One of the most important French grammar rules is the rule of superiority: Masculine subjects always trump feminine subjects when there are multiple subjects. Superiority is closely followed by the acceptance that all nouns have a grammatical gender, either masculine or feminine. Since 1984, and over the span of forty years, these rules have been challenged on multiple levels of French society. The research conducted over the course of this thesis focuses on the mentality and reactions of the French people towards inclusive language made up of inclusive writing campaigns, the feminization of traditionally masculine names, career positions, and titles, and the introduction of gender-neutral forms of conjugating and neo-pronouns. The studied responses are be categorized into those of the French government, the Académie Française, as well as those from the Canadian government and the Office québécois de la langue française. Research demonstrates the existence of a clear division between "traditionalist" and progressive values at work within the afore-mentioned levels of French societal attitudes. While official government publications and committees seem to reflect a positive attitude towards the adoption of feminized terms, the lack of support for inclusive writing systems by the government contradicts this. This thesis outlines these responses and reactions, seeking to establish a timeline for the implementation and acceptance of feminized terms and neutralization efforts in both the French and Canadian governments.

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In this thesis attitudes towards the so called inclusive language (lenguaje inclusivo) are investigated. The main idea of using the inclusive language is to avoid sexism and promote the visibility of the woman. However, there is an ongoing debate concerning the use of the inclusive language and there are few signs of reaching a consensus. For that reason, it is relevant to investigate the attitudes towards the use of the inclusive language. The informants are students of secondary schools and universities in some Spanish speaking countries. The aim is to investigate whether the attitudes are positive or negative and the hypothesis, founded on earlier studies, is that the female informants would show a more positive attitude than the male ones. Generally speaking the hypothesis is not confirmed. The results show more complex relationships that have to be investigated in the future.

El lenguaje inclusivo, con una ‘e’ como marca de género inclusivo neutro, está creciendo en partes del mundo hispanohablante, como una manera de incluir a todos, todas y todes, pero al mismo tiempo encuentra una oposición fuerte, expresada por lingüistas, escritores y hablantes, que no consideran un cambio lingüístico necesario. Esa resistencia puede tener muchas diferentes razones, como la preservación de la lengua, el conservadurismo, el sexismo, la transfobia, y el desconocimiento. En este trabajo se analiza las actitudes hacia el lenguaje inclusivo, y los factores que puedan influir en ellas, para de esta manera llegar a una comprensión mejor de los obstáculos en el camino hacia la inclusión del lenguaje. Se hace una encuesta para investigar que correlaciones hay entre las diferentes áreas: política y sociedad, sexismo e identidad, lenguaje en general, y lenguaje inclusivo; igualmente que el conocimiento del asunto, el sexo y la edad. Se llega a las conclusiones que los que votan por la derecha tienen actitudes más negativas hacia el lenguaje inclusivo, y que los con más conocimiento de la variante con ‘e’, los que opinan que el lenguaje es excluyente, y las mujeres, tienen actitudes más positivas. / Inclusive language, with an ‘e’ as a neutral inclusive gender mark, is growing in parts of the spanish speaking world, as a way of including everybody, but at the same time it is facing a strong opposition, expressed by linguists, writers and language users, who do not consider a linguistic change necessary. This resistance can have many different reasons, like the preservation of the language, conservatism, sexism, transphobia, and lack of knowledge. This paper analyzes the attitudes towards inclusive language and the factors that might have influence on them, to, in that way, be able to come to a better understanding of the obstacles to the inclusion of the language. A survey is done to investigate the correlations between these different areas: politics and society, sexism and identity, language in general, and inclusive language; as well as the knowledge of the matter, gender, and age. The conclusions drawn are that those who vote for the right have more negative attitudes towards inclusive language, and those with more knowledge of the variant with ‘e’, those who consider the language to be exclusive, and women, have more positive attitudes. / Inkluderande språk, med ett ‘e’ som neutral inkluderande genusmarkör, växer i delar av den spansktalande världen som ett sätt att inkludera alla, men möts samtidigt av ett starkt motstånd, från lingvistiker, författare och språkbrukare, som inte anser att en lingvistisk förändring är nödvändig. Detta motstånd kan ha många olika anledningar, såsom bevarandet av språket, konservatism, sexism, transfobi och bristande kännedom. I det här arbetet analyseras attityderna mot inkluderande språk och de faktorer som kan påverka dessa, för att på så sätt få en bättre förståelse av hindren på vägen till språkets inkluderande. En enkät görs för att undersöka vilka korrelationer som finns mellan följande områden: politik och samhälle, sexism och identitet, språk i allmänhet, och inkluderande språk; liksom kännedom om ämnet, kön och ålder. Slutsatser som kan dras är att de som röstar höger har mer negativa attityder till inkluderande språk och att de med större kännedom om varianten med ‘e’, de som anser att språket är exkluderande och kvinnor, har mer positiva attityder.

La presente investigación examina la diacronía y la frecuencia de uso del lenguajeinclusivo en periódicos españoles centrándose en la variación de género neutralmarcada por la vocal 'E' como forma de evitar el masculino genérico y género marcadopor 'O' u 'A'. Adicionalmente se examina la relación entre el uso y la inclinación políticade los diarios y sus lectores. / The present investigation examines the diachrony and frequency of use of inclusivelanguage in Spanish newspapers focusing on the gender neutral variation marked by thevowel 'E' as a means of avoiding the generic masculine and gendered 'O' and 'A'.Additionally the relation between use and political leaning of the newspapers and itsreaders is examined.

The maleness of Christ: revelational or cultural? is a biblical-theological investigation of the significance of Christ's maleness. This thesis attempts to answer questions as to the significance and meaning ofJesus' maleness. Is the maleness of Christ revelational of God's being and character; is it foundational for the gospel; is it reflective of an ongoing created order? Is revelation and salvation impossible apart from a male redeemer? Or could Christ have been born a woman in a different time and culture? Chapter one describes the various positions and arguments: complementarian, biblical egalitarian, Christian feminist, and post-Christian feminist. Chapter two examines two related topics to the problem, namely slavery and the Sabbath. This section investigates how the church has decided, regarding other issues, what is revelational or cultural. We consider the various implications that the slavery and Sabbath debates have on our topic. Our subject relating to the significance of Christ's maleness has many interrelated concerns. In answering the questions regarding Jesus' maleness, chapter three organises much of the material under the motif of the sonship of Christ. This structure allows us to remain focused as well as interact with the differing topics affecting our concern, such as innertrinitarian relationships, the relationship between revelation and culture, the so-called subordination of the Son, the truth and status of analogy, inclusive language, and the implications of Christ as the image of God. Also included this chapter is a discussion on the relationship between Jesus and Wisdom and whether we can refer to Christ as "Daughter." The chapter concludes with a section on whether Christ's maleness either relates to an ongoing created order of male headship or allows for the transformation of patriarchy. / Philosophy and Systematic Theology / D.Th. (Systematic Theology)

The maleness of Christ: revelational or cultural? is a biblical-theological investigation of the significance of Christ's maleness. This thesis attempts to answer questions as to the significance and meaning ofJesus' maleness. Is the maleness of Christ revelational of God's being and character; is it foundational for the gospel; is it reflective of an ongoing created order? Is revelation and salvation impossible apart from a male redeemer? Or could Christ have been born a woman in a different time and culture? Chapter one describes the various positions and arguments: complementarian, biblical egalitarian, Christian feminist, and post-Christian feminist. Chapter two examines two related topics to the problem, namely slavery and the Sabbath. This section investigates how the church has decided, regarding other issues, what is revelational or cultural. We consider the various implications that the slavery and Sabbath debates have on our topic. Our subject relating to the significance of Christ's maleness has many interrelated concerns. In answering the questions regarding Jesus' maleness, chapter three organises much of the material under the motif of the sonship of Christ. This structure allows us to remain focused as well as interact with the differing topics affecting our concern, such as innertrinitarian relationships, the relationship between revelation and culture, the so-called subordination of the Son, the truth and status of analogy, inclusive language, and the implications of Christ as the image of God. Also included this chapter is a discussion on the relationship between Jesus and Wisdom and whether we can refer to Christ as "Daughter." The chapter concludes with a section on whether Christ's maleness either relates to an ongoing created order of male headship or allows for the transformation of patriarchy. / Philosophy and Systematic Theology / D.Th. (Systematic Theology)

Language and culture are deeply intertwined. Language reflects and influences the attitudes, perceptions and behaviors of its users. Therefore, the use of non-sexist language can contribute to achieving gender equality in society. This study focuses on the perceptions of a group of Mexican teenagers towards inclusive language. In particular, their acceptance degree towards various gender morphemes are studied and compared to the generic use of the masculine gender. The results of the survey show a clear preference for the alternatives that are easy to pronounce, so called, normative gender morphemes, including the generic use of the masculine compared to new, non-normative gender morphemes that are inclusive but difficult to pronounce. Women prefer the splitting strategy (“desdoblamiento”) to a larger degree than men do. Men have a more conservative posture and prefer the generic use of the masculine and reject non-normative gender morphemes. The differences among informants of different socioeconomic levels are smaller. Still, it seems that informants of a higher socioeconomic level have a more conservative attitude towards inclusive language than informants of a lower socioeconomic level.

En la actualidad, existe un avance significativo en la difusión de producciones audiovisuales con temática LGTBQ+. Este hecho ha brindado la oportunidad de promover la inclusión de este colectivo dentro de una comunidad que se rige bajo el sistema heteronormativo. En 2020, la plataforma de streaming HBO GO estrenó Todxs Nós, serie brasileña contemporánea enfocada en la identidad de género no binaria. Esta identidad es compleja de abordar en relación con la traducción porque existe un vacío académico sobre su representación en los medios audiovisuales y los obstáculos presentes en el proceso de traducción. Diferentes autores como Valdeón (2010), Ranzato (2012-2015), Turek (2013), han centrado sus investigaciones en la traducción de la representación de los sujetos homosexuales en producciones como cine y televisión. No obstante, son escasos los estudios que analizan la representación enfocada en las identidades queer, especialmente las identidades de género no binario. La presente investigación, propone analizar la representación de la identidad de género no binaria en la versión original de esta serie en contraste con sus versiones subtituladas al español e inglés. Se propone analizar las formas de expresión, tales como el uso del lenguaje inclusivo, los disfemismos y las jergas para ayudar a identificar la representación no binaria en esta serie. Asimismo, el enfoque que se emplea es el cualitativo mediante la estrategia de estudio de caso para explorar detalladamente la serie mencionada. Además, se utilizan como instrumentos las técnicas de análisis de contenido y análisis textual contrastivo para cumplir con los objetivos específicos propuestos. / At the present, there is significant progress in the dissemination of LGTBQ+ audiovisual productions. This fact has provided an opportunity to promote the inclusion of this collective within a community governed by the heteronormative system. In 2020, the streaming platform HBO GO premiered Todxs Nós, a contemporary Brazilian series focused on non-binary gender identity. This identity is complex to address in relation to translation because there is an academic void about its representation in audiovisual media and the obstacles present in the translation process. Different authors such as Valdeón (2010), Ranzato (2012-2015), Turek (2013), have focused their research on the translation of the representation of homosexual subjects in productions such as cinema and television. However, studies that analyze the representation focused on queer identities, especially non-binary gender identities, are scarce. The present research proposes to analyze the representation of non-binary gender identity in the original version of this series in contrast with its Spanish and English subtitled versions. It is proposed to analyze the forms of expression, such as the use of inclusive language, dysphemisms and jargons to help identify the non-binary representation in this series. Also, the approach employed is qualitative through the case study strategy to explore in detail the aforementioned series. In addition, content analysis and contrastive textual analysis techniques are used as instruments to meet the specific objectives proposed. / Trabajo de investigación

El propósito de esta investigación es descubrir lo que piensa el alumnado sueco en las clases de ELE (Español como Lengua Extranjera) sobre el lenguaje inclusivo en el mundo hispanohablante. El interés aquí se encuentra en descubrir las percepciones y las actitudes hacia el lenguaje inclusivo en esta área. En adición, queremos investigar cuáles variables influirán la frecuencia de uso del lenguaje inclusivo. La razón de este estudio es agregar datos a este nuevo campo dentro de los estudios lingüísticos, al igual que hallar cómo sienten les alumnes de Suecia sobre el tema viniendo de un país donde no existe un genérico masculino en la lengua y donde tratan de ser inclusivos a través de usar un pronombre neutro (hen). Les alumnes participando en este estudio estudian español en los niveles de 3 a 5 en diferentes Bachilleratos en el sur de Suecia y tienen entre 15 y 18 años. La mayoría de les alumnes identifican como mujeres, y esto se puede explicar en que la mayoría de les alumnes de una lengua moderna en el bachillerato sueco son mujeres (Statistikmyndigheten SCB, 2018). La investigación se hizo usando un método cuantitativo y para recibir los datos necesarios para la investigación mandamos una encuesta, hecho por el internet, a les profesores que a su vez la enseñaron a sus alumnes. La encuesta en sí está basada en varias preguntas, empezando con información básica sobre les alumnes y también una autocompletación de su conocimiento en español. Después preguntamos a les alumnes diferentes preguntas sobre la percepción del lenguaje inclusivo en el mundo hispanohablante, su actitud hacia ello, y finalmente, cuáles variables podrían influir la frecuencia de uso de un lenguaje inclusivo. En cuanto a los resultados, pudimos identificar algunos hallazgos importantes. Por ejemplo, hallamos que existe una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre algunas variables: género y actitud, competencia y actitud, y conocimiento y actitud. Aparte de eso, generalmente, nuestra hipótesis fue verificada en el sentido de que la percepción del alumnado sueco hacia el lenguaje inclusivo en el mundo hispanohablante es algo necesario en el mundo en que vivimos al igual que hay una actitud abierta hacia ello, significando que quieren que todes serán incluides cuando se dirige a una identidad desconocida. Con respecto a las variables que podrían influir el uso del lenguaje inclusivo y aumentarlo, son la generación, grado de aceptación y el impacto de las figuras públicas las que tiene mucha importancia. / The purpose of this investigation is to find out what the Swedish students in the SSL (Spanish as a foreign language) classes think about the inclusive language in the Spanish-speaking world. The interest here lies in finding out how they perceive the use of the inclusive language in said area, and also their attitude towards it. In addition to this, we wanted to investigate which variables would influence the frequency of use of the inclusive language. The reason for this study is to add data to a new area within the linguistic studies, as well as discover how Swedish students feel about the subject, coming from a country where there does not exist a generic masculine in the spoken language and they try to be inclusive by using a gender-neutral pronoun (hen). The students participating in this investigation study Spanish on the levels between 3 to 5 in different upper secondary schools in the south of Sweden and they are between the ages of 15 and 18. Most of the informants identify themselves as women, and this can be explained by the fact that the majority of students of a modern language in the Swedish upper secondary school are women (Statistikmyndigheten SCB, 2018). The investigation was made using a quantitative method and in order to receive the data necessary for the investigation we sent out a survey, made on the internet, to the teachers who in turn presented it to their students. The survey itself was based on numerous questions, beginning with some basic information about the students and also an autocompletion of their knowledge in Spanish. Afterwards we asked the students different questions concerning the perception of the inclusive language in the Spanish speaking world, their attitude towards it and, finally, which variables could influence the frequency of use of an inclusive language. As far as the results go, we could identify some important findings. For example, we found out there exists a statistically significant correlation between a few variables: gender and attitude, competence and attitude, and knowledge and attitude. Apart from that, generally speaking, our hypothesis was proved in the sense that the perception of the Swedish student towards the inclusive language in the Spanish speaking world is something necessary in the world we live in as well as that they have an open minded attitude towards it, meaning they want everyone to be included when addressing an unknown identity. Concerning the possible variables that could influence the use of the inclusive language and make it increase, the generation, degree of acceptance and the impact from public figures are of high importance.