In 1991, India adopted neoliberalism, a system of political economic practices that promotes private property and free trade, as its political and economic system to promote development in their country. India's neoliberal reform has created issues surrounding human development, resource accumulation, and power struggles. Eleven years later, in 2002, Bt cotton was introduced to the Indian agricultural sector. This research examines how the genetically modified organism Bt cotton is being used to commodify nature in the context of agriculture under neoliberalism. The research focuses on the dispossession of the rural farmers through the commodification of agriculture using Bt cotton. Dispossession of the rural farmers happen through the implications that arise from the commodification of nature. Through Marxist theory of primitive accumulation, this research analyzes accumulation by dispossession and how it neglects the working class and its struggle in rural India. Through this examination, the research will argue alternatives to the dispossession of the working class and the commodification of nature through Bt cotton. Dispossession, in this research, is examined both through working class, but also through the dispossession of biodiversity. Through the loss of biodiversity, the rural farmers are becoming dispossessed from a more sustainable environment. Along with these goals, the research will also incorporate themes of food security through changing landscape of agriculture due to the incorporation of Bt cotton. This research argues the contradictions that are presented through the commodification of agriculture under neoliberalism and provide a contribution to social justice literature, and our understanding of the relationship between technology and the commodification of nature.

Thesis advisor: James F. Keenan / Thesis advisor: Melissa Kelley / This thesis examines the diverse challenges that confront Indian farmers and delves into the biblical and ethical resources at our disposal for recognizing and responding as disciples of Christ. Additionally, it provides recommendations and suggestions based on successful modes and best practices from various regions for bringing hope, healing, and transformation to the lives of farmers in India. / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

No description available.

No description available.

Seven microsatellites, DYS 388, DYS 3891, DYS 389II, DYS 390, DYS 391, DYS 392 and DYS 393 and a biallelic locus DYS 271 were analyzed in the Indian population with the aim of understanding the relationships of the Indo-European and the Dravidian population of India with those of the European /Central Asian populations. The 116 Indian samples, used in the study, enjoy a wide geographical distribution and represents well the different religions and caste groups of India. Supporting previously published results, most variation is found between populations within continents than between continents. No significant differences were found between the different religious and caste groups of India with those of the World populations. All the alleles of the different markers are well represented in the different ethnic groups of India, and thus, does not support the popular belief that the highest diversity exists within the middle caste. Significant differences in the distribution of alleles are found in different regions of India especially between the North and the South. A phylogenetic relationship appears to exist between the Sindhis from South Pakistan with those of the South Indian population. This lends support to the belief that the present population from Sind might represent a remnant population of the original inhabitant of the region that was mainly pushed further to the Southern part of Subcontinent by later invasions. A phylogenetic relationship also exists between the Indian population and the Burushaski population from Northwest Pakistan and with the Kazakhs, Kirgiz and the Uighurs from Central Asia. This is in agreement with previously published results, and supports the occurrence of two main population movements from Central Asia into India at different time intervals that gave birth to the two main language families-the Dravidian and the Indo-European languages in India. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

No description available.

No

One of the chief characteristics of a high-rise building is its verticality. However, it seems that most high-rise buildings do not directly pursue the architecture of verticality. Moreover, verticality is rarely perceived within this building type. This thesis investigates the potential of verticality in a residential high-rise building. Together with the aspect of verticality, the thesis pursues an idea that even in a residential high-rise, the sense of community that typically exists in low-rise settlements on the ground and other connections to the outside can be at least partially preserved. In summary, the proposal aims the architecture to celebrate the verticality of the high-rise as a part of the skyline, expressing the verticality through its facade. For the dwellers, sky gardens offer a sense of verticality with constructed views connecting the outside world. Six two-story-apartments adjoin the sky garden with a double height living room suggesting the apartments in a high rise shouldn't be flats. This double height vertical space extends into the balcony spaces suggesting a local verticality at the apartment level. / Master of Architecture

Cities are a way of life. They are an amalgamation of cultural background and urbanism, which determine the quality of life, environmental sustainability, social behavior and economic well-being. Since the ancient times, cities have been the way to define the growth and development. The development of the cities depended upon availability of resources for a better livelihood and the way humans utilize the resources. Even today as cities develop, people hope for better living conditions. Urbanism plays a major role in the development of cities, being a combination of cultural and urban living. Urbanism has brought various downfalls along with progress. Has urbanism made development a monotonous concept? These days, cities are urbanizing at a fast rate not considering their future consequences. Having lived in Mumbai, I have seen it grow into a megacity. The countless problems that urbanism has brought to accommodate the massive amount of people migrating into the city has affected the quality of life of people immensely. However, is it for the better or worse? People all over the country want to have a piece of Mumbai, the city of dreams. This growth in the population has overpowered the city. Mumbai is famous for its railway system. It is the lifeline of the city. However, due to the amount of people using this system, the travel is more of a chaos. Every railway station has a main access road filled with hawkers and commercial storefronts. People in Mumbai are always in a rush, so these hawkers and commercial stores are a necessity to their daily life. People shop for their daily necessities while returning home to save time. However, these streets are extremely chaotic and crowded. My thesis focuses on how this space can be utilized by three consumers - the traveler, the shopper and the one who does both. It aims to decongest this main street and make travelling by local trains convenient. The site I have chosen is located in the heart of Mumbai city and is one of the most important railway station on the Western Suburban railway system. It is known as Dadar railway station. More than 500,000 people use this railway station daily. With the maximum number of incoming pedestrian traffic, my design can be used as an example for other railway stations throughout Mumbai. / Master of Science / Cities are a combination of culture and development. As a city develops, the infrastructure of the place changes. These days, cities are developing at a very fast pace. This development along with the positives has brought numerous negatives. I come from a city in India called Mumbai which thrives on this development. Within the last decade, it has turned into a Megacity. Being the financial capital of India, a large number of people migrate to Mumbai daily in search of employment. The population is increasing at a fast rate and has reached a point where it's unmanageable. Controlling the population is a long-term project. But can we make the lives of all these people easier? Mumbai is famous for its railway system, which is the lifeline of the city. The business district is located in the South and the people working here live in the North of the city, due to cheaper housing. The railway system is the fastest and cheapest mode of transportation in the city. However, due to the amount of people using the system, the travel is more of a chaos. Every railway station has a main access road filled with hawkers and commercial storefronts. People in Mumbai are always in a rush, so they shop for their daily necessities while returning home to save time. However, these streets are extremely chaotic and crowded. This Urban design thesis emphasizes on making this street space a convenience rather than a chaos. It aims to decongest this main street and making it user friendly.

Anthropological research conducted in the Indira Gandhi Nahar Project area of the western Indian state of Rajasthan during 1984-1985 assessed the impact of agricultural land settlement planning on village community formation. The large-scale project, begun in 1957, has brought irrigation water to the extremely arid Thar desert and has brought irrigation water to the extremely arid Thar desert and has dramatically altered the social and physical landscape. Significant efforts have been made by the Government of Rajasthan to select settlers from the poor and landless population, as part of a social welfare policy, allocate agricultural land to them and create new settler communities. A single village, one of the earliest established by the project, was selected for the study of community formation. Historical and contemporary data were collected on five themes: (1) the settler household, (2) kinship, (3) patronage, (4) institution building, and (5) socieconomic stratification. For each theme area, a series of questions were asked regarding the impact of settlement planning. Although settlement planning has been a major influence on the study village, research revealed that settlers arrived under highly diverse circumstances and played diverse roles in the process of community growth. Research also revealed that the village community has maintained some traditional features of Indian social organization in the face of great upheaval associated with settlement. Both the indigenous families and some of the earliest unplanned settlers have developed large local kinship networks, assumed positions of wealth in a hierarchical caste system, and have been involved in building political institutions based on a stratified system. They have also been responsible for attracting later settlers, including both landless agriculturalists and, to a limited extent, service workers. The settlers selected according to settlement policies have not developed extensive kin networks and have been less active in institution building and developing patronage relationships.