Η περιοχή παρουσιάζει ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον λόγω των συχνών κατολισθητικών φαινομένων. Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η παρακολούθηση της κατολισθαίνουσας ζώνης της Παναγοπούλας βάση μετρήσεων που έχουν ληφθεί μέσα στο χρόνο και ο προσδιορισμός του ρυθμού μετακίνησης της περιοχής λόγω της κατολίσθησης. Τα συμπεράσματα που θα προκύψουν δίνουν μια εικόνα για την εξέλιξη της κατολισθαίνουσας ζώνης στο χρόνο, από τα οποία ίσως βγουν συμπεράσματα για την πορεία της στο μέλλον. Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 ακολουθεί μια περιγραφή της περιοχής μελέτης. Περιγράφεται η γεωγραφική θέση, το μορφολογικό ανάγλυφο, η υδρογεωλογία και η σεισμολογία της περιοχής . Επίσης, γίνεται αναφορά στην γεωλογική δομή και στις γεωλογικές συνθήκες καθώς και περιγραφή των γεωλογικών σχηματισμών που δομούν την περιοχή. Το Kεφάλαιο 2 αναφέρεται στα κατολισθητικά φαινόμενα της περιοχής μελέτης. Αρχικά γίνεται αναφορά στα διάφορα είδη κατολισθητικών κινήσεων (ονοματολογία, ταξινόμηση, αίτια μετακίνησης) και στην συνέχεια γίνεται λεπτομερής παρουσίαση του ιστορικού των κατολισθητικών φαινομένων στην περιοχή της Παναγοπούλας με τις συνεχείς επαναδραστηριοποιήσεις από τις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 1970 έως και σήμερα. Στο Kεφάλαιο 3 γίνεται αρχικά αναφορά στην περιγραφή και χρήση των αποκλισιομετρικών οργάνων γενικότερα, καθώς και παρουσίαση της μεθοδολογίας και λειτουργίας τους. Στην συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται – ερμηνεύονται τα αποτελέσματα των αποκλισιομετρικών μετρήσεων στην περιοχή. / The area is of particular interest because of frequent landslides. The aim of the study is to monitor the landslide zone of Panagopoula based on measurements taken over time while we try to determine the rate of travel in the region due to landslides. The conclusions drawn give an insight into the evolution of the landslide zone in time, which can give us approximate readings about the course of the future. Chapter 1 evolves around a description of the study area. Thus we give a territorial description of the geographic location, terrain morphology, hydrogeology and seismology of the area, also we refer to the geological structure, geological conditions and a description of the geological formations that populate the region. Chapter 2 refers to landslides in the study area. Originally referring to the different type of landslide movement (nomenclature, classification, causes movement) and then it gives out a detailed presentation of the history of the landslides in the Panagopoula region takin in account the continuous reactivation of the early 1970’s until today. Chapter 3 starts by referring to the description and use of the inclinometer in general, all in all the presentation of the methodology and operation of it, while at the same time we present – interpret and analyze the results of inclinometer measurements in the region.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 leite_f_dr_botfca.pdf: 1137087 bytes, checksum: 935adc64eba193e98414deb6fb3e222a (MD5) / Os tratores como fonte de potência, para o tracionamento e/ou acionamento de máquinas e implementos agrícolas dão origem a conjuntos motomecanizados, os quais têm sido utilizados de forma crescente na agricultura brasileira. Apesar do grande avanço tecnológico o aumento do número de tratores agrícolas trouxe aspectos positivos e alguns negativos, entre estes últimos destaca-se o surgimento de uma nova fonte de acidentes de trabalho, cuja importância é dada pelos danos físicos que causam ao operador. Em estudos realizados, desde a década de 70 do século XX até os dias atuais, de 85% em média dos acidentes fatais, envolvendo tratores agrícolas, 70% são devidos a quedas laterais e 15% a quedas para trás. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi projetar e desenvolver um inclinômetro, o qual indica a inclinação do terreno, como sensor de segurança para tratores agrícolas com o intuito de evitar tombamentos laterais, para a preservação do operador e da máquina. Ainda como objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o desempenho operacional, em uma pista inclinada lateralmente, dos tratores agrícolas avaliados para este trabalho. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, em uma pista de ensaio de máquinas, pertencente ao NEMPA (Núcleo de Ensaio de Máquinas e Pneus Agroflorestais), com 400 metros de comprimento e 20 metros de largura, sendo que a mesma possui uma pista lateral previamente construída... / The tractors as potency source, for the traction and/or activate of machines and agricultural implements give origin to groups motor automated, which have been used in a growing way in the Brazilian agriculture. In spite of the great technological progress the increase of the number of agricultural tractors brought positive aspects and some negative, among these last ones he stands out the appearance of a new source of work accidents, whose importance is given by the physical damages that cause to the operator. In accomplished studies, since the decade of 70 of the century XX to the current days, of 85% on average of the fatal accidents, involving agricultural tractors, 70% are back due to lateral falls and 15% to falls. Therefore the objective of this work was to project and to develop an inclinometer, which indicates the inclination of the land, as sensor of safety for agricultural tractors with the intention of avoiding lateral hollovers, through a resonant sign, for the preservation of the operator and of the machine. Still as objective of this work was to analyze the operational acting, in a sloping track sidelong, of the appraised agricultural tractors for this work. The experiment was developed in Fazenda Experimental Lageado, belonging to University of Agronomic Sciences of the from São Paulo State University, Campus of Botucatu, in a track of rehearsal of machines, belonging to NEMPA (Nucleus of Rehearsal of Machines and Tires Agroforest), with 400 meters in length and 20 meters of width, and the same possesses a lateral track built previously. The steepness of the track was of 0,3% in the sense of the length and even in the width and the lateral...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

M.Ing. / Vehicle attitude is the most significant of the navigational parameters in terms of its influence on accumulated dead reckoning errors. To determine the attitude of the host vehicle body, with respect to the earth, it is necessary to keep track of the orientation of the body axes with respect to the local earth navigational frame (north, east and down). The aim of this research is to investigate the feasibility and the enhancement of low cost inertial sensors (such as gyroscopes) by the addition of magnetometer and pitch and roll angle sensors. The focus of this research is on the use of low cost inertial measurement systems to determine the attitude of a vehicle body. Strapdown system principles and the estimation theory are applied to achieve this goal. Both Euler angles and Quatemions as attitude representation are implemented and compared with one another. Work is concentrated around the mathematical models for low cost sensors and the attitude system dynamics. A sensor cluster is constructed using three gyroscopes, a magnetometer and two inclinometers. These inertial sensors were integrated using a Kalman filter. The mathematics, calculations and principles used are universal for all attitude systems. Practical data was recorded after which it was filtered to illustrate the working of the Kalman filter. The addition of a magnetometer and two inclinometers are indeed feasible for enhancing the attitude obtained from the inertial sensors. The benefit associated with the gyroscopes, when the magnetometer readings are disturbed by external magnetic anomalies, where small and of little significance. This thesis fully describes the theory and approach followed to implement the Kalman filter, making this a good example of a Kalman filter implementation, especially with the MATLAB software realisation presented in the appendix.

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Deterministic methods have been used in geotechnical engineering for a long period, such as slope stability calculations. However, only applying deterministic methods is subjective and imperfect. There is a demand to develop a systematic methodology to link the assessed slope stability and field measurement data, which is also known as inverse analysis and forward calculation. Based on the Nya Slussen project, this thesis includes the development of a methodology, deterministic calculation for 4 cross sections using finite element program Plaxis 2D and probabilistic calculation for one section. Deterministic analyses showed satisfying results for all the studied cross sections since their factors of safety exceeded the minimum requirement. In probabilistic design, three parameters were found to have the most uncertainties through sensitivity analysis (undrained shear strength of clay, Young’s modulus of clay and friction angle of fill). Inverse analysis was done by testing different values of them in Plaxis and to try to match the displacement components provided by field measurement. After finding the best optimization for all the parameters, forward calculation gave a final factor of safety. It is suggested that both of the methods should be utilized together for better assessment.

Motion and tilt have long hindered the accuracy, reliability, and response of magnetic detection systems. Perturbations in the magnetic field reading resulting from motion cause degradation of the output signal, compromising the performance and reliability of the magnetometer system. The purpose of this document is to describe the development, construction, and testing of a tilt-stabilized three-axis magnetic field sensor. The sensor is implemented as a three-axis general-purpose magnetic field sensor, with the additional capability of being implemented as a compass. Design and construction of system hardware is discussed, along with software development and implementation. Finite impulse response filters are designed and implemented in hardware to filter the acquired magnetic signals. Various designs of median filters are simulated and tested for smoothing inclination signal irregularities and noise. Trigonometric conversions necessary for tilt-compensation are calculated in software using traditional methods, as well as the Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm. Both calculation methods are compared for execution time and efficiency. Successful incorporation of all design aspects leads to detection and output of stable earth magnetic fields, sinusoidal signals, and aperiodic signatures while the magnetometer system is subject to significant tilt motion. Optimized system execution time leads to a maximum detectable signal bandwidth of 410 Hz. Integration of azimuth angle calculation is incorporated and is successfully tested with minimal error, allowing the system to be used as a compass. Results of the compensated system tests are compared to non-compensated results to display system performance, including tilt-compensation effectiveness, noise attenuation, and operational speed. / Master of Science

Koyulhisar settlement area is located on the northern flank of Kelkit valley which is seismically active and landslide-prone area. The settlement area was adversely affected from active landslides and some of the houses were evacuated. The purpose of this thesis is to delineate areas where slope instability exists within the Koyulhisar settlement area, and to investigate an active landslide by means of field observations, drilling, sampling, field and laboratory testing, and in-situ monitoring using inclinometer. Based on the field studies, it is observed that flyschoidal sequence as bedrock and colluvium consisting clay and silt with some gravel are the main lithological units exposed in the study area. Two landslide affected areas are identified, the one investigated due to its adverse effect to some important governmental buildings, has a non-circular failure surface due to the existence of the flyschoidal sequence below the colluvium. The inclinometer measurements reveal that the displacements are local and their velocities are generally less than 14 mm/year indicating that the landslide is an extremely slow landslide. In addition, high groundwater table is observed as one of the major parameters in occurrence of landslide.

Resumo: Os tratores como fonte de potência, para o tracionamento e/ou acionamento de máquinas e implementos agrícolas dão origem a conjuntos motomecanizados, os quais têm sido utilizados de forma crescente na agricultura brasileira. Apesar do grande avanço tecnológico o aumento do número de tratores agrícolas trouxe aspectos positivos e alguns negativos, entre estes últimos destaca-se o surgimento de uma nova fonte de acidentes de trabalho, cuja importância é dada pelos danos físicos que causam ao operador. Em estudos realizados, desde a década de 70 do século XX até os dias atuais, de 85% em média dos acidentes fatais, envolvendo tratores agrícolas, 70% são devidos a quedas laterais e 15% a quedas para trás. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi projetar e desenvolver um inclinômetro, o qual indica a inclinação do terreno, como sensor de segurança para tratores agrícolas com o intuito de evitar tombamentos laterais, para a preservação do operador e da máquina. Ainda como objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o desempenho operacional, em uma pista inclinada lateralmente, dos tratores agrícolas avaliados para este trabalho. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, em uma pista de ensaio de máquinas, pertencente ao NEMPA (Núcleo de Ensaio de Máquinas e Pneus Agroflorestais), com 400 metros de comprimento e 20 metros de largura, sendo que a mesma possui uma pista lateral previamente construída...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The tractors as potency source, for the traction and/or activate of machines and agricultural implements give origin to groups motor automated, which have been used in a growing way in the Brazilian agriculture. In spite of the great technological progress the increase of the number of agricultural tractors brought positive aspects and some negative, among these last ones he stands out the appearance of a new source of work accidents, whose importance is given by the physical damages that cause to the operator. In accomplished studies, since the decade of 70 of the century XX to the current days, of 85% on average of the fatal accidents, involving agricultural tractors, 70% are back due to lateral falls and 15% to falls. Therefore the objective of this work was to project and to develop an inclinometer, which indicates the inclination of the land, as sensor of safety for agricultural tractors with the intention of avoiding lateral hollovers, through a resonant sign, for the preservation of the operator and of the machine. Still as objective of this work was to analyze the operational acting, in a sloping track sidelong, of the appraised agricultural tractors for this work. The experiment was developed in Fazenda Experimental Lageado, belonging to University of Agronomic Sciences of the from São Paulo State University, Campus of Botucatu, in a track of rehearsal of machines, belonging to NEMPA (Nucleus of Rehearsal of Machines and Tires Agroforest), with 400 meters in length and 20 meters of width, and the same possesses a lateral track built previously. The steepness of the track was of 0,3% in the sense of the length and even in the width and the lateral...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Orientador: João Eduardo Guarnetti dos Santos / Coorientador: Kléber Pereira Lanças / Banca: Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra / Banca: Marcos Roberto Bormio / Banca: Antonio Gabriel Filho / Banca: Nilson Salvador / Doutor

El estudio consiste en un monitoreo de deformaciones con el uso de un inclinómetro instalado a trasdós de un muro de concreto armado con ocho niveles de anclajes en una excavación de 32 metros de profundidad en un proyecto de edificación en el distrito de San Isidro. Debido a que la metodología del muro anclado es muy utilizada en los últimos años en la ciudad de Lima, se considera necesario realizar un estudio del comportamiento de este tipo de estructura de retención, con el objetivo de conocer si la máxima deformación está dentro de los rangos permitidos por las normas internacionales, más aún en nuestro entorno, en donde no se tiene una normativa que regule este tipo de obras. La tesis se apoya en una revisión bibliográfica que ha permitido conocer estudios de deformaciones en estructuras de retención, analizar aspectos generales del comportamiento de los muros anclados, así como aspectos relacionados a la instrumentación geotécnica específicamente a los inclinómetros. La metodología adoptada seguirá un método cuantitativo, asimismo será de nivel descriptiva y también explicativa. Por otro lado, se considera que será de tipo aplicada siguiendo un diseño no experimental, además de ser prospectiva y transversal. Se ha logrado concluir que la deformación máxima del muro instrumentado está dentro de lo esperado, cumpliendo los rangos de las normas y de otras experiencias mencionadas en el marco teórico de esta tesis, además, tanto los resultados entregados por el inclinómetro como los presentados por el modelo en PLAXIS 2D, son similares, ya que muestra la tendencia hacia donde se dan las deformaciones. The study consists of a strain monitoring using an inclinometer installed to backfill of a retaining wall with eight anchors levels at a 32 meters deep excavation, in a building project in the district of San Isidro. The methodology of the retaining wall is widely used in recent years in the city of Lima, for that reason it is considered necessary to study the behavior of this type of retaining structure, in order to determine whether the maximum deformation is within the range allowed by international standards, even in our environment, where there is no legislation regulating this type of work. The thesis is based on a literature review, including studies of deformation of retaining structures, general aspects of the behavior of anchored walls and also issues related to geotechnical instrumentation specifically inclinometers. The methodology is based on a quantitative method, considering a descriptive level and an explanatory level as well. On the other hand, it is considered to be a rate applied contemplating a non-experimental design, as well as being prospective and transversal. The maximum deformation of the wall is within the expectations, satisfying the standards ranges and other experiences mentioned in the theoretical literature of this thesis and the results delivered by the inclinometer as the results presented by the PLAXIS 2D model are similar, because it shows the trend where the deformations are given.