Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de um simulador de redes Profibus DP que reproduz o comportamento de uma rede real. A simulação de redes em condições de falha permite aos usuários experimental situações que podem ocorrer em instalações reais, facilitando o treinamento de manutenção e antecipando ações corretivas. O simulador permite o treinamento de usuários que utilizam ferramentas de diagnóstico. Auxilia no estudo do protocolo Profibus DP e também contribui com o desenvolvimento da ferramenta Profidoctor que é um sistema especialista com o objetivo de fazer a análise de problemas de rede. / This work aims development of Profibus DP network simulator that reproduces real network behavior. The network simulation under fault conditions allows experiment situations that may occur in real network installations, helping in maintenance training and corrective actions. This simulator tool helps in diagnostic tool users training, Profibus DP protocol learning and also assists development of new tool Profidoctor: an expert system that will report complete analysis of network problems.

Master’s thesis deals be occupied with the transmission of process data with peripheries to control devices. Data transmission with performs through two types of industrial networks. Use with these two Foundation Fieldbus and EtherNet / IP. In work is shows method conversion through gateway between the two networks. Here there is adduced method to connected and configure devices on the networks and also their implementation. Part of this work is also creating a visualization of these peripherals and the gateway. The work is also presents possible use for laboratory task to practice.

Diploma thesis deals with problems of industrial networks using optical fiber as the main transmission lines. The task of the diploma work is to study and summarize the issues of industrial networks as well as the ways to increase their transmission capacity. In telecommunications and computer networks are generally used multiplexes, thanks to which we are able to achieve the desired transmission capacity. Consequently, the following work deals with the selection of the adequate solutions using described multiplexes as well as other transmission methods. The aim of the diploma work is to compare various renovation techniques of an old industrial network. Using this network as an example the work should demonstrate the individual problems and their solutions while considering different types of methods used. Based on the price, the performance and the difficulty to install other devices and transmission media we are able to select the appropriate solution for optical link.

Purpose – The complexity and resulting opacity of TC supply chains, and the fragmentation of approaches to traceability to address these issues, revealed the necessity of collaboration for traceability in TC supply chains. Although the challenges have been explored in literature and practice, it has been left unstudied how collaboration can overcome these challenges. Further, current literature is limited to focus on buyer-supplier relationships rather than the inclusion of external supply chain (SC) actors despite their important role in the implementation of SC traceability. Acknowledging the need for broadening the perspective from dyad to network level, the purpose of this study is to examine collaborative relationships for implementing traceability in the extended TC supply chain network, and thus identify collaborative challenges and possible improvement opportunities. Design/methodology/approach – This research was based on a multiple case study method of three relationship types considering primary data from semi-structured interviews and documentary secondary data related to the studied organizations. While embracing an abductive approach by extending the AARI framework by Welch and Wilkinson (2002) to the context of traceability in TC supply chains, the data analysis followed the Grounded Theory methodology of open, axial and selective coding. The findings of the dyadic relationships were discussed by their substance layers and cross-case comparison. Findings – Through the extended model, the findings shed light on the role of collaborative relationships in the implementation of SC traceability and their interconnectedness on the network level. Based on developing preconditions for dyadic relationships, deductions for the network level could be made. Further, the essential role of external SC actors for the implementation of traceability in the TC supply chain network indicated the necessity of considering collaboration with the extended network. Consequently, possible improvement opportunities for implementing traceability through better collaborative relationships in the extended TC supply chain network could be detected. Originality/Value – This study adds to the theory of network relationships and literature of traceability in TC supply chains by focusing on collaboration in the extended network. It creates new insights by including the ideological dimension. By considering possible chain dependencies of relationships and the interrelation of schema couplings with resource ties and activity links, it can offer practitioners a better understanding of the network behavior and possible challenges in relationships. The proposed set of preconditions can provide inspiration and a change in perspective for successfully collaborating to implement traceability in TC supply chain networks.

<p>The Norwegian system for depositing and recycling of PET bottles (Resirk/PET system)started in May 2000, and is based on Norsk Resirk's mission of improving cost- and environmental efficiency of this system. Has this been achieved? What can explain the changes that occurred in the system during recent years? I have found that the eco-efficiency of the Resirk/PET system increased considerably every year between 2000 and 2003. The net greenhouse gas (GHG emission was improved from -562 kg CO2e (562 kg CO2 equivalents avoided generated) for waste management of one tonne consumed bottles in 2000 to -1442 kg CO2e per tonne in 2003, while the net cost was reduced from 4062 €/tonne in 2000 to 2683 €/tonne in 2003. This eco-efficiency improvement was very much driven by the increased volume and return rate of PET bottles during this period. The environmental performance of the Resirk/PET system was high compared to other waste management systems for PET bottles, while the economical performance was considerably lower. The interactive development of the bottled non-carbonated mineral water Imsdal contributed significantly to the increase of the Resirk/PET system’s volume and return rate and hence the system’s improved eco-efficiency. A white spirit sabotage on Imsdal in August 2002 contributed to the development of Imsdal as well as the Resirk/PET system’s change of the design and material specification for participating PET bottles. By combining the quantitative eco efficiency framework with the qualitative framework of interactive resourced development, information about how much eco-efficiency of a defined system has changed, as well as an understanding of reasons for changes within the system, has been acquired. Such a combination should be possible to apply for analysis of other systems as well, and may be a valuable contribution to the field of industrial ecology since the methods complement each other in a fruitful way. The eco-efficiency of the Resirk/PET system can be improved further by:</p><p>- Regarding used PET bottles as a resource to be applied for production</p><p>- Reducing packaging tax for PET bottles</p><p>- Increasing the bottle deposit</p><p>- Keeping the PET specification updated</p><p>- Improving collection efficiency</p><p>- Improving cost efficiency of marketing and information</p><p>- Increasing compaction and filling degree of reverse vending machines</p><p>- Considering automatic sorting</p><p>- Keeping focus on producing high quality PET flakes.</p><p>In addition to having showed that the approaches of eco-efficiency and interactive resource development can be combined, this thesis may have implications on how ecoefficiency can be quantified in waste management systems, and how the concepts of adaptation and friction in resource structures are dealt with.</p>

The Norwegian system for depositing and recycling of PET bottles (Resirk/PET system)started in May 2000, and is based on Norsk Resirk's mission of improving cost- and environmental efficiency of this system. Has this been achieved? What can explain the changes that occurred in the system during recent years? I have found that the eco-efficiency of the Resirk/PET system increased considerably every year between 2000 and 2003. The net greenhouse gas (GHG emission was improved from -562 kg CO2e (562 kg CO2 equivalents avoided generated) for waste management of one tonne consumed bottles in 2000 to -1442 kg CO2e per tonne in 2003, while the net cost was reduced from 4062 €/tonne in 2000 to 2683 €/tonne in 2003. This eco-efficiency improvement was very much driven by the increased volume and return rate of PET bottles during this period. The environmental performance of the Resirk/PET system was high compared to other waste management systems for PET bottles, while the economical performance was considerably lower. The interactive development of the bottled non-carbonated mineral water Imsdal contributed significantly to the increase of the Resirk/PET system’s volume and return rate and hence the system’s improved eco-efficiency. A white spirit sabotage on Imsdal in August 2002 contributed to the development of Imsdal as well as the Resirk/PET system’s change of the design and material specification for participating PET bottles. By combining the quantitative eco efficiency framework with the qualitative framework of interactive resourced development, information about how much eco-efficiency of a defined system has changed, as well as an understanding of reasons for changes within the system, has been acquired. Such a combination should be possible to apply for analysis of other systems as well, and may be a valuable contribution to the field of industrial ecology since the methods complement each other in a fruitful way. The eco-efficiency of the Resirk/PET system can be improved further by: - Regarding used PET bottles as a resource to be applied for production - Reducing packaging tax for PET bottles - Increasing the bottle deposit - Keeping the PET specification updated - Improving collection efficiency - Improving cost efficiency of marketing and information - Increasing compaction and filling degree of reverse vending machines - Considering automatic sorting - Keeping focus on producing high quality PET flakes. In addition to having showed that the approaches of eco-efficiency and interactive resource development can be combined, this thesis may have implications on how ecoefficiency can be quantified in waste management systems, and how the concepts of adaptation and friction in resource structures are dealt with.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoXC_DISSERT.pdf: 1188084 bytes, checksum: 9f335fff2b0475dfa1b67655e6d44e2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-11 / The main purpose of this work is to develop an environment that allows HYSYS R chemical process simulator communication with sensors and actuators from a Foundation Fieldbus industrial network. The environment is considered a hybrid resource since it has a real portion (industrial network) and a simulated one (process) with all measurement and control signals also real. It is possible to reproduce different industrial process dynamics without being required any physical network modification, enabling simulation of some situations that exist in a real industrial environment. This feature testifies the environment flexibility. In this work, a distillation column is simulated through HYSYS R with all its variables measured and controlled by Foundation Fieldbus devices / O principal objetivo deste trabalho ? desenvolver um ambiente que permite a comunica??o do simulador de processos qu?micos HYSYS R com medidores e atuadores de uma rede industrial Foundation Fieldbus. O ambiente ? considerado h?brido por possuir uma parte real (a rede industrial) e uma parte simulada (o processo) com os sinais de controle e medi??o sendo reais. O ambiente ? bastante flex?vel, permitindo a reprodu??o de diversas din?micas t?picas de processos industriais sem a necessidade de altera??o na rede f?sica, possibilitando gerar diversas situa??es existentes em um ambiente industrial real. No presente trabalho, a din?mica utilizada ? de uma coluna de destila??o, simulada no HYSYS R, com suas vari?veis medidas e controladas pelos dispositivos da rede industrial Foundation Fieldbus

Elkvalitet beror på flera olika faktorer, exempelvis kortvarig spänningshöjning, kortvarig spänningssänkning, snabba spänningsvariationer (flimmer), spänningssprång, transienter, övertoner eller spänningsosymmetri. Den vanligaste åtgärden för att förbättra elkvaliteten i ett industrinät med ljusbågsugn och höga nivåer av snabba spänningsvariationer är att använda sig av reaktiv effektkompensering.  Denna studie undersöker snabba spänningsvariationers eventuella påverkan på elektrisk utrustning, både gällande användning och livslängd. Vidare undersöks även elkvaliteten i Sandviks industrinät där elektrisk utrustning upplevs ha blivit defekt tidigt under dess livslängd. Detta för att finna åtgärder som kan förbättra elkvaliteten för industrinätet, där en ljusbågsugn används i produktionen. I studien har mätdata gällande elkvalitet från Sandvik jämförts med mätdata från andra industrier vilket sedan analyserat utifrån gällande elkvalitetsnormer. Data om vilken typ av utrustning som kan ha påverkats och information om hur elnätsföretag upplever industriers påverkan på elkvalitet har samlats in genom intervjuer med personal på Sandvik och Vattenfall. Även tidigare forskning behandlas i denna studie. Resultatet visar att Sandviks elkvalitet påverkas av när ljusbågsugnen körs. Flimmernivån är den elkvalitetsstörning som återkommande överstiger normen vid anslutningspunkten av utrustning som tidigt blivit defekt. Tidigare forskning visar att användandet av utrustning kan påverkas av snabba spänningsvariationer till exempel i form av mindre hastighetsförändringar i motorer. I jämförelsen mellan Sandvik och de andra industriernas mätdata framkommer bland annat att höga flimmernivåer är vanligt förekommande i industrinät med ljusbågsugn. För att åtgärda Sandviks flimmernivåer och förbättra deras elkvalitet kan en reaktiv effektkompensering i form av en STATCOM installeras. Det finns inte forskning i tillräcklig stor grad för att kunna dra säkra slutsatser gällande hur snabba spänningsvariationer påverkar elektrisk utrustnings livslängd. Det finns dock forskning som indikerar att så är fallet. Denna studies insamlade data leder inte heller till några säkra slutsatser gällande detta men tydliggör att nuvarande testprocedurer om utrustnings immunitet mot snabba spänningsvariationer inte går att jämföra med de verkliga förhållandena i ett industrinät. Slutsatsen är även att fler studier i ämnet krävs. / Power quality depends on several different factors, such as voltage sags, voltage dips, voltage fluctuation (flicker), rapid voltage changes, transients, harmonics or voltage asymmetry. To improve the power quality in an industrial network one common mitigation is reactive power compensation.     This study examines the possible effects of voltage fluctuations on electronic equipment, both in terms of use and service life. Furthermore, Sandvik's power quality in their industrial network is also examined, where electronic equipment is perceived to have become defective early in its service life. To improve the power quality the goal is to find suitable mitigation for the arc furnace in the industrial network. In this study, the power quality at Sandvik was compared with the power quality from similar industries and analyzed based on current power quality standards. Through interviews with staff at Sandvik and Vattenfall data was provided regarding which type of equipment that may have been affected and information on how electricity network companies experience the impact from industries on power quality. Previous research is also covered in this study. The result shows that the power quality at Sandvik is affected when the arc furnace is active. The flicker level is the power quality disturbance that repeatedly exceeds the norm at the connection point of equipment that has become defective at an early stage. Previous research shows that the use of equipment can be affected by voltage fluctuations, for example in the form of minor speed changes in motors. The comparison between Sandvik and the similar industries reveals that industrials networks with an arc furnace often is affected by high flicker levels. By installing a reactive power compensator, in form of a STATCOM, the high flicker level of Sandvik’s industrial network can be mitigated. There is not enough research to be able to draw definite conclusions if voltage fluctuation affects the lifespan of electronic equipment. However, there is research that indicates that this is the case. The data collected in this study also do not lead to any definite conclusions regarding this but clarifies that current test procedures on equipment immunity to voltage fluctuations cannot be compared with the actual conditions in an industrial network. The conclusion is also that more studies on the subject are required.

This master-thesis analyzes issues of suggestion configuration of power supply network of industrial business. The option of the scheme of the configuration, the voltage level, the way of compensation of the reactive power, the way of the suppretion of the energetic interference and other requirements is included in the main tasks. This option has to be convenient with the requirements of the industrial business. The important point of this proposal is to prevent the influence of the superordinate distribution network. The compensation which keeps the power factor in the prescribed limits is one of the precautions against the influencing of the network. The second precaution is the elimination of energetic interference. The higher voltage, the fluctuation and the asymmetry of the voltage are the interferences which have the biggest impact on the industrial networks. The master-thesis offers the summary of the possibilities and ways of the elimination of the basic elements of the energetic interference.

The construction industry remains one of the least digitalised sectors in the world resulting in inefficiencies such as low productivity, cost overruns, project delays and quality deficiencies. Addressing these issues is crucial not only for economic efficiency but also for promoting sustainability and adapting to demographic change. Although there are studies on digitalisation barriers in the construction industry, there is a lack of literature that investigates the causes of these barriers. Therefore, this thesis addresses the research question: "What are major intra-and inter- organisational barriers to digitalisation in the pre-construction phase of construction projects and why do they arise?”. The study is based on the Industrial Network Approach (INA) and applies the Actors, Resources, Activities (ARA) model by Håkansson and Snehota (1995) to analyse the findings. This is done in order to identify how the structure of the industry influences the barriers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with interviewees from the client company, its subcontractors and a user of the buildings. The study shows that at the industry level, the different levels of maturity of companies, regulatory uncertainty, the lack of standards and uncertain return on investment discourage investment in digital tools. Due to the project-based nature of the industry, personal exchange is favoured. Compatibility and data exchange issues as well as practical problems such as language barriers and internet access hinder digital collaboration at the project level. The client's failure to create a proactive framework for digitalisation also inhibits the other players in the industry. Internal barriers such as a lack of technical expertise and the resulting scepticism prevent effective internal digital transformation. To drive change, companies need to expand their technical knowledge resources, align their internal structure to support digitalisation and use their influence to drive industry-wide change and address productivity issues and future challenges. / Byggbranschen är fortfarande en av de minst digitaliserade sektorerna i världen, vilket leder till låg produktivitet, kostnadsöverskridanden, projektförseningar och kvalitetsbrister. Att ta itu med dessa frågor är avgörande inte bara för den ekonomiska effektiviteten, utan också för att främja hållbarhet och anpassa sig till demografiska förändringar. Även om det finns studier om hinder för digitalisering i byggbranschen, råder det brist på studier som undersöker orsakerna till dessa hinder. Därför behandlar denna uppsats forskningsfrågan: ”Vilka är de intra- och interorganisatoriska hindren för digitalisering i de tidiga skedena i byggprojekt?”. Studien baseras på industriell nätverksteori (INA) och tillämpar ARA-modellen (Actors-Resources-Activities) av Håkansson och Snehota (1995) för att analysera resultaten. Detta görs för att identifiera hur branschens struktur påverkar barriärerna. Intervjuer genomfördes med respondenter från kundföretaget, dess underleverantörer och en användare av byggnaderna. Studien visar att på branschnivå bidrar företagens olika mognadsnivåer, osäkerhet kring regelverk, avsaknaden av tydliga standarder och den osäkra avkastningen på investeringar från att investeringar till att det inte investeras i digitala verktyg. På grund av branschens projektbaserade karaktär gynnas utbyten mellan individer. Kompatibilitets- och datautbytesproblem samt praktiska problem som språkbarriärer och tillgång till internet hindrar digitalt samarbete på projektnivå. Att kunden inte skapar ett proaktivt ramverk för digitalisering hämmar även de andra aktörerna i branschen. Interna barriärer som brist på teknisk expertis och den skepsis som följer av detta förhindrar en effektiv intern digital transformation. För att driva förändring måste företagen utöka sina tekniska kunskapsresurser, anpassa sin interna struktur för att stödja digitalisering och använda sitt inflytande för att driva branschomfattande förändringar och ta itu med produktivitetsfrågor och framtida utmaningar.