Η βιωσιμότητα έχει έρθει να αντιπροσωπεύσει την περιβαλλοντική επιστήμη στην οικονομική ανάπτυξη. Η "οικολογική βιωσιμότητα" αναφέρεται τόσο στην κοινωνική όσο και στην περιβαλλοντική ευθύνη και κυμαίνεται ανάμεσα στα ζητήματα των ανθρώπινων δικαιωμάτων και τη βιωσιμότητα των τοπικών κοινοτήτων με απώτερο στόχο τη συντήρηση των φυσικών πόρων. Σε αυτό το επίπεδο οι επιχειρήσεις προσπαθούν να ανταποκριθούν στην αυξανόμενη περιβαλλοντική ανησυχία των καταναλωτών με την εισαγωγή μιας ποικιλίας πράσινων προϊόντων και πολιτικών. / Sustainability has come to represent everything from economic decelopment to environmental science.In the present argument, 'ecological sustainability' refers to both social and environmental responsibility, ranging from issues to human rights to viability of local communities and conservation of natural resources. Firms have attempted to respond to the growing environmental concern of consumers with the introduction of a variety of green products.

D.Comm. / The South African Petroleum Industry is very competitive and is vital to the economic growth of the country. It is the basis for much of the nation's productivity, from keeping national transport flowing to producing products and services. The South African Petroleum Industry Association (SAPIA) was formed to further matters of common interest amongst competitive providers of Petroleum Industry Road Conveniences (PIRCs), and to promote good ethics, high industrial standards, competent governance and effective communications within the industry. PIRCs are distributed on most South African roads. This study emphasises and focuses on the location of PIRCs on national routes only. Various factors and theories, which influence the location of a PIRC, are analysed by means of a literature study, personal investigation and practical experience. Attention is given to the physical and legal aspects, which can influence the location of a PIRC. Thereafter, the macro, market and micro considerations are discussed. Particular attention is given to Porter's Five Forces of Competitiveness and the value chain.

The subject of this thesis was chosen from both a professional and an academic interest in the economic development of Oregon. Prompted by proposals made to the Oregon Legislature to initiate various forms of industrial subsidy programs to disperse economic growth and population away from congested areas, this research effort seeks to provide an evaluative analysis of the effectiveness of subsidy techniques in influencing industrial location and stimulating a sustained growth process in less developed areas. Research was undertaken in two primary subjects: 1) theory of regional economic development and the effects of subsidies on the growth process; and 2) empirical evidence of the effectiveness of industrial subsidy programs on regional development in other areas. Information was obtained from the following resources: The author’s library of reference literature on economic development and the bibliographies contained therein; Professional organizations, particularly the library of the American Industrial Development Council, as well as requests for literature from various members of those organizations; University library resources, including: Bureaus of Business Research, Bibliography, 1968-1970; Public Affairs Information Service, 1965-Jan. 3, 1973; Business Periodicals Index, 1965-1972; Journal of Economic Articles, 1967-Dec., 1972; Index to Economic Literature, 1966-1970; U.S. Library of Congress, National Union Catalog, 1960-1972; Council of Planning Librarians, Bibliographies; Colorado University, Public Catalog of Norlin Library holdings; Colorado Technical Reference Center. Using information obtained from these and other sources, a method was obtained for defining and measuring the economic and social welfare objectives of a regional development program in Oregon. Geographical patterns of economic health indicators were mapped for the state This is followed by an analysis of various types of subsidies and their effects on resource allocation and gross output. It was found that wage subsidies offer optimum benefits for labor-surplus areas with less distortion of capital efficiency than do capital or price subsidies. Justification for subsidies was found to be greatest using social benefits as criteria rather than maximization of economic output. The influence of industrial subsidies on location decisions is then examined. Following an analysis of effects of subsidies on the cost structure and profit potential for the firm, financial and tax incentives are separately reviewed in case histories of subsidy programs. It was found that capital investment subsidies have had considerably more location influence than tax subsidies. In any case, however, subsidies were determined to be marginal, rather than decisive, locational factors with more basic economic criteria, such as labor availability and market access, being more influential. Finally, cost/benefit considerations for subsidy programs in Oregon are reviewed. External effects of industrialization on rural economies are considered, and the growth center concept for maximization of economic gain is examined. Fiscal costs for state and local governments are explored for different types of subsidy programs. The conclusion is reached that programs can be devised which minimize fiscal costs while offering maximum potential economic and social benefits.

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Os condomínios empresariais são produtos imobiliários do período contemporâneo capazes de influenciar a decisão locacional de atividades econômicas, em especial, indústria e serviços. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo permitir a compreensão da relação entre a produção imobiliária e a localização industrial. Com base em entrevistas com agentes imobiliários responsáveis por estes empreendimentos e representantes de empresas que se instalaram nos condomínios, foi possível analisar alguns aspectos desta relação. A necessidade de caracterizar este fenômeno exigiu o monitoramento da produção e dispersão dos condomínios empresariais nas áreas metropolitanas do Estado de São Paulo, que permitiu ser feito seu mapeamento, bem com a elaboração de sua definição, classificação e periodização. Estes empreendimentos são expressão de um novo processo no que tange à localização de indústrias, pois implica considerar o agente imobiliário, interessado em influenciar estas decisões, diferentemente de momentos anteriores, quando estavam alicerçadas apenas no âmbito microeconômico ou a partir da ação do Estado. Participando deste processo, os condomínios intensificam o uso corporativo do território, já que permitem flexibilizar as localizações e dispõem de funcionalidades que tendem a facilitar a ação das empresas. Dessa forma, apontam para fatores de localização contemporâneos que permitem pensar a relação entre as empresas e o território no período técnico-científico-informacional. Além disso, estes empreendimentos são expressão de um processo de urbanização no qual as formas são fragmentadas por meio do estabelecimento de espaços exclusivos e de acesso controlado, resultando na conexão muito mais forte com o exterior por meio da elevada fluidez territorial de que dispõem, do que em relação à sua vizinhança adjacente, o que evidencia contradição na tendência da produção de espaços exclusivos em detrimento do espaço público. / Business condominiums are real estate products of the contemporary period that can be an influence to the locational decisions about economic activities, in particular to the industry and services activities. This dissertation aims to enable understanding the relation between real estate production and industrial location. Based on interviews with real estate agents responsible for these enterprises and representatives of companies that settled in the condominiums, was possible to analyze some aspects of this relationship. The need to characterize this phenomenon required the monitoring of production and dispersion of these enterprises in metropolitan areas of São Paulo, has allowed it mapping as well as the preparation of its definition, classification and periodization. These enterprises are an expression of a new process regarding industries location, because it implies considering the real estate agent, interested in influencing these decisions, unlike in previous occasions when they were grounded in microeconomic scope or only from the state action. By participating in this process, the condominiums enhance the corporate use of the territory, as they allow flexible locations and have features that tend to facilitate the actions of companies. Thus, point to contemporary location factors that allow the understanding of the relation between companies and territory in the technical-scientific-informational period. Moreover, these enterprises are an expression of urbanization process in which the forms are fragmented through the establishment of enclosed spaces and controlled access, resulting in much stronger connection with the outside through the territorial fluidity at their disposal, than in respect to their surrounding environment, which shows contradiction in the trend of production of exclusive areas at the expense of public space.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:50:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCOS FERNANDO ARRIEL.pdf: 2026279 bytes, checksum: 2cfd528a5b7a26c9386401132454db5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-20 / The present study aims to characterize the profile of the industry of the state of Goiás and its spatial dynamics in the period of 1999 to 2007. In addition, we seek to analyze the potential impact of major industrial activities on the production structure in the state. For this, it sought support on classical theories of industrial location and regional development theory, to work later the data for the industrial sector, from the Annual Industrial Survey, IBGE, about invoicing of Sefaz-GO, and the GDPs of Municipalities, from SEPLAN-GO. So, it was found that the industry of the state has significant weight in intensive segments in natural resources - such as food and mining - in work - although they have been losing participation across Goiás' industry - and there are intensive segments in emerging scale. It was also found, in terms of space, that there has been a decentralization of industrial activity with share gains of the interior over the metropolitan area. This movement has been progressing, especially towards some municipalities that have a strong ability to bias or cities near the poles, especially regarding those intensive industrial sectors in labor and scale. A second vector of decentralization points to counties with significant advantages in the availability/production of natural raw materials, especially in the sectors of mining and sugar. Finally, it was found that nine industrial activities, among the sixteen analyzed, have more than 30% of their purchases back into the state, revealing some integration with other productive activities in the state. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar o perfil da indústria goiana e a sua dinâmica espacial no período de 1999 a 2007. Adicionalmente, busca-se analisar o impacto potencial das principais atividades industriais sobre a estrutura produtiva no estado. Para isso, buscou suporte nas teorias clássicas de localização industrial e na teoria de desenvolvimento regional, para, posteriormente, trabalhar os dados referentes ao setor industrial, da Pesquisa Industrial Anual, do IBGE, sobre faturamento, da Sefaz-GO, e o PIB dos Municípios, da SEPLAN-GO. Desse modo, constatou-se que a indústria goiana possui peso significativo de segmentos intensivos em recursos naturais - como a alimentícia e mineração -, em trabalho - embora esses venham perdendo participação no conjunto da indústria goiana -, e que há segmentos intensivos em escala emergindo. Constatou-se, ainda, que, do ponto de vista espacial, vem ocorrendo uma descentralização da atividade industrial com ganhos de participação do interior em detrimento da região metropolitana. Esse movimento vem se dando, sobretudo, em direção a alguns municípios que possuem forte capacidade de polarização ou em cidades próximas aos polos, principalmente no que diz respeito àqueles segmentos industriais intensivos em trabalho e em escala. Um segundo vetor de descentralização aponta para municípios que contam com importantes vantagens na disponibilidade/produção de matérias-primas naturais, principalmente nos segmentos de mineração e sucroalcooleiro. Por último, verificou-se que nove atividades industriais, dentre as dezesseis analisadas, possuem mais de 30% de suas compras voltadas para dentro do estado, revelando certa integração com outras atividades produtivas no estado.

Models of port development have hitherto concentrated on landward communications and the organization of maritime space in their explanation of changes in port location and activity. This study demonstrates that the level of economic development in hinterlands together with industrial and marine technology are also significant factors and indeed play leading roles in the process of port evolution. For a deeper understanding of the process of port evolution the case of Upper Norrland's ports has been investigated. An analysis of changes in port distri­bution since 1750 reveals two main processes: dispersion followed by concen­tration. The growth in the number of ports and loading places prior to 1885 was not regular but stepwise, with two rapid increases related to the relax­ation of mercantile restrictions, laissez-faire policies and the diffusion of new industrial activities. The fall in port numbers also corresponds to industrial changes and large-scale rationalizations of industry and transport systems have taken place in association with the economic changes following the two World Wars. The innovation and subsequent decline of new types of forest-based industries appear as a series of waves when their numbers are graphed. Charcoal ironworks, fine-blade water-driven sawmills, steam-powered saws, pulp mills, wallboard factories and paper mills demonstrate the succession of industrial and technological innovations. Clearly, the demand for the products of these industries, their shipping requirements and the physical needs and economics of contemporary transport have been the dominant factors in Upper Norrland's port development. On the basis of these changes, the evolution of the region's port system has been synthesized into the Upper Norrland model. Land communications have nevertheless had an important part to play in sus­taining port dominance at the mouths of the major river valleys, which have acted as corridors of penetration. This investigation shows that these gate­way ports had achieved significance long before the maximum number of scat­tered ports was reached, and it is doubtful whether the situation of a scattering of ports all of a similar status ever existed in reality. Early port dominance was sustained by later transport developments on land and in particular at sea, as river mouths provided the best sites for the construc­tion of outports and deep-water terminals. The long-term seaward migration of port activity and facilities has taken place and the Bottenhamn model demonstrates this process at the local level. The study concludes by putting the Upper Norrland and Bottenhamn models into a wider context. The world-wide influence of colonial powers and maritime nations has led to a diffusion of marine technology, and shipping require­ments must therefore have, prompted similar port developments throughout the world. / digitalisering@umu

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published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences