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This diploma thesis deals with the study of selected principles of the spirituality of North American Indians, which it see as inspiration for the education and personal development. The theoretical part examines the basic aspects of Native American spirituality and lifestyle as part of the phenomenon called Indianism. It also takes into account the issue of the origin and development of the popularity of Indianism in our territory and its practical forms in the Euro- Indian movements. Particular attention is paid to the woodcraft movement and its educational dimension. The practical part contains research on the spiritual and educational practice of Indianism in woodcraft. The research is based on the analysis of semi-structured interviews with selected woodcrafters who have undergone this education or apply it to the education of new generations. The results of the research confirmed the living practice of Native American spiritual and educational ideas in wodcraft. This reveals the practice of Indianism in our territory, which is devoted by individuals living in the otherwise normal cultural conditions of our world.

Ao longo desta dissertação, submeterei as três obras indianistas de José de Alencar O guarani, Iracema e Ubirajara a uma leitura ossianizada, em que tentarei enxergar a presença de idéias e estilos hauridos dos Poemas de Ossian, pretensamente traduzidos por James Macpherson, na Escócia do século XVIII. Esta abordagem se concentrará, de um lado, na linguagem e na sensibilidade que se atribuía, de acordo com os preceitos do nacionalismo, aos povos primitivos. De outro lado, também se analisará a maneira como se interpreta o destino de indígenas e celtas em face de mudanças sociais, políticas e econômicas trazidas ou pela modernização capitalista ou pelo sistema colonial. / Throughout this dissertation, the indianist works of José de Alencar (The Guarany, Iracema, and Ubirajara) are given an ossianic reading: I seek to reveal in those writings the presence of the ideas and styles of the Poems of Ossian, translated by the eighteenth-century highlander, James Macpherson. Our reading will focus, on the one hand, on the language and the sensibility attributed (often from a nationalistic standpoint) to primitive peoples. On the other hand, I will analyze Macphersons and Alencars expectations regarding the fate of such peoples, as they face the social, political and economic upheavals brought about by colonial rule or the economic development of modern western societies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 belieiro_tg_me_assis.pdf: 531501 bytes, checksum: a7698f420a3d4a5ca77efc3b999e1103 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Esta pesquisa insere-se no campo dos estudos históricos culturais. Assim, a análise histórica é aqui empregada com o objetivo de compreender o fenômeno artístico literário, a saber, o Indianismo Romântico do século XIX. Desse modo, o Indianismo é visto como uma Invenção Histórica, ou seja, é fruto de um trabalho e de um projeto consciente dos escritores no sentido de criação de uma cultura e uma literatura nacional, tendo o índio como figura central. Utilizando-se de preceitos teóricos e metodológicos do sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu, onde a produção artística mantém profundas ligações com o campo político, a pesquisa procura mostrar a ligação do campo literário romântico em formação e o campo político. Assim, vai-se analisar o papel do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro nesse processo de Invenção Histórica. IHGB congregava em seus membros a elite letrada da Corte entre eles, importantes escritores indianistas, tais como Gonçalves Dias e Gonçalves de Magalhães. O Instituto foi responsável ainda por uma vasta produção de conhecimento sobre o índio, sendo essa produção responsável pela configuração de um campo de possíveis estéticos a respeito do indígena através de representações do mesmo. E mais, o IHGB foi o palco principal de uma acalorada contenda sobre a viabilidade de se escrever uma literatura tendo o índio como figura central, mostrando as diferentes tomadas de posição dos intelectuais do período acerca da Literatura Indianista. / This research is within the field of historical and cultural studies. Thus, the historical analysis employed here aims at understanding the literary artistic phenomenon, namely the XIX century Romantic Indianism. In this aspect, Indianism is seen as a historical invention, that is, it arises involuntarily within the European thought and within the Romantism aesthetic precepts, which later became the result of writers’ conscientious work and project in order to create both a national culture and literature, having the Indian as its central figure. By using sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical and methodological precepts – in which artistic production is strongly connected with the political field – the research seeks to show the connection between the romantic literary field in formation and the political field. Thus, the role of the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (Brazil’s Historical and Geographical Institute - IHGB) is analyzed in this historical invention process. The IHGB congregated the literate elite of the Court, among who were important indianist writers such as Gonçalves Dias and Gonçalves de Magalhães. The Institute was also accountable for the vast production of knowledge on the Indian. This production was responsible for shaping the aesthetic possibilities regarding the Indians through the representations of them. Furthermore, the IHGB was the main stage of a fierce argument on the viability of making literature having the Indian as its central figure, showing the different positions the intellectuals of the period held about the Indianist Literature. With this, the research shows that Indianism comprises a historical invention having the IHGB as its main stage.

Ao longo desta dissertação, submeterei as três obras indianistas de José de Alencar O guarani, Iracema e Ubirajara a uma leitura ossianizada, em que tentarei enxergar a presença de idéias e estilos hauridos dos Poemas de Ossian, pretensamente traduzidos por James Macpherson, na Escócia do século XVIII. Esta abordagem se concentrará, de um lado, na linguagem e na sensibilidade que se atribuía, de acordo com os preceitos do nacionalismo, aos povos primitivos. De outro lado, também se analisará a maneira como se interpreta o destino de indígenas e celtas em face de mudanças sociais, políticas e econômicas trazidas ou pela modernização capitalista ou pelo sistema colonial. / Throughout this dissertation, the indianist works of José de Alencar (The Guarany, Iracema, and Ubirajara) are given an ossianic reading: I seek to reveal in those writings the presence of the ideas and styles of the Poems of Ossian, translated by the eighteenth-century highlander, James Macpherson. Our reading will focus, on the one hand, on the language and the sensibility attributed (often from a nationalistic standpoint) to primitive peoples. On the other hand, I will analyze Macphersons and Alencars expectations regarding the fate of such peoples, as they face the social, political and economic upheavals brought about by colonial rule or the economic development of modern western societies.

Dans les années 1870, le système des boarding et residential schools (pensionnats hors réserve) fut implanté aux États-Unis et au Canada pour les populations indiennes. Ce système, instauré sur le modèle des écoles missionnaires, avait pour but de civiliser les Indiens par l’éducation et de les assimiler aux sociétés américaine et canadienne, proposant ainsi une solution au problème Indien. Ces pensionnats avaient un programme très particulier qui consistait à enseigner aux jeunes Indiens l’anglais, ainsi que la pratique de travaux manuels pour leur permettre, par la suite, de trouver un emploi et de s’intégrer à la société de leur pays. Ces instituts reposaient sur le fait que les jeunes Indiens pouvaient être civilisés et éduqués s’ils étaient emmenés loin de leur famille ainsi que de leur réserve (symboles de leurs traditions qu’ils devaient oublier afin d’être mieux assimilés). Il s’agira d’une part, de comparer ces deux systèmes et de dégager les facteurs motivant le système d’éducation (les enjeux économiques, politiques et institutionnels), tant du côté Indien que des gouvernements respectifs, et d’autre part, d’établir les bilans de l’assimilation par l’éducation. Contrairement à ce que beaucoup croient, les systèmes de pensionnats hors réserve n’eurent pas que des effets négatifs sur les populations indiennes. Parmi les aspects positifs se trouvent l’apparition du mouvement pan-indien depuis les années 1960 et la création de centres universitaires tribaux qui contribuent aujourd’hui à une retribalisation. Comment la transition des pensionnats aux centres universitaires tribaux s’est-elle faite et qu’implique-t-elle ? / The boarding and residential school systems were set up for the Indians in the 1870s in the United States and Canada. These systems based on the missionary education, were aimed at civilizing the Indians through education and assimilating them to the American and Canadian societies, thus offering a solution to the ever present “Indian problem”. These boarding schools had a very specific curriculum in which the young Indians were taught the English language as well manual training to allow them to find a job and to be integrated in the society of their country later on. These schools were based on the fact that the young Indians could be civilized and educated on the condition that they should be taken away from their family as well as their reservation (centers of their traditions they had to forget, to be assimilated faster). This dissertation will deal with the comparison of the two systems and help underlying the factors that have motivated these educational systems (the economic, political and institutional stakes), on the one hand, and on the other hand, with the consequences of the assimilation through education. Contrary to what most people think, the outcomes of the boarding school systems were not detrimental to Indians. Among the positive aspects one can find the emergence of pan-indianism, since the 1960s, and the creation of Tribal colleges which contribute today to a retribalization. How was the transition from boarding schools to tribal colleges made and what does it imply?

Orientador: Antonio Celso Ferreira / Banca: Silvia Cristina Martins de Souza e Silva / Banca: Helio Rebello Cardoso Junior / Resumo: Esta pesquisa insere-se no campo dos estudos históricos culturais. Assim, a análise histórica é aqui empregada com o objetivo de compreender o fenômeno artístico literário, a saber, o Indianismo Romântico do século XIX. Desse modo, o Indianismo é visto como uma Invenção Histórica, ou seja, é fruto de um trabalho e de um projeto consciente dos escritores no sentido de criação de uma cultura e uma literatura nacional, tendo o índio como figura central. Utilizando-se de preceitos teóricos e metodológicos do sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu, onde a produção artística mantém profundas ligações com o campo político, a pesquisa procura mostrar a ligação do campo literário romântico em formação e o campo político. Assim, vai-se analisar o papel do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro nesse processo de Invenção Histórica. IHGB congregava em seus membros a elite letrada da Corte entre eles, importantes escritores indianistas, tais como Gonçalves Dias e Gonçalves de Magalhães. O Instituto foi responsável ainda por uma vasta produção de conhecimento sobre o índio, sendo essa produção responsável pela configuração de um campo de possíveis estéticos a respeito do indígena através de representações do mesmo. E mais, o IHGB foi o palco principal de uma acalorada contenda sobre a viabilidade de se escrever uma literatura tendo o índio como figura central, mostrando as diferentes tomadas de posição dos intelectuais do período acerca da Literatura Indianista. / Abstract: This research is within the field of historical and cultural studies. Thus, the historical analysis employed here aims at understanding the literary artistic phenomenon, namely the XIX century Romantic Indianism. In this aspect, Indianism is seen as a historical invention, that is, it arises involuntarily within the European thought and within the Romantism aesthetic precepts, which later became the result of writers' conscientious work and project in order to create both a national culture and literature, having the Indian as its central figure. By using sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical and methodological precepts - in which artistic production is strongly connected with the political field - the research seeks to show the connection between the romantic literary field in formation and the political field. Thus, the role of the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (Brazil's Historical and Geographical Institute - IHGB) is analyzed in this historical invention process. The IHGB congregated the literate elite of the Court, among who were important indianist writers such as Gonçalves Dias and Gonçalves de Magalhães. The Institute was also accountable for the vast production of knowledge on the Indian. This production was responsible for shaping the aesthetic possibilities regarding the Indians through the representations of them. Furthermore, the IHGB was the main stage of a fierce argument on the viability of making literature having the Indian as its central figure, showing the different positions the intellectuals of the period held about the Indianist Literature. With this, the research shows that Indianism comprises a historical invention having the IHGB as its main stage. / Mestre

[pt] Partindo-se da investigação da relação entre idéias de Nação e as produções de saber por parte de uma elite letrada vinculada ao Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Brasil, a presente tese pretende abordar o campo de estudos e de debates desta instituição sobre o índio brasileiro. No período de vigor do indianismo na literatura, entre as décadas de 1840 e 1860, a etnografia do Instituto participava dos debates sobre a representação do índio para a nacionalidade, a partir da produção de conhecimento histórico. Três problemáticas relativas a este aporte da história na etnografia foram encaminhadas nesta tese: em primeiro lugar, pretendeu-se analisar a formação da etnografia do Instituto, a partir do campo das representações e do conhecimento sobre os índios de fins do século dezoito ao início do dezenove. Em segundo, buscou-se elaborar o diálogo dessa etnografia com a emergência, nos debates etnológicos do contexto europeu, dos conceitos de raça e de nação. Por último, buscou-se apresentar os entrecruzamentos entre as teses e certas práticas etnográficas do Instituto com a condução da política indigenista do próprio Estado imperial. A tese percorre as produções intelectuais que caracterizam a etnografia do Instituto, procurando vincular tais produções com a criação, por parte destes letrados do Instituto, de uma interpretação do processo histórico que formou a sociedade imperial, no momento de consolidação do Estado imperial. De um lado, a etnografia do Instituto permitia conduzir uma reflexão sobre o papel do índio na História do Brasil, de outro, ela fomentava o debate sobre a composição da população do Império e as políticas indigenistas. A tese buscou tratar desses dois aspectos, relacionando-os ao problema da Nação. / [en] Aiming at the investigation of the relation between the ideas of Nation and the production of knowledge by a literate elite of the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Brasil (Brazilian Institute of History and Geography), the present thesis attempts to investigate a field of studies and debates on the Brazilian Indian in this institution. In a period when the Indianism in the literature was highlighted, between the decades of 1840 and 1860, the ethnography of the Institute partook of the debates on the representation of the Indian to nationality, based on the production of historical knowledge. The thesis addresses three issues from the perspective of this production of historical knowledge. First, it deals with the shaping of the ethnography of the Institute, taking as a starting point the field of representations and knowledge of the Indian between the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century. Second, it attempted to elaborate a dialogue between this ethnography and the emergence of the concepts of race and nation in the European and American ethnological debates. Lastly, it tried to demonstrate the crossing-fields of the ethnographical theories and practices and the management of an indigenist policy by the imperial State. The thesis examined the intellectual productions which characterize the ethnography of the Institute linking these productions to the following interpretations by the literates of the historical process that formed the imperial society during the consolidation of the imperial State. In one way, the ethnography of the Institute made possible a reflection on the role of the Indians in the History of Brazil, in another way, it promoted a debate on the ethnic composition of the population of the Empire and on its indigenists policies. The thesis attempts to deal with both these aspects, relating them to the problem of the Nation.

CUNHA FILHO, Clayton Mendonça. Evo Morales e os horizontes da hegemonia nacional-popular e indigenismo na Bolívia em perspectiva comparada. 2009. 86f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto Universitário de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro, Curso de Ciências Humanas, Rio de Janeiro, 2009. / Submitted by Hanna Sandy (nannybells@gmail.com) on 2016-12-20T13:27:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_cmcunhafilho.pdf: 558537 bytes, checksum: 2fc39f0230d065ab5edce77a3559c148 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-22T11:08:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_cmcunhafilho.pdf: 558537 bytes, checksum: 2fc39f0230d065ab5edce77a3559c148 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T11:08:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_cmcunhafilho.pdf: 558537 bytes, checksum: 2fc39f0230d065ab5edce77a3559c148 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The present dissertation seeks to understand the way through which the indianist and national-popular elements articulate themselves in the current historical block led by the government of Evo Morales and to compare it under this point of view with five previous Bolivian critical conjunctures. The underlying hypothesis of this work is that the turmoil of the years 2000-2005 marked a collapse in the hegemony of the previous historical block and the ascension of a counter-hegemonic movement that was able to rearticulate itself through the redemption of the memory from the national-popular and indigenist horizons present throughout Bolivian history and especially in the 20th Century. The comparison with the previous critical conjunctures seeks precisely to comprehend the deeper roots that allowed the agglutination of the present historical block and its claim of legitimacy. Due to the consensually recognized historical importance in the Bolivian and bolivianist literature and to the influences in the present political conjuncture, the hegemony crisis of the transition to democracy period, the military regime of Ovando and Torres, the 1952 Revolution, the government of Gualberto Villarroel and the Chaco War and Military Socialism of the 1930s were chosen for comparison. And at last, I conclude by resuming the ideas underlying the comparison between the current historical block and its preceding constitutive moments and how these influence and in some ways determine the nature of the present political process and its hegemonic horizons. / A presente dissertação busca compreender o modo como se articulam no atual bloco histórico boliviano liderado pelo governo de Evo Morales os elementos de nacionalpopular e indigenismo e compará-lo sob esse ponto de vista com cinco conjunturas críticas bolivianas anteriores. A hipótese subjacente ao trabalho é que o turbulento quinquênio de 2000-2005 marca um colapso da hegemonia do bloco histórico anterior e a ascensão de um movimento contra-hegemônico que logrou se rearticular baseado no resgate da memória dos horizontes de nacional-popular e indigenismo presentes ao longo da história do país e em especial no século XX. A comparação com as conjunturas críticas anteriores busca justamente compreender as raízes mais profundas que permitiram a aglutinação do atual bloco histórico e sua reivindicação de legitimidade. Pela importância histórica consensualmente reconhecida na bibliografia boliviana e bolivianista e pelas influências na atual conjuntura política, foram escolhidos para comparação a crise hegemônica durante a redemocratização, o regime militar de Ovando e Torres, a Revolução de 1952, o governo de Gualberto Villarroel e a Guerra do Chaco e o Socialismo Militar dos anos 1930. E por último, concluo retomando algumas das ideias subjacentes na comparação do atual bloco histórico com seus momentos constitutivos precedentes e como estes influenciam e em alguma medida determinam a natureza do processo político atual em seus horizontes hegemônicos.

This doctoral research is dedicated to the study of identity issues in contexts of renewal or appropriation of ethnic traditions and their displacement, by specific actors, within the realm of holistic spiritualities. These issues revolve around quests for authenticity, legitimacy and negotiation of (intra)-cultural differences. This research problematizes the relationships among mobility, spirituality and Mayan ethnicity, from the perspective of Transnational Studies and life stories, through the concept of neo-Mayanity. These relationships have been embedded in the broader context of "religious change" and its forms since the 1950s and 1960s. On the one hand, these changes imply the rise of New Age currents in the wake of 1968 counter-culture. On the other hand, they stem from the emergence of new forms of "religious or spiritual mobility", more specifically in the transnational circulation of actors, practices, imaginations and symbols. This research features qualitative case studies conducted in different national contexts. Six field studies were carried out as part of a multi-situated ethnography spanning Mexico, Guatemala, Switzerland and Germany, using methods such as narrative interviews, direct participant observations, cyber-ethnography, and ethno-photography. The research aims to show current transformations in the field of Mayan ethnicity, ever since contact with globalized New Age spiritualities. A variety of empirical examples reveal that since the "2012 Phenomenon", the accelerated transnationalization of spiritual leaders has involved a resemantization of symbolic contents and rituals through processes of rearrangement, visual innovation and cohabitation.