Thesis (M.Ed.) --University of Limpopo, 2009 / This study is a “description” of a research carried out on the Moletjie Rural Women Club (MRWC) project at the Moletjie (Moshate) village in the Limpopo Province. Moletjie (Moshate) is a rural village found in the Capricorn District under the Polokwane Municipality and it is about twenty (20) kilometers west of the city of Polokwane. In the Polokwane Municipality there are projects for eradicating poverty, eradicating unemployment and for generating income. Some of the incomes generating projects in Polokwane Municipality are Moletjie Matlala Poultry, Thogwaneng People’s Bakery, Moletjie Rural Women Club, and Baitapishi Bricks Making. The researcher decided to do a research to find how the Moletjie Rural Women Club project sustains itself among the income generating projects in Limpopo Province. The findings of this study will contribute towards the realization of factors affecting the sustainability of projects. The following research questions were formulated for this study. Main question  How is the Moletjie Rural Women Club (MRWC) project able to sustain itself? Sub-questions  To what extent is the MRWC project sustainable?  Who are the main role players for the project to sustain itself?  Which are the factors that influence the project to sustain itself? To help the researcher in arriving at some answers to the above-mentioned research questions, he decided to undertake an exploratory and evaluative study. The intention of this study was to evaluate factors affecting the sustainability of income generating projects, particularly at the Moletjie area. The researcher checked the stages of project initiation, planning, execution, control and closing, and finally the researcher realized these stages contribute to the sustainability of projects. During investigation, the researcher realized that if all phases and stages of project implementation could be carried out successfully, then the project would be sustainable. Chapter 1, describes the introduction and background of the study. It outlines the geographical background of the MRWC project and the historical background of South Africa including the ownership of land, provision of health care, education and welfare services. The main aims and objectives of the study were given, as well as the main and sub-guest ions. Chapter 2, describes factors that could be affecting the sustainability of income generating projects in the Limpopo Province. After the preliminary visit and interview with the Moletjie Rural Women (MRWC) project, the following stages and phases that could affect the sustainability of projects were mentioned:  Initiation  Planning  Execution  Control  Closing Chapter 3, describes the instruments used in collecting data from various role players in different phases of data collection. In this chapter there is an explanation of how data was collected from different phases. I outline the importance of having a proposal when doing research work because that helped in research activities. Chapter 4, describes the setting of this study. The chapter outlines the place where the study was undertaken, as well as the description of the project, which is more about the results of my study. The findings started by observing the surrounding and the physical layout of the area where in the project is found. The findings were also based on document review and interviews with the project stakeholders. Factors that could affect the sustainability of projects in the Limpopo Province, specifically to projects in Moletjie area were indicated. The reports on the findings from observation and interview were given. Chapter 5, describes the conclusion and recommendations of this study. The factors that made the MRWC project to sustain itself among the income generating projects in Polokwane and around Moletjie area are mentioned. The recommendations for problems and factors that need to be considered for the sustainability of project were discussed. The recommendations for further research on issues that need to be considered for the sustainability of projects were given.

Using an empirical study of the Barundi refugee settlements of Ulyankulu, Mishamo, and particularly Katumba in Western Tanzania, this study argues that the causes and consequences of the African refugee problem must be examined outside the normative humanitarian framework. It postulates that the refugee problem can be understood only in the historical context of the integration of African communities into the capitalist system and their resultant underdevelopment. Furthermore, that the neo-colonial state, its class character, and ethnic divisions, aggravated by economic crisis, fosters a climate of repression - prompting forced migration. The unequal relationship between western capital and Tanzania is exemplified in the microcosm of the refugee phenomenon, where international/ regional policy, legislation, security considerations, and aid not only demobilize a potential political force, but usurp the authority of the national and local state. Donor/state/refugee relationships are further discussed in the context of the settlements. The schemes, located in remote areas and with tight restrictions on mobility, while providing a humanitarian solution, act as mechanisms for the control of the Barundi refugees. Utilization of their labour is intentionally part of Tanzania's development strategy. Settlement and integration are discussed in relation to the contribution of Barundi people to the development of commodity production in Tanzania both historically and with regard to their current potential. While dismissing the notion of an undifferentiated mass of refugees, this study reveals how donor activities and the objective material conditions of the rural areas contribute to commodity production and mercantilist activities with increasing inequalities. It concludes that large groups of refugees in rural areas will inevitably heighten local tensions, and that only through greater x political liberalization' - removal of restrictions on mobility and political representation, will Barundi refugees gain control of their lives, and Tanzania's long-standing goal of the liberation of African peoples be realized.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / Most rural communities in developing countries are involved in various natural resource exploitation programmes to improve their livelihood status. The main objectives of the research were to assess the contribution of fish conservation as a strategy towards improving the livelihood status of people in Maranda Ward 9 in Mwenezi, Zimbabwe, and to ascertain the challenges in fish conservation and access to fishing activities. In this research, a questionnaire, interviews, focus group discussions and observations were used to gather information. In the administration of the questionnaires on the village households, 80 households were used as research subjects drawn from a 10% sample size for each of the 10 villages. Purposive sampling was also used for selecting respondents for the interviews and focus group discussions. Secondary data sources used include data from the Parks and Wildlife Authority on recorded cases of fish poaching. The researcher discovered that the fish conservation project improved the livelihood status of the people. Food security was improved through supplementary purchases of food using money derived from the selling of fish. A decrease in school dropouts and improved income are some of the indicators of improved livelihood status of the people. However, there is still a need for continuous support to the programme from various external institutions such as universities, research institutions, financial institutions and Rural District Council. These institutions play a significant role in community development through educational support, training and development, financial support and in creating a favourable environment for economic development in rural areas. There is also a need for continuous monitoring and evaluation of all project activities to assess improvements in rural livelihoods and also compare the actual performance of the IGPs with the desired performance. The deviation makes a platform for corrective actions towards improving the lives of rural people

No description available.

Income generating projects represent one strategy adopted by the Department of Social Development to alleviate poverty and foster sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of beneficiaries of income generating projects regarding these projects and whether the income generating projects run by the Development Centres in the Sedibeng Region, Gauteng Department of Social Development were perceived to be making any impact and were responding to the needs of the poor. The research design for the study could be classified as qualitativedescriptive. A sample of 20 participants was drawn from two Development Centres. The sampling method for the study was partly purposive and partly availability sampling. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and responses obtained from the interviews were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis. The main findings that emerged from the study were that participants appeared to have a clear understanding of the fact that income generating projects represented a government strategy to fight poverty, create jobs and uplift the standard of living of the poor. However, most participants were dissatisfied with the lack of clearly defined expectations, planning and monitoring on the part of the Department of Social Development. Despite the fact that there were challenges and limitations encountered by beneficiaries during implementation of the projects, the Development Centre was perceived to be an effective service delivery model for alleviating poverty and enhancing the quality of life of beneficiaries. The conclusion drawn was that income generating projects conducted at the two Development Centres seemed to be achieving their aims even though there would seem to be room for improvement in terms of knowledge and skills imparted and participation of beneficiaries in decision-making. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for Development Centres, the Department of Social Development, social work practice and future research.

Poverty is a big problem and has a huge impact on South Africa. The problem of poverty is multi-dimensional and has many facets and levels. One of the strategies used to alleviate poverty is through income-generating community projects. This study focuses on the Holding Hands income-generating community projects in the North-West Province. Sustainability indicators have previously been developed for these projects. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the sustainability indicators used in the projects. The evaluation focused on a quantitative analysis of the new and previously identified sustainability indicators. The entire population was included in the study. The research instrument consisted of a semi-structured quantitative questionnaire that had been specifically designed for this study. The frequency distribution provided the researcher with a profile of a typical member of the Holding Hands community projects, a definition of sustainability for these projects and a ranking of the importance of the different sustainability indicators in the Holding Hands projects. Tests for correlation were conducted among the variables age and level of education and the definitions of sustainability, as well as the sustainability indicators. T-Tests were conducted to evaluate if the different geographical areas answered the questions differently. The open-ended questions provided insight into the views of the participants on the sustainability of the projects. The results of the evaluation process indicated that the top five sustainability indicators in the project now focus on the evaluation and development of human capital in the projects. The results of the evaluation process differ substantially from the previously developed sustainability indicators and this suggests progress towards the sustainability of the projects. The results of the evaluation process would be used to plan and develop future interventions in the Holding Hands income-generating projects. The limitations of the study included the lack of research on the topic, as well as the language and literacy barriers in the data collection process. This study contributes to the relief of poverty in South Africa through research on the sustainability of income-generating community projects. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Poverty is a big problem and has a huge impact on South Africa. The problem of poverty is multi-dimensional and has many facets and levels. One of the strategies used to alleviate poverty is through income-generating community projects. This study focuses on the Holding Hands income-generating community projects in the North-West Province. Sustainability indicators have previously been developed for these projects. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the sustainability indicators used in the projects. The evaluation focused on a quantitative analysis of the new and previously identified sustainability indicators. The entire population was included in the study. The research instrument consisted of a semi-structured quantitative questionnaire that had been specifically designed for this study. The frequency distribution provided the researcher with a profile of a typical member of the Holding Hands community projects, a definition of sustainability for these projects and a ranking of the importance of the different sustainability indicators in the Holding Hands projects. Tests for correlation were conducted among the variables age and level of education and the definitions of sustainability, as well as the sustainability indicators. T-Tests were conducted to evaluate if the different geographical areas answered the questions differently. The open-ended questions provided insight into the views of the participants on the sustainability of the projects. The results of the evaluation process indicated that the top five sustainability indicators in the project now focus on the evaluation and development of human capital in the projects. The results of the evaluation process differ substantially from the previously developed sustainability indicators and this suggests progress towards the sustainability of the projects. The results of the evaluation process would be used to plan and develop future interventions in the Holding Hands income-generating projects. The limitations of the study included the lack of research on the topic, as well as the language and literacy barriers in the data collection process. This study contributes to the relief of poverty in South Africa through research on the sustainability of income-generating community projects. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

In view of the high levels of poverty in most under-developed and developing countries, poverty reduction has become an international phenomenon. South Africa (SA) is a country faced with the challenge of poverty as a result of the high rates of unemployment fifteen (15) years after the introduction of the new democratic dispensation. Poverty reduction has been placed at the centre of global development objectives to improve people‟s lives through expanding their choices, their freedom, and their dignity. Numerous countries have developed poverty-reduction strategies, which are over-arching macro-strategies implemented by different social and economic sectors in collaboration with the private sector. South Africa, however, does not have an over-arching poverty reduction strategy, which is the key national governmental priority, although many poverty-reduction programmes exist. The existing poverty reduction initiatives in South Africa, such as Income Generating Projects (IGPs), are either established by Government or the Civil Society structures with the aim to assist in changing the standard of living of poor people so that they can at least meet their basic needs, such as food, shelter and clothing. This study focuses on the IGPs that operate in Atteridgeville, Tshwane, with the view to explore and describe the experiences of individuals who participate in these IGPs. A qualitative research approach was selected for the study and three IGPs were selected from the Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) that affiliate to the Phelindaba Forum. This Forum coordinates social development activities in Atteridgeville, Saulsville and Mshengoville. The findings of the study indicated that although IGPs are established to benefit participants financially, there are other factors that motivate people to join and remain in the projects, such as moral support amongst members. Furthermore, some NGOs claim to facilitate IGPs, but in some instances, these IGPs are left to operate on their own without much needed assistance. The recommendation for future studies is that participants need to be engaged with in order to get a true reflection of how the IGPs operate. The assistance and support of NGOs are crucial for the sustainability of such projects. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Science (Mental Health))

L’incertitude pèse sur les ménages ruraux des pays en développement. Cette thèse vise d’une part à mieux comprendre quels sont les conséquences de cette vulnérabilité sur les comportements et d’autre part à analyser la mise en oeuvre et l’impact des stratégies de gestion de risque, qu’elles soient internes ou externes au ménage. Le premier chapitre se concentre sur l’effet de l’exposition au risque foncier sur le comportement d’épargne en Angola. Il établit que les ménages non dotés de documents de propriété ne sont pas à même de cumuler une épargne de précaution. Ce comportement d’auto-Couverture ne se manifeste que lors du cumul de plusieurs risques. Le second chapitre se focalise sur la prise de décision à l’intérieur du ménage pour le choix de stratégies de diversification. Il s’agit d’étudier l’allocation du temps de travail des femmes au Sénégal entre le travail domestique et les activités génératrices de revenus. Un modèle de type sphères séparées avec un transfert entre conjoints est validé. Le faible rôle des incitations financières et l’importance du pouvoir de négociation sont démontrés. Le dernier chapitre analyse l’impact sur la vulnérabilité des ménages d’une intervention extérieure au travers d’un programme visant à l’accès aux services énergétiques. Son impact est mesuré sur la nutrition des enfants. Les résultats démontrent un effet positif et progressif de la présence de l’infrastructure sur la nutrition de long terme. L’intensité de fonctionnement réduit la malnutrition de court terme. Un effet de diffusion est également établi. Ces trois chapitres permettent de montrer l’incapacité des ménages à mettre en place des stratégies de lutte contre la vulnérabilité de façon autonome. Elles prouvent ensuite la nécessité de développer l’accès aux marchés dans les zones rurales. Enfin, le rôle de l’intervention extérieure pour fournir des instruments de gestion aux ménages est souligné. / Uncertainty hangs over rural households in developing countries. This thesis aims first to better understand the consequences of vulnerability on behavior and also to analyze the implementationand impact of risk management strategies, internal or external to the household. The first chapter concentrates on the effect of exposure to tenure insecurity in Angola on saving behavior. It states that households without document are not able to accumulate precautionary saving. This behavior of self-Coverage only occurs with cumulated risks. The second chapter focuses on the decision-Making within the household for the choice of diversification strategies. The allocation of women working time in Senegal between domestic work and income generating activities is studied. A model of separate spheres with a transfer between spouses is validated. The low incidence of financial incentives and the importance of bargaining power are demonstrated. The last chapter analyzes the impact of external intervention on household vulnerability through a program which aims to develop access to energy services. Its impact is estimated on the nutrition of children. The results show a positive and progressive effect of the presence of the infrastructure on long- erm nutrition. The intensity of use reduces the short-Term malnutrition. A diffusion effect is also established. These three chapters allow to stress the inability of households to develop independent strategies against the vulnerability. Then they make out the need to develop market access in rural areas. Finally,the role of external intervention to provide management tools to households is underlined

Ziele: In Entwicklungsländern wie Bangladesch ist das Privateinkommen für Landfrauen essentieller Bestandteil eines verbesserten Haushaltseinkommens. Hauptzweck der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Verbesserung der Existenzgrundlage von Frauen in ländlichen Gebieten durch diverse einkommensgenerierende Aktivitäten (IGAs). Es wurde der Versuch unternommen, ihre derzeitige Situation kennen zu lernen, ihre derzeitigen Einkommensstrategien zu beurteilen, insbesondere die Wirkung von Aktivitäten der Nichtregierungsorganisationen abzuschätzen, das Haushaltseinkommen der Frauen und Einflussfaktoren darauf zu untersuchen ebenso wie Faktoren, die eine Beteiligung der Frauen an den IGA’s einschränken. Methodischer Ansatz: In der vorliegenden Studie wurden strukturierte und semi-strukturierte persönliche Interviews sowie ausgewählte Methoden des Participatory Pural Appraisal für die Datensammlung verwendet. Ergebnisse: Die Mehrheit der befragten Landfrauen gehört in die Klasse eines geringen bis mittleren Livelihood Status. Neben den ausgewählten unabhängigen Variablen, wurden weitere sieben Variablen mit signifikantem positiven Einfluss auf das Haushaltseinkommen identifiziert. Die Ergebnisse bezüglich der Einkommensstrategien der befragten Frauen zeigt, dass diese zwar in verschiedenen Einkommensaktivitäten involviert sind, jedoch ihr persönliches jährliches Einkommen der verschiedenen IGAs unerheblich ist. Die Wirkungsanalyse von IGAs auf das Einkommen der Frauen zeigt, dass 36% der Frauen ein höheres Einkommen von IGAs während der letzten drei Jahre zu verzeichnen haben (2006-2008). Der Zugang zu Mikrokrediten, Betriebsmittelversorgung, Markteinrichtungen, bessere Ziegenrassen und verbesserte Behandlung von Tieren führen zu einer Verbesserung des Einkommens. Die Constraint Analyse zeigt, dass insgesamt 74% der Landfrauen mittlere Behinderungen zur Teilnahme an IGAs angeben. Die Frauen haben dabei 17 Hinderungsgründe identifiziert. / Objective: In developing countries like Bangladesh, personal income of rural women is an essential precondition to enhancing household income, which improves the entitlement on basic necessities. The main purpose of this research project is to improve livelihood of rural women through involving them in different IGAs. An attempt has been made to know the present livelihood situation of rural women, to assess their income strategies, to examine the impact of NGO activity on women characteristics, to investigate household income of rural women and factors influencing it and to find out the existing constraints on participation in IGAs. Methodological approach: In this study, structured and semi-structured interview schedules as well as several tools of the participatory rural appraisal were used to obtain necessary information. Results and conclusion: The majority of the studied rural women have a low to middle level of livelihood status. Among the selected independent variables, seven variables have a significant positive influence on household income. The findings from income strategies of studied women indicated that they are involved in various income activities for earning but their personal annual income from various IGAs is not handsome. The impact analysis of IGAs on personal income of women shows that overall 36% women have increased income from IGAs during the last three years (2006-2008). Access to micro-credit, inputs, market facilities, supply of improve breeds of goat, and improved treatment facilities of livestock all lead to increased income. The constraints index (CI) analysis shows that overall 74% of the rural women faced medium constraints to participate in IGAs. Rural women identified a total of seventeen root causes hindering their participate in IGAs.