There is an overrepresentation of youths with disabilities in the juvenile justice system. As a result, each year thousands of juvenile offenders despite of the seriousness of the crimes committed, are released from incarceration with the hopes of living a successful life in society. Despite progressive research on identifying factors associated with desistance, it is still unclear what factors contribute to desistance for serious juvenile offenders and especially those with disabilities. The current study investigated the individual differences (e.g., moral disengagement, motivation to succeed and impulse control) and social factors (e.g., employment, education and maternal warmth) that are important in the process of desistance for serious juvenile offenders. The sample of 14 to 17-year-old male and female offenders (N =1354) was composed primarily of ethnically marginalized youths who have committed serious offenses. Results of the study indicated that both social and individual factors are significant predictors of desistance from crime. However, varied significance was found as it relates to Aggressive, Income Offending and desistance. Results obtained are applicable to scholarship across multiple disciplines, as well as inform policy, practice and future research on desistance from crime. Limitations of the study were also stated.

<p>This study aimed at identifying the factors contributing towards work related neck pain amongst university administrative staff, its impact on everyday life activities and in turn its prevalence. A quantitative descriptive cross sectional study design was used amongst the administrative staff at the University of The Western Cape, South Africa. Data collection was carried out with the help of a questionnaire which was administered by the researcher in person. Data was analysed with both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and SAS for windows. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis was done. The results of this study revealed a very high prevalence of work related neck pain amongst university administrative staff. </p>

Darbe buvo siekiama nustatyti paauglių priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimo sąsajas su šeimos, bendraamžių ir asmeniniais veiksniais. Tyrime dalyvavo 290 dviejų Vilniaus ir keturių Telšių vidurinių bei pagrindinių mokyklų (16 – 18 metų amžiaus) mokinių. Tyrime naudota anketa, kurią sudaro klausimai apie alkoholio ir kitų priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimo dažnumą, alkoholio ir kitų narkotikų vartojimo rizikingumui įvertinti naudojama Knight, Sherritt ir kt. (2002) parengta Crafft skalė. Paauglių priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimo šeimos, bendraamžių ir asmeniniai veiksniai matuojami klausimynu sudarytu, remiantis Hawkins, Catalano (1992) metodikos “Bendruomenės, kurios rūpinasi, jaunimo klausimynas” (angl. Communities That Care Youth Survey) šeimos, bendraamžių ir asmenine skalėmis. Pagal tyrimo rezultatus, paauglių alkoholio nevartojimo arba reto vartojimo galimybę didino mažiau išreikštas aštrių pojūčių siekimas, mažiau išreikštas psichoaktyvias medžiagas vartojančių draugų veiksnys, mažiau išreikštos palankios nuostatos į psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimą, iš šeimos veiksnių – mažiau išreikštos tėvų palankios nuostatos į psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimą. Kitų nei alkoholis ir tabakas medžiagų nebandymo galimybę didino mažiau išreikštas aštrių pojūčių siekimas, mažiau išreikštas psichoaktyvias medžiagas vartojančių draugų veiksnys, mažiau išreikštos palankios nuostatos į psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimą ir labiau išreikštas psichoaktyvių medžiagų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to assess adolescent substance use association with individual, peer, family factor. The subjects of the study were 290 adolescent (age 16-18) from two schools in Vilnius and four schools in Telšiai. Study questionnaire contains questions about alcohol and other substance use frequency. For evaluation of risks of alcohol and other substance use Knight, Sherritt et al. (2002) prepared Crafft scale was used. Adolescent addictive substance use family, peer and individual factors are measured by questionnaire based on Hawkins, Catalan (1992) questionnaire - Communities That Care Youth Survey family, peer and individual scales. According to the results of the research, adolescents no or low alcohol use possibility was increased by lower expression of sensation seeking, by lower expression of friends’ use of drugs factor, by lower expression of favourable attitudes towards drug use, from family factors - lower expression of favourable parental attitudes favourable towards drug use. Possibility of not trying other then alcohol and tobacco substances was increased by lower expression of sensation seeking, by lower expression of friends’ use of drugs factor, by lower expression of favourable attitudes towards drug use and higher expression of perceived risks of drug use, also by female sex. Non risky alcohol and other substance use possibility was increased by lower expression of sensation seeking, by lower expression of friends’ use of drugs factor, by lower... [to full text]

Tyrimo tikslas: įvertinti sociodemografinių charakteristikų bei organizacinių veiksnių sąsajas su darbuotojų seksualinio priekabiavimo supratimu. Tyrime dalyvavo 195 tirimieji: 136 moterys ir 59 vyrai, nuo 17 iki 75 metų amžiaus (amžiaus vidurkis (28,98). Seksualinio priekabiavimo vertinimui buvo naudojama Mccabe, Hardman, (2005) adaptuota, Mazer, Percival (1989) kurta požiurio į seksualinį priekabiavimą skalė (Sexual Harassment Attitude Scale, SHAS), kuri Mccabe, Hardman, (2005) buvo pritaikyta darbuotojams, bei pervadinta darbuotojų požiūrio į seksualinį priekabiavimą skale (Sexual Harassment Attitude Scale for Workers SHASW). Seksualinio priekabiavimo supratimas buvo matuojamas seksualinio priekabiavimo apibrėžimų klausimynu (Sexual Harassment Definitions Questionnaire SHDQ; Foulis, McCabe, 1997). Seksualinio priekabiavimo patirtis buvo vertinama seksualinės patirties klausimynu (Sexual Experience Questionnaire), sukurtu Fitzgerald et al. (1988). Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog su seksualinio priekabiavimo supratimu susiję skirtingos aukos – priekabiautojo situacijos: moterysdažniau nei vyrai visas situacijas įvardina kaip seksualinį priekabiavimą. Taip pat dažniau seksualinį priekabiavimą įvardina: su aukštuoju išsilavinimu, išsilavinimu; patyrę seksualinį priekabiavimą; vyresni, dirbantys organizacijose, kuriose dskirtingas lyčių santykis. Su geresniu seksualinio priekabiavimo supratimu nėra susiję darbuotojų: vedybinis statusas, darbo stažas; darbovietės tipas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to assess how socio-demographic characteristics and organizational factors are related to employees perception of sexual harassment. 195 subjects participated in the study: 136 of them were women and 59 – men. They age raged from 17 to 75 years (mean age (28.98). Sexual harassment attitude were messured by Mazeros, Percival (1989) created sexual harassment attitude scale, which McCabe, Hardman (2005) was adapted to workers, and renamed Sexual Harassment Attitude Scale for Workers (SHASW). Perception of sexual harassment was measured by Sexual Harassment Definitions Questionnaire (SHDQ, Foula, McCabe, 1997). Sexual harassment experiences were measured by sexual experiences questionnaire (Sexual Experience Questionnaire), which was created by Fitzgerald et al. (1988). The results showed that the perception of sexual harassment related to different victims - harasser situations: women more often than men tend to identifyas sexual harassment in all situations. Sexual harassment are percieved more often when worker was with the higher education, experienced sexual harassment, older workers, working in organizations with diferent gender ratio. Perceptions of sexual harassment are not related workers: marital status, work experience, job type, gender ratio indepartment.

<p>This study aimed at identifying the factors contributing towards work related neck pain amongst university administrative staff, its impact on everyday life activities and in turn its prevalence. A quantitative descriptive cross sectional study design was used amongst the administrative staff at the University of The Western Cape, South Africa. Data collection was carried out with the help of a questionnaire which was administered by the researcher in person. Data was analysed with both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and SAS for windows. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis was done. The results of this study revealed a very high prevalence of work related neck pain amongst university administrative staff. </p>

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / This study aimed at identifying the factors contributing towards work related neck pain amongst university administrative staff, its impact on everyday life activities and in turn its prevalence. A quantitative descriptive cross sectional study design was used amongst the administrative staff at the University of The Western Cape, South Africa. Data collection was carried out with the help of a questionnaire which was administered by the researcher in person. Data was analysed with both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and SAS for windows. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis was done. The results of this study revealed a very high prevalence of work related neck pain amongst university administrative staff. / South Africa

Chacun a sa propre façon d'apprendre. Une particularité vient de multiples différences. Chaque différence engendre une différence. L’utilisation des stratégies d'apprentissage est un type de différences. Notre étude explore les stratégies utilisées par l’apprenant irakien du FLE. Trois principaux objectifs sont poursuivis. Le premier objectif vise à attirer l'attention sur la notion de stratégie et son rôle déterminant dans la réussite scolaire. Le deuxième objectif vise à amorcer un modèle pédagogique pour l'apprentissage des stratégies. À cette fin, le troisième et dernier objectif vise à déterminer quelles sont les stratégies les plus et les moins utilisées par l’apprenant irakien et si leur utilisation est influencée par certaines variables individuelles et situationnelles. Les données quantitatives sont obtenues à l'aide de deux questionnaires différents. Les données qualitatives sont obtenues à l'aide d’entretiens et d'observations. L'analyse des données quantitatives a montré (1) une différence significative dans le nombre et la fréquence d’utilisation des stratégies, (2) une différence significative entre l’utilisation des stratégies et le sexe, (3) une différence significative entre l’utilisation des stratégies et le niveau de compétence linguistique, (4) une différence significative entre l’utilisation des stratégies et la scolarité antérieure (5) une différence significative entre l’utilisation des stratégies et la méthode d’enseignement, (6) aucune différence significative n’a été décelée entre l’utilisation des stratégies et le stage linguistique. Elle a montré aussi que les enseignants (1) connaissent peu les stratégies, (2) ne savent pas comment les enseigner, (3) considèrent les stratégies comme une méthode d'apprentissage, (4) ont besoin d'être initiés à la psychologie de l'éducation, (5) souffrent de l'absence d'un cadre commun de référence pour les stratégies. L’analyse des données qualitatives a montré qu’un peu moins de la moitié des apprenants s'intéresse aux stratégies de planification, d’organisation et d'autocontrôle, les autres ne les envisagent pas, croient qu’il vaut mieux les confier à l’enseignant. La majorité d'entre eux préfèrent se reposer sur le savoir de leur enseignant que recourir au concept d'auto-apprentissage. Plus de la moitié des apprenants s'engage à utiliser les stratégies d’auto-évaluation visant à mesurer l'efficacité. Ce choix s’explique par le climat de compétition et l'intensité des examens qui poussent les apprenants à faire le suivi et à donner le meilleur d'eux-mêmes. / We all have our own ways of learning. This peculiarity comes from many differences. Each difference creates a difference. The use of learning strategies constitutes a type of differences. Our study aimed to explore the learning strategies employed by Iraqi learners of French as a foreign language. Three main purposes are pursued. The first purpose is to draw attention to the concept of strategy in order to take full advantage of these tools to learn French. The second purpose is to develop a method for teaching and learning strategies. To that end, the third and final purpose is to determine the most and the least frequent strategies and whether their use is influenced by some individual and situational variables. The quantitative data was collected using two different questionnaires. The qualitative data was collected using interviews and classroom observations. Analysis of data received from quantitative methods showed that there was (1) statistically significant difference between strategy groups, (2) statistically significant difference between strategy use and sex, (3) statistically significant difference between strategy use and language proficiency level, (4) statistically significant difference between strategy use and antecedent academic, (5) statistically significant difference between strategy use and teaching method, (6) no statistically significant relationship between strategy use and language training. It also showed that professors (1) know little about the strategies, (2) have no idea about its teaching, (3) see the learning strategies as a learning method, (4) didn't have a scientific base in educational psychology, (5) suffer from the lack of a common base for strategies. Analysis of data received from qualitative methods showed that a little less than half of learners use management, planning and self-monitoring strategies, while others entrust it to teacher or institution. The most of the students prefer to receive knowledge from their professors rather than engaged in self-directed learning. More than half of learners use self-evaluation strategies to measure self-efficacy. This choice work well with the environmental competition and the relative intensity of tests.

Public Service Motivation is a concept of a rather short history. It refers to an altruistic form of motivation to serve the interests of a broader community and appears in the way individuals react towards motives grounded mainly within public institutions. Public administration literature claims that some people have a set of attributes making them more predisposed to positively react towards the special calling of contributing to the community. Although Public Service Motivation has received increased interest from researchers, there is lack of research about the concept within Swedish context.   Understanding the concept of Public Service Motivation and its underlying antecedents can contribute with solutions to problems faced by public institutions. Previous research suggests antecedents of three main categories: individual, socio-historical and organizational. The individuals are motivated by their unique norms and emotions, events and experiences that shape their beliefs and organizational codes of conduct that emphasize or constrain individuals’ behavior. This study aims to fill the gap of lacking research about Public Service motivation within the Swedish context by examining the impact of potential antecedents concerning all three categories.   The data necessary to conduct this study was gathered by an online survey distributed among all Swedish municipalities, addressing managers and employees mainly with an administrative role. The study provided some interesting results which can possibly bring theoretical and practical contributions for the future. It has been demonstrated that individuals’ openness and perseverance, along with positive parental socialization, religiousness and political ideology affects Public Service Motivation. The study also showed that individuals that feel satisfied with their job and individuals who achieved managerial position have a higher Public Service Motivation.    Public Service Motivation is a topic that is increasingly recognized and debated. However, there is still room for future studies, especially within Swedish context. This study provided research about antecedents of Public Service Motivation and a study of effects could serve as a fine complement.

Leadership style can have major consequences for the employees’ work environment and well-being. There are several theories that focus on the positive aspects of leadership styles, such as transformative, coaching, and situational leadership, which constitute the theoretical frameworks for the present study. It has also been recognized that destructive leadership behaviors can have a negative impact on the employees and the organization. The purpose of the present study was to investigate what, according to managers, characterizes constructive leadership and destructive leadership, and whether these characteristics originate in individual or organizational factors. Four managers working in private companies in Stockholm with varying backgrounds and industries were found through snowball selection and were interviewed. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The result showed that managers characterize constructive leadership as motivation, communication, self-efficacy, coaching approach, situational adjustment, development opportunities, recruitment, and participation. Destructive leadership was characterized as inefficiency, lack of experience, authority-related issues, micro-management lack of time, and organizational culture. These characteristics were further categorized as follows. The individual factors that were identified for constructive leadership were motivation, communication, self-efficacy, coaching approach, situational adjustment and for destructive leadership are inefficiency, lack of experience, authority-related issues and micro-leadership. The organizational factors that were identified for constructive leadership were development opportunities, recruitment, participation, and for destructive leadership the factors were lack of time and organizational culture. The analysis illustrates leadership as a complex process where knowledge about leadership styles gives great possibility to practicing constructive leadership. At the same time, it must be noted that organizational factors have a major impact on the leaders' ability to apply constructive leadership and, in the worst-case scenario, can result in behaviors leading to destructive leadership. The study is very limited in terms of representativeness since the population was very small and the purpose was explorative. / Ledarskapets utformning kan innebära stora konsekvenser för de anställdas arbetsmiljö och välmående. Det finns flera teorier om ledarskapsstilar som fokuserar på de positiva aspekterna av ledarskap, såsom transformativt, coachande och situationsanpassat ledarskapsstil, vilka utgör teoretisk ram för denna uppsats. Det har även uppmärksammats att destruktiva ledarbeteenden kan ha en negativ inverkan på de anställda och organisationen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vad chefer anser orsakar ett konstruktivt respektive destruktivt ledarskap samt vilka av dessa orsaker anser chefer härstammar i individuella respektive organisatoriska faktorer. Första frågeställningen var; vad anser chefer kännetecknar ett konstruktivt respektive destruktivt ledarskap? Den andra frågeställningen var; vilka av dessa kännetecken anser chefer härstammar i individuella respektive organisatoriska faktorer? Fyra stycken chefer inom privata företag i Stockholm med varierande bakgrund och bransch hittades genom snöbollsurval och intervjuades. Data analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att chefer anser att konstruktivt ledarskap kännetecknas av motivation, kommunikation, självbestämmelse, coachande förhållningssätt, situationsanpassning, utvecklingsmöjligheter, rekrytering, delaktighet och destruktivt ledarskap kännetecknas av ineffektivitet, erfarenhetsbrist, auktoritetsproblematik, mikroledarskap tidsbrist och bristande organisationskultur. Dessa faktorer delas upp i individuella och organisatoriska faktorer enligt följande. Individuella faktorer som identifierades för konstruktivt ledarskap var motivation, kommunikation, självbestämmelse, coachande förhållningssätt och situationsanpassning. För destruktivt ledarskap identifierades ineffektivitet, erfarenhetsbrist, auktoritetsproblematik och mikroledarskap som individuella faktorer. De organisatoriska faktorer som identifierades för konstruktivt ledarskap var utvecklingsmöjligheter, rekrytering, delaktighet och för destruktivt ledarskap identifierades faktorerna tidsbrist och organisationskultur. Analysen åskådliggör ledarskapet som en komplex process där kunskap kring ledarskapsstilar ger stor fördel för tillämpning av ett konstruktivt ledarskap. Samtidigt måste det uppmärksammas att organisatoriska faktorer har storpåverkan på ledarnas möjlighet till tillämpning av ett konstruktivt ledarskap och kan i värsta fall resultera i beteenden som leder till destruktivt ledarskap. Studien är kraftigt begränsat i termer av representativitet då urvalet var mycket litet och syftet var explorativt.

Au Québec, le policier a l’autorité de faire respecter plusieurs lois et d’assurer le maintien de l’ordre. Puisque le policier peut être confronté à une multiplicité de problématiques, il est, dans certaines circonstances, contraint à employer une force pour se protéger lui-même ou pour protéger toute autre personne contre la mort ou contre des lésions corporelles graves. Cependant, bien que l’usage de la force par la police soit l’un des éléments les plus visibles et les plus controversés de l’intervention policière, les connaissances sur ce sujet spécifique demeurent limitées. Afin de pallier à certaines lacunes de la recherche et de la théorie, l’objectif général de ce mémoire vise à identifier les facteurs individuels, situationnels et contextuels liés au niveau de force utilisé par la police lors d’une intervention dans les postes de quartier et dans les secteurs de recensement. Les données dans le cadre de cette étude proviennent des rapports d’incidents déclarés d’usage de la force d’un service de police canadien pour une période couvrant les années 2007 à 2011, les données issues du recensement canadien de 2006 et les données criminelles issues du Programme de déclaration uniforme de la criminalité (DUC). La stratégie analytique privilégiée est la modélisation hiérarchique qui permettra de tester les liens entre les différents niveaux d’analyse. Au terme des analyses multiniveaux, les résultats indiquent que plusieurs facteurs ont un impact sur le niveau de force utilisé par le policier. Au niveau des déterminants individuels du sujet, c’est le fait d’être un homme, de résister physiquement à l’intervention et de posséder une arme qui est associé à des niveaux plus élevés de force. Au niveau des facteurs contextuels, on découvre que la proportion de minorité visible et le désavantage social ont un impact appréciable sur le niveau de force utilisé par le policier. Ces résultats nous amènent donc à conclure que les policiers tiennent surtout compte de la situation immédiate (facteurs individuels et situationnels) pour évaluer le degré de dangerosité ou de menace, mais qu’ils sont également influencés par l’endroit où ils se trouvent. D’autres études sont toutefois nécessaires pour vérifier la constance de nos résultats. / In Quebec, the officer has the authority to enforce various laws and to maintain order. Since the police officer may be faced with a multiplicity of problems, he is, in certain circumstances, forced to use physical force to protect himself or to protect any person against death or serious injury. However, although the phenomenon of police force raises a good number of criticism and it is widely publicized, only a few studies have connected individual, situationnal and contextual factor to police use of force practices. The purpose of this thesis is to examine and to understand the phenomenon of police use of force in Quebec by identifying individual, situational and contextual factors on levels of police force. The data for the current study are derived from three primary sources : the incident reports of use of force of a Canadian police force for a period covering the years 2007 to 2011, 2006 Canadian Census and Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR). The use of multilevel models reveals that several factors have an impact on the level of police use of force. Individual and situationnal findings suggest that police are more likely to use higher level of force when they encounter males, citizens who physically resist and citizens who possess or display a weapon. Contextual findings indicate that the proportion of racial heterogeneity and concentrated disadvantage have an impact on levels of police force. Findings lead us to conclude that the nature of the immediate situation (individual and situational factors) is one of the most prominent explanations for police decision making, but police behavior can also be accounted for by variation in demographic and institutional characteristic of communities. However, further studies are needed to verify the consistency of our results.