Ce travail de recherche donc concerne l'étude du système ultrasonique de fatigue en torsion de type indirect pouvoir étudier le comportement des matériaux métalliques à haute résistance, essentiellement au domaine de fatigue gigacyclique. Il existe actuellement deux types de système ultrasonique de torsion : un système qualifié de "direct" dans lequel le convertisseur délivre une rotation permettant, de manière simple et directe, la mise en vibration de torsion du système ; un système qualifié de "indirect" qui utilise un convertisseur longitudinal et nécessite une transformation en rotation pour créer la vibration en résonance de torsion. Premièrement, la présente d'étude sur le système indirect permet de comprendre son comportement de fatigue et ses propriétés. Cette étude est présentée à partir des calculs analytiques et numériques afin de dimensionner et modéliser ce système. Ensuite, l'optimisation du système à l'aide de la méthode des éléments finis est réalisée et un système plus effectif et plus robuste est obtenu. Des comparaisons entre les résultats numériques et les résultats de calibration sont proposées et une interprétation des écarts constatés est proposée avec les nouvelles simulations numériques. Deuxièmement, une campagne expérimentale à 20 kHz au-delà de 10⁸ cycles est menée en utilisant le système optimisé sur les aciers 16MnCr5 et 50CrV4 du projet FreqTigue. La méthode de l'escalier est utilisé dans les essais afin de décrire la courbe S-N, d'estimer la résistance à la fatigue et d'obtenir la durée de vie en fatigue. Des comparaisons des courbes S-N à différentes fréquences et sollicitations sont présentées. Les surfaces de rupture des éprouvettes sont analysées pour tenter d'identifier les causes de la rupture. / This research work concerns the study of the torsional ultrasonic fatigue system of indirect type which is able to study the behavior of high-strength metallic materials, mainly in the domain of gigacyclic fatigue. With the developments of technique, there are currently two types of ultrasonic torsional system: the first one is described as "direct" and its converter delivers a rotation which allows the system vibrate in torsion; the second one is described as "indirect", which uses a longitudinal converter and requires the transformation of a translation into a rotation to create a desired torsional resonant vibration in the specimen. Firstly, the study of the indirect system could understand the fatigue behavior and the properties of this system. This study is presented with the analytical and numerical calculations in order to determine and model the indirect system. Then, the optimization of this system by using the finite element method is performed and a more efficient and robust system is developed. Some comparisons between the numerical results and calibration’s results are proposed and an interpretation of differences is proposed by using new numerical simulations. Secondly, the tests of the 16MnCr5 and 50CrV4 steels of the FreqTigue project are carried out at 20 kHz and beyond 10⁸ cycles by using this optimized system. The staircase method is used in the tests to describe the S-N curve, to estimate the fatigue strength and to obtain the fatigue life. Then, the comparisons of the S-N curves at different vibration frequencies and stresses are presented, and the ruptured surfaces of the specimen are also analyzed to identify the causes of the rupture.

Aqueous solutions of organic or inorganic salts are used as secondary refrigerants in indirect refrigeration systems to transport and transfer heat. Water is known for its corrosive character and secondary refrigerants based on aqueous solutions have the same tendency. The least corrosive from the aqueous solutions are glycols and alcohols. Salt solutions, such as chlorides and potassium salts, are much more corrosive. Nevertheless, it is possible to minimize corrosion risks at the beginning stage while designing system. Proper design can significantly help in improving system performance against corrosion. There are several aspects which need to be taken into account while working with secondary refrigerants: design of system, selection of secondary refrigerant, proper corrosion inhibitors, compatible materials used to build the installation and proper preparation of system to operation. While choosing proper materials it is advised to avoid the formation of a galvanic couple to reduce the risk of the most dangerous type of corrosion. Oxygen present in installation is another important factor increasing the rate of corrosion. Even small amounts of oxygen can significantly affect the system lifetime. The methods of cleaning, charging the system with refrigerant, and deaeration procedures are extremely important. The purpose of this thesis work is to present the problems of corrosion occurring in the indirect systems with secondary refrigerants. The thesis describes the mechanism of corrosion and its different types, most commonly used materials in installation, different corrosion inhibitors used to protect system. This thesis also lists the available secondary refrigerants on the market and briefly describes them. Further, it describes the important aspects related with designing, preparing and maintaining of indirect systems. This thesis is giving some clues and shows what should be done in order to reduce risks of corrosion. / Effsys 2 P2 project

Ice based Cool Thermal Energy Storage (CTES) systems have attracted much attention during last few decades. The reasons are mainly of economical and environmental nature. Compared to conventional refrigeration and air-conditioning systems without cool thermal energy storage, implementation of CTES will increase environmental standards and overall efficiency of the energy systems as it contributes to the phase-out of synthetic refrigerants and reduces peak loads in electricity grids. For the application of a cool thermal energy storages in refrigeration installations and HVAC systems in industry and building sector, it is necessary to have appropriate design tools in order to sufficiently accurate predict their performance. In this thesis theoretical and experimental investigations of two ice based cool thermal energy storage systems, namely static, indirect, external melt, ice-on-coil, i.e. ice bank system and dynamic, ice slurry cool thermal energy storage system are carried out. An ice bank storage technology for cooling purposes is known for a long time. The main drawbacks which are hindering its wider use are the system complexity, high first costs, system efficiency which is highly dependant on design, control and monitoring of the system, etc. On the other hand, ice slurry technology was not well studied until recently, while in the current scientific literature there are still differences between results and conclusions reported by different investigators. The aim of the present thesis is to extend the knowledge in the field of ice based CTES systems, thereby contributing in the development and wider utilization of those systems. In the first part of the thesis a computer application, named “BankaLeda” is presented. It enables simulation of an ice bank system performance. In order to verify developed simulation model an experimental evaluation has been performed. Field measurements have been conducted on a two module silo which was installed as a part of the refrigeration system in dairy and cheese factory “Antun Bohnec” in the city of Ludbreg in Croatia. Experimental findings were compared to the simulation model. The software „BankaLeda“ presents a strong optimization tool for designers and engineers in the field by providing a high degree of freedom in defining particular system design and operating parameters. It offers a basis for assessment and testing of a new energy efficient system arrangements and measures. Besides it will give decisionmakers the ability to test potential solutions in the process of CTES system design. In the second part of the thesis ice slurry pressure drop and heat transfer in horizontal straight tubes have been experimentally investigated. In particular a mixture of 10.3 % of ethanol and water with an initial freezing point of -4.4 °C was considered. It was found that the behaviour of ice slurry flow is changing with time and that ice slurry pressure drop is generally higher than for single phase flow. However for ice concentrations of 15 % and higher, for certain velocities ice slurry pressure drop is found to be of a similar value as for single phase fluid. Moreover, if ice slurry is to be used as a energy transport media it is recommended to keep the ice mass fraction at a level of 20 %. With tube geometry and thermophysical properties of a carrier fluid the heat transfer of ice slurry is generally a function of ice mass fraction and velocity. The imposed heat flux has no or has just minor influence on the heat transfer coefficient. Up to ice mass fraction between 10-15 % the mean heat transfer coefficient shows only slight (laminar flow) or no increase (turbulent flow) in comparison to single phase flow. Beyond that ice mass fraction the heat transfer coefficient is increasing significantly. The test data for pressure drop and heat transfer in laminar and turbulent regime was compared to several correlations from the literature. A new correlations for ice slurry pressure drop and heat transfer in the laminar flow regime, for 10.3 % ethanol and water mixture, were derived based on the present experimental data. The correlation for pressure drop predicts 82 % of the experimental data with ±15 % accuracy, while the correlation for heat transfer predicts 75 % of the data with the same accuracy. In order to investigate advantages and disadvantages of a dynamic, ice slurry system over a static, indirect, external melt, ice-on-coil CTES system and to assess their differences from economical aspects, a theoretical simulation model of an ice slurry CTES have been developed. It was found that the ice slurry based CTES systems posses higher economic and energy saving potential than static type systems. In the best case scenario the total energy consumption of dynamic CTES system was found to be approximately 25 % lower than for a static CTES system. / QC 20100715

The master´s thesis is about the design of heating and cooling of a multifunctional house. The building is functionally divided into parts of shops, administration and apartments. Thesis describes various cooling options and basic types and functions of air conditioning systems. Three variants of the system at the level for expanded building permits and their evaluation are developed. The selected variant is developed at the project level for the construction.