Pastaruosius kelis dešimtmečius įvairiose valstybėse vystosi tendencija patikėti teisėkūros, vykdomąsias, jurisdikcines funkcijas valstybinio administravimo institucijoms, neįeinančioms į vykdomosios valdžios institucijų sistemą. Šių institucijų steigimo priežasčių yra keletas. Šalyse, kuriose minimos institucijos atsirado anksčiau nei buvo įsteigta ES, šių institucijų plėtra grindžiama tuo, jog visuomenėje egzistuoja sritys, kurių reguliavimą būtų geriau paremti technine, ekonomine ekspertize. Jaunose ES valstybėse narėse šių institucijų plėtra siejama su liberalizuojančių direktyvų nuostatomis, skirtomis nacionalinėms reguliavimo institucijoms. Tokioms institucijoms, joms įgyvendinant reguliavimo funkcijas, suteikiamos plačios diskrecinės galios. Dėl to jos gali tapti įvairių interesų įtakos "taikiniu", siekiančių joms palankių institucijų priimamų sprendimų. Pagrindinis instrumentas apsisaugoti nuo tokių įtakų - tai tinkamas reguliavimo institucijų nepriklausomumo įtvirtinimas teisėje. Disertacinis tyrimas koncentruojamas ties nepriklausomumo nuo politinių įtakų garantijų sistemos įtvirtinimu teisėje bei nepriklausomų reguliavimo institucijų vietos valstybinio administravimo institucijų sistemoje paieška. / For several decades in a row a tendency to delegate legislative, executive and judicial functions to state administration institutions that do not belong to the system of executive bodies has been developing in various states. There exist several reasons for establishing such institutions. In states in which the abovementioned institutions emerged before the establishment of the EU the expansion of such institutions is grounded on the fact that in society there exist spheres the regulation of which should be separated from political cyclicity in order for the decisions to be long-term and based on technical and economic expertise. In young EU states, the development of such institutions is associated with the provisions of liberating directives intended for national regulatory authorities. Such institutions are given wide discretional authority in the implementation of regulatory functions. Thus, they become the "target" of various interest groups that seek for favourable decisions. The main instrument of defence from such influences is a proper legal establishment of the independency guarantees of regulatory authorities. The present dissertation research is aimed at identifying the dysfunctions of the legal regulation of political independence of regulatory authorities and suggesting possible alternative institutional models for the Lithuanian system of state administration institutions.

Authoritative period, party-state are integrative relation, the government has enough resources to control the society, political personages do not need to depend on the entrepreneur under the control of party-state. With the gradual transitions of ' the political structure ' and ' economic structure ', the Kuomintang government must transfer to obtain legitimacy of dominion by electing and economic development, the opposition party also can develop under this kind of environment, so government-business relations has changed. In brief, research of this thesis is to study government-business relations of Taiwan whether has the new appearance behind the transition of ruling Parties and under the changes of the Cross-Straits relations. Research of this thesis is to analysis concrete change of government-business relations under the different presidents head the administration' period. Finding in this thesis that the policy government-business relations of Taiwan appear type of ' big government and small enterprise ' in authoritative period (before 1987), and government have high independence to control the society in one party authoritarian, among the government and enterprise build and construct out an ' unequal government-business relations '. After martial law(1987- 2000), government-business relations appear type of' middle government and small enterprise ', enterprises no longer receive government's comprehensive control under the challenge of the opposition, government-business relations is changed into a kind of ' unequal ally's relation '. government-business relations appear type of 'middle government middle enterprise ' after transition of ruling parties(2000- 2004),the politician helps the entrepreneur to try or influence the policy, but the entrepreneur offers campaign financing for politician , therefore t government-business relations is turned into ' the relation of the equality and mutual benefit '. With the promotion of the trading tie between Taiwan and China, ' the Cross-Straits relations 'become the important key influencing government-business relations of Taiwan to change gradually. In the theory meaning, this means capitalist physique of Taiwan, already from the bureaucracy capitalist and leading systems of authoritative times make the transition for the system with leading folk capital gradually, the independence of state apparatus relative to folk capital of is reducing day by day, and the influence power of the folk capital to the decision-making process of state apparatus rises day by day. Meanwhile , the Cross-Straits relations become the enough factor influencing government-business relations inside Taiwan, therefore Chinese Government make state apparatus pass the operation of trading ties of the Cross-Straits gradually to influence government-business relations of Taiwan and decision-making process of the g state apparatus of Taiwan inside Taiwan, even weaken the state apparatus independence of Taiwan, thus state apparatus of Taiwan face the double crisis coming from native folk capital and Chinese state apparatus .

Vários estudos têm investigado a redundância cinética dos dedos da mão por meio da análise da interdependência e interação sinérgica entre os dedos da mão durante a produção de força máxima dos dedos e controle de força dos multiplos-dedos. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre como as mudanças no comprimento muscular dos dedos da mão poderia afetar a produção de torque máximo, assim como a interação sinérgica entre os dedos da mão. Este estudo variou o ângulo da articulação metacarpofalangeana para investigar os efeitos do comprimento muscular sobre: a) produção de torque máximo dos dedos; b) dependência dos dedos; e, c) interação de torque dos dedos. Onze adultos jovens (23,09 ± 2,63 anos) foram convidados a produzir torque isométrico máximo em flexão, com o dedo individualmente em um período de 3-s. O torque do dedo instruído e dedos não instruídos foram registrados em sete diferentes posições da articulação metacarpofalangeana (-15 °, 0 °, 15 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 ° e 75 °). Os participantes também foram convidados a produzir torque isométrico constante, com o dedo individualmente (I, M, A e Mn) durante 12 segundos. Os resultados mostraram que a alteração no comprimento muscular proporciona efeito na capacidade dos dedos de produzir torque independente. Maior independência dos dedos (ou seja, diminuição do torque enslaving) foi encontrada em menores comprimentos musculares. Nenhum efeito do comprimento muscular foi encontrado para a tarefa de controle de torque isométrico constante. / Several studies have investigated kinetic redundancy of the hand by examining finger dependency and the synergic interactions among the hand fingers during maximum finger force production and multi-fingers force/torque control. However, little is known about how changes in the fingers' muscle length would affect the maximum torque production as well as the synergic interaction among the fingers of the hand. This study manipulated the angle of the metacarpophalangeal joint in order to investigate the effects of muscle length on: a) maximum finger torque production; b) finger dependency; and, c) finger torque interactions. Eleven young adults (23.09 ± 2.63 years) were asked to produce maximum flexion isometric torque with one finger at a time over a 3-s period. The torque of both the instructed finger and non-instructed fingers were recorded over seven different metacarpophalangeal joints positions (-15°, 0°, 15°, 30 °, 45°, 60° and 75°). Participants were also asked to produce a constant isometric torque with one finger at a time (I, M, R e L) over 12 seconds. The results showed that changes in muscle length impacted the fingers' ability to produce torque independently. Higher finger independency (i.e., decreased torque enslaving) was found for the decreased muscle lengths. No effect of muscle length was found for the constant isometric torque control task.

Vários estudos têm investigado a redundância cinética dos dedos da mão por meio da análise da interdependência e interação sinérgica entre os dedos da mão durante a produção de força máxima dos dedos e controle de força dos multiplos-dedos. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre como as mudanças no comprimento muscular dos dedos da mão poderia afetar a produção de torque máximo, assim como a interação sinérgica entre os dedos da mão. Este estudo variou o ângulo da articulação metacarpofalangeana para investigar os efeitos do comprimento muscular sobre: a) produção de torque máximo dos dedos; b) dependência dos dedos; e, c) interação de torque dos dedos. Onze adultos jovens (23,09 ± 2,63 anos) foram convidados a produzir torque isométrico máximo em flexão, com o dedo individualmente em um período de 3-s. O torque do dedo instruído e dedos não instruídos foram registrados em sete diferentes posições da articulação metacarpofalangeana (-15 °, 0 °, 15 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 ° e 75 °). Os participantes também foram convidados a produzir torque isométrico constante, com o dedo individualmente (I, M, A e Mn) durante 12 segundos. Os resultados mostraram que a alteração no comprimento muscular proporciona efeito na capacidade dos dedos de produzir torque independente. Maior independência dos dedos (ou seja, diminuição do torque enslaving) foi encontrada em menores comprimentos musculares. Nenhum efeito do comprimento muscular foi encontrado para a tarefa de controle de torque isométrico constante. / Several studies have investigated kinetic redundancy of the hand by examining finger dependency and the synergic interactions among the hand fingers during maximum finger force production and multi-fingers force/torque control. However, little is known about how changes in the fingers' muscle length would affect the maximum torque production as well as the synergic interaction among the fingers of the hand. This study manipulated the angle of the metacarpophalangeal joint in order to investigate the effects of muscle length on: a) maximum finger torque production; b) finger dependency; and, c) finger torque interactions. Eleven young adults (23.09 ± 2.63 years) were asked to produce maximum flexion isometric torque with one finger at a time over a 3-s period. The torque of both the instructed finger and non-instructed fingers were recorded over seven different metacarpophalangeal joints positions (-15°, 0°, 15°, 30 °, 45°, 60° and 75°). Participants were also asked to produce a constant isometric torque with one finger at a time (I, M, R e L) over 12 seconds. The results showed that changes in muscle length impacted the fingers' ability to produce torque independently. Higher finger independency (i.e., decreased torque enslaving) was found for the decreased muscle lengths. No effect of muscle length was found for the constant isometric torque control task.

Vários estudos têm investigado a redundância cinética dos dedos da mão por meio da análise da interdependência e interação sinérgica entre os dedos da mão durante a produção de força máxima dos dedos e controle de força dos multiplos-dedos. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre como as mudanças no comprimento muscular dos dedos da mão poderia afetar a produção de torque máximo, assim como a interação sinérgica entre os dedos da mão. Este estudo variou o ângulo da articulação metacarpofalangeana para investigar os efeitos do comprimento muscular sobre: a) produção de torque máximo dos dedos; b) dependência dos dedos; e, c) interação de torque dos dedos. Onze adultos jovens (23,09 ± 2,63 anos) foram convidados a produzir torque isométrico máximo em flexão, com o dedo individualmente em um período de 3-s. O torque do dedo instruído e dedos não instruídos foram registrados em sete diferentes posições da articulação metacarpofalangeana (-15 °, 0 °, 15 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 ° e 75 °). Os participantes também foram convidados a produzir torque isométrico constante, com o dedo individualmente (I, M, A e Mn) durante 12 segundos. Os resultados mostraram que a alteração no comprimento muscular proporciona efeito na capacidade dos dedos de produzir torque independente. Maior independência dos dedos (ou seja, diminuição do torque enslaving) foi encontrada em menores comprimentos musculares. Nenhum efeito do comprimento muscular foi encontrado para a tarefa de controle de torque isométrico constante. / Several studies have investigated kinetic redundancy of the hand by examining finger dependency and the synergic interactions among the hand fingers during maximum finger force production and multi-fingers force/torque control. However, little is known about how changes in the fingers' muscle length would affect the maximum torque production as well as the synergic interaction among the fingers of the hand. This study manipulated the angle of the metacarpophalangeal joint in order to investigate the effects of muscle length on: a) maximum finger torque production; b) finger dependency; and, c) finger torque interactions. Eleven young adults (23.09 ± 2.63 years) were asked to produce maximum flexion isometric torque with one finger at a time over a 3-s period. The torque of both the instructed finger and non-instructed fingers were recorded over seven different metacarpophalangeal joints positions (-15°, 0°, 15°, 30 °, 45°, 60° and 75°). Participants were also asked to produce a constant isometric torque with one finger at a time (I, M, R e L) over 12 seconds. The results showed that changes in muscle length impacted the fingers' ability to produce torque independently. Higher finger independency (i.e., decreased torque enslaving) was found for the decreased muscle lengths. No effect of muscle length was found for the constant isometric torque control task.

This thesis is a historical study and evaluation of the form of church government practised by the Particular Baptists of the 17th and 18th centuries, from the years 1650 to 1750. This study is based on confessional statements, the ecclesiological literature, and the extant church books of the Particular Baptists. It is shown that the Particular Baptists practised a definitive form of church government known traditionally as Independency, similar to that expounded by John Owen, minus infant baptism. Under the principle of the autonomy of the church the Particular Baptists practised believer’s baptism, an explicit church membership, and upheld covenant theology. Under the principle of the headship of Christ, they practised the separation of church and state, upheld the divine right of the magistrate, and also believed in the liberty of conscience. Under the principle of rule by elders the majority of the Particular Baptists practised a plurality of elders in which there was a distinction made between the roles of the pastor or minister and the ruling elders, although they occupy the same basic office of rule. However, deviation from a plural eldership took place, leading to the singlepastor- and-multiple-deacons situation, accompanied by the disappearance of ruling elders and the practice of congregational democracy in governance. This arrangement is characteristic of modern Congregationalism. Under the principle of the communion of churches the regional associations of churches accomplished much good, while a number of issues remained unresolved, including open and closed communion, congregational hymn singing, and the training of ministers. In the final chapter, the study attempts to resolve some ecclesiological issues controverted among Reformed Baptists today by applying the lessons learned from the Particular Baptists. To the Particular Baptists, Independency was the jus divinum (divinely ordained) form of church government used by God as the vehicle to carry out the Great Commission with a view to establishing biblically ordered churches, which upheld the 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith. These three components of church life − mission-mindedness, biblical church order, and the 1689 Confession of Faith − arose from the thorough biblicism of the Particular Baptists. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Church and Dogma History))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The aim of this study was to explore care leavers' experiences to independency after being discharged from public care. The study explored the services provided for young adults who have left public care and how they perceived the support provided for them during their transition and after. The study has also an interest on the care leavers' rights according to the UN Convention on the Rights of a Child. A qualitative study approach was used to collect data, due to the focus on the interpretation of the care leavers' experiences and to get in-depth information and descriptions about their experiences and perspectives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four participants who have left care. Moreover, the findings show that the participants were disadvantaged in many areas during their transition and the support received were limited. From the findings, the care leavers were lacking stability, encouragement and both emotional and adequate practical support after being discharged from care.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo o estudo dos escritos de Thomas Paine para poder elaborar filosoficamente sua concepção democráticarepublicana no contexto da Filosofia das Luzes e sobretudo, no quadro histórico das revoluções americana e francesa do final do século XVIII. A ambição deste escritor é precisamente ajudar à construção de um Estado em que as decisões políticas são tomadas pelo sufrágio universal, em que todo o povo é progressivamente incorporado à cidadania e tratado com igualdade de direitos, e que pela vocação laica este Estado mantem-se completamente independente de toda tendência de natureza religiosa. Seus escritos, sua vida e algumas interlocuções com seus contemporâneos serão examinados ao longo deste trabalho. / This research aims to study Thomas Paine\'s writings in order to elaborate philosophically his republican-democratic conception in the context of the Philosophy of Enlightenment and especially in the historical framework of the American and French revolutions of the late eighteen\'s century. This author\'s ambition is precisely to help build a state in which political decisions result from universal suffrage, where all people are progressively integrated into citizenship and have equal rights, a state that by its laical vocation is kept completely independent from all religious influence. His writings, his life and some debates with his contemporaries will be examined in the course of this work.

Detta examensarbete i socialt arbete belyser hur äldre personer upplever övergången till en beviljad hemtjänstinsats. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra äldre män på landsbygden har det empiriska materialet samlats in. För att analysera resultatet har vi använt oss av KASAM och aktivitetsteorin. Resultatet visade att de äldre männen har haft en lyckad övergång. De ansåg att hjälpen som de fick av hemtjänsten bidrog till att de kunde känna meningsfullhet och självständighet i sin tillvaro. Den sociala samvaron och den kontakt de fick med hemtjänstpersonalen betydde mycket för dem. En viktig aspekt som bidragit till att övergången varit positiv är den dagverksamhet männen deltog i. Slutsatser man kan dra från studien är att männens accepterande inställning till övergången, gemenskap med hemtjänstpersonalen och deltagande i dagverksamheten har bidragit till de positiva erfarenheterna. / This Bachelor’s thesis in social work highlights how older people experience the transition to a committed home care effort. The empirical material has been gathered through qualitative interviews with four older men in a rural area. The interviews have been analyzed with regard to the activity theory and KASAM. The results showed that the older men had a successful transition. They felt that the help they received from home care services contributed to a meaningful and independent life. The social interaction and the contact they got from the home help staff, meant a lot to them. One important aspect that contributed to a positive transition is the daytime activities the men attended. Conclusions that can be drawn from the study is that their own accepting attitude to the transition, and the social interaction they received from home care staff and the daytime activities have contributed to the positive experiences

Assurance of corporate sustainability reports relies on the idea of a third-party assuror who is independent and objective. The assurance approaches typically used by accountancy companies have been developed over many years and are supported by internal as well as external standards. With the help of these standards, the assuror provides credibility to the public statements of the companies through a thorough checking of statements, data and supporting systems. However, the orthodox approach overlooks or neglects the many paradoxes and dilemmas that are the daily experience of most assurors, e.g. what it means to be independent and objective while at the same time trying to develop a relation with the client. There has also been criticism of assurance, as currently practiced, as being too rigid, too predictable and providing too few benefits to the companies assured. In this thesis, the author explores why and how his own assurance practice differs from the more orthodox approach. This has led to the description of an alternative approach to assurance, called the ‘artist’ approach that takes the ethical dilemmas and paradoxes into account. The approach has been developed and described on the basis of the author’s own experiences using a critically reflexive methodology. The methodology builds on personal narratives and iterative feedback from fellow researchers and supervisors. The development of the ‘artist’ approach is based on: 1) a critical investigation into the idea of ‘compromise’, which leads to an alternative way of thinking about the practice of assurance; 2) a critical investigation into notions of trust and distrust, and power relations, and the effect of these on assurance work; and 3) a concept of ‘stumbling together’, which is built on relationality and ‘essential references’, where the assuror and the assuree are mutually exploring the territory. In the ‘artist’ approach, the values of independence and objectivity are compromised. The assuror actively strives to build personal trust based (at least in part) on technical kinship. Through this trust the power dynamics of the ‘insider’ and the ‘outsider’ are contained; indeed, the notion of ‘insider/outsider’ is forgotten in the moment. Independence has turned into interdependence, and objectivity into mutual engagement, where both assuror and assuree together might discover new issues not known to either of them before. In the orthodox approach, the assuree is ‘called to account’, whilst in the artist approach, the assuree is invited to ‘give an account’. This process of collaborative exploration allows the potential for radical new discoveries, for both assuror and assuree. The ‘artist’ approach as described here has affinities with complex responsive processes of relating as explained by Stacey. In the ‘artist’ approach, the craftsman approach is always paradoxically present at the same time, and the approach makes use of the same tools and the same framework as the craftsman approach. A wider understanding and application of the ‘artist’ approach can potentially lead to significant changes in the way assurors act, and hopefully to assurance results that are more relevant and useful.