gases, these must react with another substance first to be separated. Nitrogen oxides however cannot be separated from the flue gas as the recently mentioned pollutants can, they can only be reduced by reacting with a reducing agent to form harmless gases. Thanks to available data concerning waste fractions, theoretical values of some pollutants in flue gases has been calculated. Emission measurements at waste incineration plants made by the company Testo, has been used for other pollutants. Calculated and measured values has been compared to the emission standards of Vietnam and the European Union and depending on the outcome of the comparison, suggestions of flue-gas techniques has been presented. Different suggestions of flue-gas systems have been presented depending of economic resources and to what extent the emissions should be reduced. Our conclusion is that complete combustion is a fundamental factor that operators must focus on. Electrostatic precipitator is a flue-gas technique that all our suggestions have in common and is a technique that we strongly recommend. We also recommend other flue-gas techniques such as scrubber and SNCR, but these methods are not always necessary. Planning of advanced flue-gas treatment needs consideration of the environmental requirements, the economic resources available and the functionality of the infrastructure.

Le développement des applications industrielles relatives aux nanotechnologies entraîne un accroissement du nombre et de la variété de déchets contenant des nanomatériaux générés par l'industrie, les consommateurs et les laboratoires de R&D. Des familles de matériaux émergents incorporant des nano-objets se développent de manière significative alors que l’adéquation des filières de fin de vie (recyclage et élimination) n’est que récemment évaluée vis-à-vis des risques potentiels liés aux nanomatériaux. Les nanocomposites - dont la fin de vie est susceptible d'être prise en charge par l'incinération - font l'objet de cette thèse. L’objectif est d’une part de connaître le devenir des nano-objets (incorporés dans le nanocomposite) lors de l’incinération du nanocomposite ; et d’autre part de connaître leur comportement dans la chambre de combustion. Les essais d’incinération ont été réalisés à l’échelle laboratoire dans un four tubulaire et un cône calorimètre spécialement modifiés dans le but de contrôler les paramètres clés de l’incinération. Les suivis temporels des concentrations en gaz et des concentrations en nombre de l’aérosol de combustion ainsi que l’imagerie en microscopie électronique nous ont permis d’étudier les émissions et la décomposition thermique. Par ailleurs, l’influence de différents paramètres tels que la température de combustion, l’oxygénation de l’échantillon, le taux d’incorporation et la nature du nano-objet incorporé, sur la nature des émissions, a été étudiée. Enfin, pour faciliter l’utilisation des résultats au niveau opérationnel, un arbre décisionnel a été proposé aux décideurs publics et aux exploitants d’unité d’incinération. / Nanocomposites have been widely studied and produced since the end of the nineties. These trendy materials containing nanomaterials are expected to end up in incineration waste plants due to the lack of specific recovery procedures. The aim of this work is to investigate the behavior and the fate of the nano-objects from nanocomposites during their incineration and to give insights on potential environmental risk related to the incineration of waste containing nanomaterials. Incineration tests have been performed at lab-scale using a specific tubular furnace and a cone calorimeter which have been modified in order to control the key incineration parameters within both the combustion and post-combustion zones. The influence of the nano-objects presence on the combustion mechanisms (aerosol release and decomposition) is investigated. It seems necessary to address the issue of the fate of nano-objects incorporated initially in the polymer: are they destroyed, do they undergo changes during their stay in the incinerator furnace, and where are they are released ? The combustion residues and the combustion aerosol (collected downstream the incinerator) have been characterized using various techniques devoted to the analysis of aerosols. Furthermore, it has been studied the influence of different parameters (temperature of combustion, oxygen rate, loading of nano-objects, type of nano-objects) on the nature of emissions. Finally, a decision tree has been proposed to decision-makers and incineration plant managers in order to facilitate the use of the results on an operational level.

This thesis deals with brush steam turbine operation. This turbine is installed in small biomass incineration plant, which is situated in premises of company Dřevopar s.r.o. in Loštice. First part is focused on incineration plant technology introduction. Following parts are focused on brush steam turbine principle, design solutions and evaluation of the operation. Comparative steam turbines are chosen according to preliminary calculation. The end of thesis contains brush turbine and blade turbine comparison.

Atmospheric deposition has been suggested to be a major input pathway of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) to the Baltic Sea catchment area and to the Baltic Sea itself. However, the sources of PFAAs to the atmosphere are not well characterized. In this study we investigated if waste incineration plants in Sweden could be a source of PFAAs to the atmosphere and to the environment in general. Samples of the end products from waste incineration were collected at four different incineration plants. The plants differed in size and technical advancement and were considered to be representative for the majority of waste incineration plants in Sweden. The collected samples were slag from the furnaces, fly ash from the flue gases, “bambergkaka” (a mix of fly ash and sludge from wastewater treatment) as well as condensate and wastewater from the cleaning process of the flue gases. Two methods were developed, one for analysis of PFAAs in solid samples and one for water samples. Method validation showed good performance for both methods in terms of precision and accuracy, despite low recoveries obtained for the method for solid samples. The results from sample analysis revealed that PFAAs were present in all solid samples at concentrations in the low to sub ng/g range and in all but one condensate and wastewater samples at concentrations in the low to sub ng/L range. The quantified concentrations were used to estimate the potential annual discharges of PFAAs from waste incineration plants to the environment. Emission scenarios via landfills, via wastewater treatment plants and to the atmosphere were considered. The main conclusion of this study is that waste incineration in Sweden is not a significant source of PFAAs to the atmosphere or to the environment in general.

In this research three waste scenario’s for polystyrene plastic are analysed and compared from an environmental perspective. Incineration, recycling and biodegradation by mealworms (Tenebrio Monitor Linnaeus) of polystyrene are to be compared through a gate to grave Life Cycle Analysis. This LCA is conducted through the International Standard Organisation, 14040 Standard. The biodegradation facility is non existing and based on assumption backed up by peer reviewed literature. Incineration and recycling are based on facts and figures from national authorities and supplemented and peer reviewed literature. All three processes are analysed using IPCC Global Warming Potential (GWP) 2013 GWP 100a &amp; 1.03 ReCipe 2016 Midpoint (H) 1.02 within SimaPro 9. Results show that the biodegradation of polystyrene by mealworms is inferior to the two already existing methods of recycling and incineration from an environmental perspective. The environmental preference of recycling or incineration cannot be clearly defined. From an energy perspective (GWP) recycling is highly preferred over incineration. From ReCiPe 2016 methods incineration is highly favourable compared to most impact categories. However results are not likely to represent realistic values valid today due to lack of (accurate) data within this LCA. It is unlikely that without supplemented data results from this research can be used in any form. Nevertheless this lack of information shows the need for further investigation on biodegradation by mealworms. / <p>2020-06-05</p>