The health picture in the developing world is still very bleak. The varlOUS Black populations of South Africa (be they Africans, Indians or Coloureds) are part of this developing world. In a total world population of 4,607 million (of which 75 % are in the developing world); there are 10.3 million annual infant deaths (0-11 months) (of which 97 % are ln the developing countries); and 4.3 million annual child deaths (1-4 years) (of which 98 % are in the developing countries).*l The infant mortality rate (IMR) (infant deaths per 1,000 live births) in 1980 for the developing countries as a whole, and for Southern Africa specifically is 100; as compared to the IMR of 20 for developed countries. South Africa has an IMR of 90 (1982). However, a few relatively simple and inexpensive methods could enable parents themselves to bring about a revolution ln child survival and development. The idea that could make this revolution possible is primary health care. The vehicles that could make this revolution achievable are the spread of education, communications and social organization. The techniques which could make this revolution affordable even with very limited resources, are growth monitoring, oral rehydration therapy, breast-feeding and immunization (GOBI). These four principle life line techniques are low-cost, available now, achieve rapid results and a l most universally relevant. They involve people in taking more responsibility for their own health, and thus promote primary health care. In combination they offer an even greater degree of protection against the synergistic alliance of malnutrition and infection which is the central problem of child health and child development today. *3 In addition, three other changes-female education, family spacing and food supplementation (FFF) are also among the most powerful levers for raising the level of child survival and child health. Although more costly and more difficult to achieve, these changes in the lives of women are of such potential significance that they must also now be count ed among the breakthrough in knowledge which could change the ratio between the health and wealth of nations. *3 However, against this information is the stark reality that only up to 15 % of the world's families are using oral rehydration therapy (ORT), the revolutionary low-cost technique for preventing and treating diarrhoeal dehydration, the biggest single killer of children in the world. *4 This then rai ses the vital question that although the potential for child survival and a healthy and normal child development is there, to what extent is the average mother aware of and implementing these cost-effective methods of GOBI-FFF in her own situation? These questions are thus addressed in this study in an African and an Indian urban communities ln Natal/Kwa Zulu. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1985.

Submitted by Mateus Ferraz Dias (mateusdias91@gmail.com) on 2017-06-11T04:22:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 masters_thesis.pdf: 507645 bytes, checksum: 4af3657d071b94926dc8acc71004616d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2017-06-12T11:57:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 masters_thesis.pdf: 507645 bytes, checksum: 4af3657d071b94926dc8acc71004616d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-12T12:52:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 masters_thesis.pdf: 507645 bytes, checksum: 4af3657d071b94926dc8acc71004616d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-26 / Este trabalho estima o impacto do glifosato sobre indicadores de saúde infantil no Brasil, no período de 2000 a 2009, explorando a adoção da soja transgênica no Brasil e a estrutura hidrográfica do país (ottobacias). Nossos resultados indicam um aumento nas taxas de nascimentos de baixo peso e mortalidade infantil, concentradas em causas de morte associadas aos efeitos esperados do glifosato e em crianças expostas ao glifosato durante o primeiro trimestre de gravidez (período em que o feto é mais suscetível a efeitos negativos sobre seu desenvolvimento). Assim, os resultados sugerem que a regulação do glifosato como herbicida pode ser melhorada levando-se em conta os efeitos negativos sobre a saúde humana, hoje negligenciados. / This work estimates the impact of glyphosate on infant health indicators in Brazil, between 2000 and 2009, exploiting the adoption of genetically engineered soy in Brazil and the country’s hidrographic structure (ottobasins). Our results indicate an increase in low weight birth rate and infant mortality rate, concentrated on death causes associated to glyphosate’s expected effects and on children exposed to glyphosate during the first trimester of pregnancy (when the fetus is more susceptible to negative developmental effects). Hence, the results suggest that regulation regarding use of glyphosate as herbicide can be improved taking into account the nowadays neglected negative effects on human health.

Sabemos que a grande maioria dos casos de deficiência na infância pode ser evitada ou atenuada e que embora suas causas sejam multifatoriais, muitas vezes, eles são decorrentes da falta de acesso, qualidade ou organização das práticas e dos serviços de saúde. Este estudo sobre a prevenção de deficiências na infância a partir da atenção à saúde -materno – infantil, no Programa Saúde da Família, pelas Equipes Saúde da Família, do Distrito Sanitário Cabula - Beiru, em Salvador-BA, teve como objetivos: analisar as ações desenvolvidas pelas Equipes Saúde da Família (ESF) desenvolvidas no pré-natal e no Acompanhamento do Crescimento e Desenvolvimento (ACD) infantil para a prevenção de deficiências na infância e apontar seus limites e possibilidades. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, tendo como técnicas de coletas de dados: a entrevista com roteiro semiestruturado e a observação sistemática. Os sujeitos do estudo foram os 15 profissionais que compõem as ESF (médicos, enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem e agentes comunitários de saúde) e 10 usuárias (genitoras em serviços de pré-natal e mães das crianças do ACD). Para a análise dos dados utilizamos a técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. O estudo sinaliza que embora seguindo os mesmos princípios e orientações de organização dos serviços e das práticas, as equipes se distinguem no modo de organização das práticas e nas atividades desenvolvidas em atenção à saúde materno-infantil, destarte para o trabalho multiprofissional, colaborativo, com antecipação das demandas e intervenções articuladas nas ações de promoção, prevenção, assistência e recuperação da saúde a partir das necessidades da população. Como limites para a prevenção de deficiências são apontados a necessidade de uma organização da rede de serviços, a corresponsabilidade, a necessidade de Educação Permanente, a falta de unicidade da ESF e o contexto sócio-econômico das famílias. Já como possibilidades são apontados os Testes do Pezinho, do Olhinho e da Orelhinha, as ações de educação em saúde, o vínculo e o trabalho dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS). Concluímos o estudo, reafirmando a existência de possibilidade de prevenção de deficiências na infância e destacando que a integralidade constitui-se no maior desafio para que de fato deficiências na infância possam ser prevenidas perpassando pela prática, organização do trabalho e organização das políticas públicas de saúde, mediante ações intersetoriais._________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: It is known that most cases of deficiency in childhood can be avoided or attenuated and, although the causes are related to several factors, most of the times, they are due to lack of access, quality or organization of health practices and services . This study about deficiency prevention on childhood from attention to maternal - infant health, in the Family Health Program, by Family Health Teams (FHT) of Sanitary District Cabula - Beiru, in Salvador, Bahia, has the purpose of analyze the actions developed by Family Health teams in prenatal and infant Growing and Development Accompaniment (GDA) to prevent childhood deficiencies and point their limits and possibilities. It is a qualitative research that uses as techniques of data collection interviews with semistructured guide and systematic observation. The subjects of the study were the fifteen professionals that form the FHTs (doctors, nurses, nurse technicians and auxiliary and communitary health agents) and sixteen users (genitors in prenatal services and mothers from the GDA children). The technique of content analysis from Bardin was used to the analysis of data. The study signals that although the teams follow the same principles and orientations to the services and practices organization, they distinguish from each other in the manner they organize practices and in the activities developed in attention to maternal - infant health, this manner multiprofessional work, collaborative, with demand anticipation and articulated interventions in health promotion, prevention, assistance and recovery actions from people needs. The limits to deficiency prevention pointed out are the need of organization of services network, coresponsibility, the need of permanent education, the lack of unity of FHT and the socioeconomic context of families. The possibilities pointed out are the foot, eye and ear tests, the actions of health education, the community health agents link and work. The study finishes reaffirming the existence of possibility of prevention of childhood deficiencies and pointing that integrality constitutes the major challenge in order to make effective childhood deficiencies prevention, traversing practices, work and public health politics organization, from intersectoral actions.

Esta pesquisa se propôs a conhecer a experiência materna no cotidiano de cuidados dos bebês de risco no domicilio, considerando que esses cuidados são determinantes para o desenvolvimento infantil. Foram realizadas histórias orais temáticas com três mães de bebês atendidos em um núcleo de reabilitação da periferia da zona leste de São Paulo, selecionadas por conveniência. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas, textualizadas e transcriadas e posteriormente analisadas segundo método da hermenêutica-crítica. Por meio de análise temática foram identificadas duas categorias como resultado: Tornando-se mãe de um bebê de risco em meio às durezas do cuidado especializado e O cotidiano de cuidados de um bebê de risco, cada qual subdividida em quatro temas. O nascimento dos bebês veio acompanhado da notícia de sua condição de risco e da necessidade de internação hospitalar, o que gerou sofrimento para as mulheres. A interação com os bebês de risco não se configurou de forma espontânea, o que trouxe marcas no processo de tornar-se mãe das mulheres. O período de internação hospitalar dos bebês se configurou para as mães como um vazio, resultando em seu investimento para a concretização da alta, de modo a poderem dar continuidade à vida e à maternidade. As mulheres assumiram o papel de acompanhantes de suas bebês durante o período de hospitalização e passaram a se apropriar de informações acerca dos cuidados envolvidos, vivendo também uma expectativa pela alta. A chegada dos bebês ao domicílio no pós-alta hospitalar configurou-se como um momento que as mães assumiram o papel de cuidadora quase exclusiva, lidando com a instabilidade da condição de saúde do bebê. A ineficiência da rede de assistência tornou essa experiência solitária, frente à descontinuidade do cuidado oferecido. Mesmo com a sensação de insegurança, as mães assumiram o cuidado rotineiro, os procedimentos especializados e o acompanhamento ambulatorial dos bebês. Com a precária oferta de programas e políticas que garantissem a continuidade dos cuidados, as mães empreenderam a construção pessoal de uma rede de cuidados. A investigação do diagnóstico das bebês constituiu-se como um processo longo, com realização de exames e encaminhamentos em serviços diversos de saúde e de reabilitação. A preocupação com o futuro das filhas, o cuidado de si e os projetos pessoais passaram a se configurar como temas para as mulheres. Com muitas tarefas a cumprir e com tempo escasso para cuidar de si, as mulheres vivenciaram desgaste físico e emocional resultante dos cuidados requeridos por seus bebês, mas em geral também referiram a experiência como prazerosa, intensa e vivida com muito afeto e interesse nesse cuidado. O fato das mães colaboradoras serem todas primíparas contribuiu para a compreensão da experiência de vivenciar a maternidade pela primeira vez na condição de torna-se mãe de um bebê de risco. Contudo, outros estudos são necessários para se conhecer as diferenças nas experiencias de mães que tiveram outros filhos anteriormente / This research aimed to know the maternal experience in the daily care of babies at risk at home, considering that a good care is determinant for child development. Thematic oral histories were carried out with three mothers of babies attended in a rehabilitation nucleus of the periphery of the east zone of São Paulo, selected by convenience. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, textualized and transcreated and later analyzed according to the method of critical hermeneutics. By means of thematic analysis, two categories were identified as a result: Becoming the mother of a baby at risk amidst the hardships of specialized care and The daily care of a baby at risk, each subdivided into four themes. The birth of the babies was accompanied by the news of their risk condition and the need for hospitalization, which caused suffering for the women. Interaction with at-risk babies did not develop spontaneously, which has impacted the process of becoming a mother. The period of the hospitalization of the babies was experienced by the mothers as an emptiness, making them to invest their strength in the babies\' discharge, to give continuity to life and motherhood. The women assumed the role of supporting their babies during the hospitalization period and began to get information about the care involved, also living an expectation of discharge. The arrival of the babies at home after hospital discharge was set up as a time when mothers assumed almost exclusively the role of caregiver, dealing with the instability of the baby\'s health condition. The inefficiency of the assistance network made this experience solitary, in the face of the discontinuity of care offered. Even with the feeling of insecurity, the mothers took on the routine care, the specialized procedures, and the out-patients follow-up of the babies. With the precarious supply of programs and policies that could ensure the continuity of healthcare, the mothers undertook a personal construction of a support network. The investigation of the diagnosis of the babies constituted a long process, with examinations and referrals in various health and rehabilitation services. The concern for the future of the daughters, the care of themselves and the personal projects began to be configured as themes for the women. With many tasks to accomplish and with limited time to take care of themselves, the women experienced physical and emotional exhaustion resultant of the care required by their babies, but in general they also referred the experience as pleasant, intense, and lived with great affection and interest. The fact that the participants were all primiparous contributed to the understanding of this experience of experiencing motherhood for the first time under the condition of becoming a mother of a baby at risk. However, other studies are necessary to understand the differences of experiences regarding mothers who had other children previously

Introdução: Com o surgimento da epidemia da AIDS na década de 80, vários têm sido os desafios enfrentados pela sociedade, devido à rápida disseminação, em escala global. A epidemia acomete cerca de 34 milhões nos diversos continentes, e segundo a UNAIDS (2012), a maior parcela está em países em desenvolvimento. O continente africano, com mais de 800 milhões de habitantes, em 54 países, é o que mais tem sofrido os impactos da doença, apresentando a maior parcela de infectados pelo vírus HIV no mundo, com cerca de 23,5 milhões de infectados registrados. Assim como globalmente, a preocupação que tem suscitado debates é a crescente feminização dessa epidemia em Guiné-Bissau, aumentando as taxas de transmissão vertical do vírus HIV, que, segundo as últimas projeções do país (PEN III, 2012), o risco estimado foi de 8,9 por cento. O advento do antirretroviral (Zidovudina), em 1994, a partir da publicação do protocolo 076 da ACTG veio mudar o cenário da transmissão vertical. Em Guiné-Bissau, a chegada dos antirretrovirais, em 2006, constituiu uma nova fase na luta contra a disseminação do vírus, em particular, no âmbito da transmissão vertical, proporcionando melhor qualidade de vida e chances de uma criança nascer sem AIDS. A ONG Céu e Terras atua no país desde 2001, e, em julho de 2007, adotou o protocolo recomendado pela OMS: tríplice terapia e amamentação exclusiva, visando à redução da transmissão vertical. Objetivo - Analisar a atuação da ONG Associação Céu e Terras quanto à prevenção da transmissão vertical do vírus HIV no contexto da Guiné-Bissau, a partir da introdução do novo protocolo da tríplice terapia antirretroviral e amamentação exclusiva. Método - É um estudo descritivo de dados secundários de mães e de seus filhos, mães estas inscritas no programa da instituição (ONG) Associação Céu e Terras em Bissau, República da Guiné-Bissau, no período de julho de 2007 a junho de 2011. População estudada: 430 mulheres soropositivas e 417 crianças nascidas vivas dessas mães que participaram do programa de prevenção da transmissão vertical na ONG. Para analisar a ocorrência de transmissão vertical nessa população, foram considerados os fatores sociais, culturais, a aderência à terapia, o tipo de aleitamento praticado e via de parto. Para isso, foi usado o programa SPSS 18.0. Resultado - Entre 430 grávidas, houve 7 casos de óbito materno e 417 crianças nasceram vivas, e destas, 347 foram testadas no final do seguimento: 328 resultaram HIV negativas e 19 resultaram HIV positivas, ou seja, ocorreu a transmissão vertical. Das crianças que nasceram vivas, 11 delas morreram antes de completar 18 meses e 13 foram a óbito depois de 18 meses de vida. É importante relatar que ocorreram 13 casos de óbito fetal, excluídos do estudo, por não ter sido feito teste para diagnóstico de HIV/AIDS. Conclusões - No período estudado, a taxa de transmissão vertical foi de 4,6 por cento, Valor esse bem abaixo da estimada pelo governo do país. A análise feita para o período de estudo mostrou uma diminuição da transmissão vertical, sugerindo uma ligeira tendência de queda durante os semestres estudados, mas sem diferença significante entre eles. Observou-se, também, falha na adesão à terapia antirretroviral, sendo essa a principal causa da ocorrência na transmissão vertical; por outro lado, a via de parto e amamentação praticada são fortes aliados nessa ocorrência, sem esquecer-se das questões culturais e sociais, fortemente presentes na sociedade guineense e que influenciam na não efetivação do programa em reduzir a taxa de transmissão vertical e da disseminação do vírus HIV no país / Introduction: With the emergence of the AIDS epidemic in the decade of the eighties. Around the world, there are several challenges faced by society due to its rapid dissemination in global scale. The epidemic affects approximately 34 million people around the world, according to UNAIDS, the largest portion is observed in third world. The African continent with over 800 million inhabitants, which contains 54 countries, is what most has suffered the impact of the disease presenting the largest portion of HIV patients in the world, with about 23.5 million infected registered. As globally, the concern that has sparked debates is the increasing feminization of the virus in Guinea - Bissau, the country which consequently increased rates of vertical transmission of HIV, which according to recent projections, the risk is estimated at 8.9 percent (PEN III,2012). The advent of antiretroviral (zidovudine) in 1994, from the publication of 076 protocol of the ACTG come to change the scenario of vertical transmission. In Guinea-Bissau, the arrival of antiretrovirals in 2006, marked a new phase in the fight against the spread of the vírus particularly in the context of vertical transmission, providing more life quality and chances of a child born without AIDS. The NGO Associação Céu e Terras acts in the country since 2001, and in 2007 adopted the protocol recommended by WHO with triple therapy and exclusive breastfeeding, in order to reduce vertical transmission in the country. Objective - Analyze the performance of the NGO Associação Céu e Terras as the prevention of vertical HIV transmission in the context of Guinea-Bissau. Examine the proposal from the introduction of the new protocol of triple antiretroviral therapy, exclusive breastfeeding, 2007 2011. Method - It is a descriptive study of secondary data from mothers and their children whose women enrolled in the period July 2007 to June 2011 the institution (NGO) Associação Céu e Terras in Bissau, Republic of Guinea-Bissau program. The population studied was composed of 430 HIV-positive women and 417 children born of those mothers who participated in the program to prevent vertical transmission in NGOs. To analyze the occurrence of vertical transmission in this population were analyzed mainly the social, cultural, the adherence to therapy, the type of breastfeeding practiced and route of delivery. For data analysis, we used the SPSS 18.0 program. Result - among 430 pregnant there were 7 cases of maternal deaths and 417 children were born alive, among these, 347 children were tested at final follow up, 328 resulted HIV negative and 19 HIV positive, meaning, the transmission vertical occurred. Of the live births, 11 of them died before reaching 18 months and 13 have died after 18 months of life. It is important to report that 13 cases of fetal death. Conclusions - Among this population during that period, the rate of vertical transmission was 4.6 percent. Amount which well below the estimated by the government. The analysis made for the study period showed a decrease in vertical transmission, have suggested a slight decreasing trend during the semesters studied, but no difference between them. It was also observed failure in adherence to antiretroviral therapy being the main cause of this occurrence in the transmission, on the other hand, the mode of delivery and breastfeeding practiced are strong allies in this occurrence, without forgetting the cultural and social issues strongly present in Guinean society that influence the effectiveness of the program in not further reduce the rate of vertical transmission and spread of HIV in the country

Introdução: Com o surgimento da epidemia da AIDS na década de 80, vários têm sido os desafios enfrentados pela sociedade, devido à rápida disseminação, em escala global. A epidemia acomete cerca de 34 milhões nos diversos continentes, e segundo a UNAIDS (2012), a maior parcela está em países em desenvolvimento. O continente africano, com mais de 800 milhões de habitantes, em 54 países, é o que mais tem sofrido os impactos da doença, apresentando a maior parcela de infectados pelo vírus HIV no mundo, com cerca de 23,5 milhões de infectados registrados. Assim como globalmente, a preocupação que tem suscitado debates é a crescente feminização dessa epidemia em Guiné-Bissau, aumentando as taxas de transmissão vertical do vírus HIV, que, segundo as últimas projeções do país (PEN III, 2012), o risco estimado foi de 8,9 por cento. O advento do antirretroviral (Zidovudina), em 1994, a partir da publicação do protocolo 076 da ACTG veio mudar o cenário da transmissão vertical. Em Guiné-Bissau, a chegada dos antirretrovirais, em 2006, constituiu uma nova fase na luta contra a disseminação do vírus, em particular, no âmbito da transmissão vertical, proporcionando melhor qualidade de vida e chances de uma criança nascer sem AIDS. A ONG Céu e Terras atua no país desde 2001, e, em julho de 2007, adotou o protocolo recomendado pela OMS: tríplice terapia e amamentação exclusiva, visando à redução da transmissão vertical. Objetivo - Analisar a atuação da ONG Associação Céu e Terras quanto à prevenção da transmissão vertical do vírus HIV no contexto da Guiné-Bissau, a partir da introdução do novo protocolo da tríplice terapia antirretroviral e amamentação exclusiva. Método - É um estudo descritivo de dados secundários de mães e de seus filhos, mães estas inscritas no programa da instituição (ONG) Associação Céu e Terras em Bissau, República da Guiné-Bissau, no período de julho de 2007 a junho de 2011. População estudada: 430 mulheres soropositivas e 417 crianças nascidas vivas dessas mães que participaram do programa de prevenção da transmissão vertical na ONG. Para analisar a ocorrência de transmissão vertical nessa população, foram considerados os fatores sociais, culturais, a aderência à terapia, o tipo de aleitamento praticado e via de parto. Para isso, foi usado o programa SPSS 18.0. Resultado - Entre 430 grávidas, houve 7 casos de óbito materno e 417 crianças nasceram vivas, e destas, 347 foram testadas no final do seguimento: 328 resultaram HIV negativas e 19 resultaram HIV positivas, ou seja, ocorreu a transmissão vertical. Das crianças que nasceram vivas, 11 delas morreram antes de completar 18 meses e 13 foram a óbito depois de 18 meses de vida. É importante relatar que ocorreram 13 casos de óbito fetal, excluídos do estudo, por não ter sido feito teste para diagnóstico de HIV/AIDS. Conclusões - No período estudado, a taxa de transmissão vertical foi de 4,6 por cento, Valor esse bem abaixo da estimada pelo governo do país. A análise feita para o período de estudo mostrou uma diminuição da transmissão vertical, sugerindo uma ligeira tendência de queda durante os semestres estudados, mas sem diferença significante entre eles. Observou-se, também, falha na adesão à terapia antirretroviral, sendo essa a principal causa da ocorrência na transmissão vertical; por outro lado, a via de parto e amamentação praticada são fortes aliados nessa ocorrência, sem esquecer-se das questões culturais e sociais, fortemente presentes na sociedade guineense e que influenciam na não efetivação do programa em reduzir a taxa de transmissão vertical e da disseminação do vírus HIV no país / Introduction: With the emergence of the AIDS epidemic in the decade of the eighties. Around the world, there are several challenges faced by society due to its rapid dissemination in global scale. The epidemic affects approximately 34 million people around the world, according to UNAIDS, the largest portion is observed in third world. The African continent with over 800 million inhabitants, which contains 54 countries, is what most has suffered the impact of the disease presenting the largest portion of HIV patients in the world, with about 23.5 million infected registered. As globally, the concern that has sparked debates is the increasing feminization of the virus in Guinea - Bissau, the country which consequently increased rates of vertical transmission of HIV, which according to recent projections, the risk is estimated at 8.9 percent (PEN III,2012). The advent of antiretroviral (zidovudine) in 1994, from the publication of 076 protocol of the ACTG come to change the scenario of vertical transmission. In Guinea-Bissau, the arrival of antiretrovirals in 2006, marked a new phase in the fight against the spread of the vírus particularly in the context of vertical transmission, providing more life quality and chances of a child born without AIDS. The NGO Associação Céu e Terras acts in the country since 2001, and in 2007 adopted the protocol recommended by WHO with triple therapy and exclusive breastfeeding, in order to reduce vertical transmission in the country. Objective - Analyze the performance of the NGO Associação Céu e Terras as the prevention of vertical HIV transmission in the context of Guinea-Bissau. Examine the proposal from the introduction of the new protocol of triple antiretroviral therapy, exclusive breastfeeding, 2007 2011. Method - It is a descriptive study of secondary data from mothers and their children whose women enrolled in the period July 2007 to June 2011 the institution (NGO) Associação Céu e Terras in Bissau, Republic of Guinea-Bissau program. The population studied was composed of 430 HIV-positive women and 417 children born of those mothers who participated in the program to prevent vertical transmission in NGOs. To analyze the occurrence of vertical transmission in this population were analyzed mainly the social, cultural, the adherence to therapy, the type of breastfeeding practiced and route of delivery. For data analysis, we used the SPSS 18.0 program. Result - among 430 pregnant there were 7 cases of maternal deaths and 417 children were born alive, among these, 347 children were tested at final follow up, 328 resulted HIV negative and 19 HIV positive, meaning, the transmission vertical occurred. Of the live births, 11 of them died before reaching 18 months and 13 have died after 18 months of life. It is important to report that 13 cases of fetal death. Conclusions - Among this population during that period, the rate of vertical transmission was 4.6 percent. Amount which well below the estimated by the government. The analysis made for the study period showed a decrease in vertical transmission, have suggested a slight decreasing trend during the semesters studied, but no difference between them. It was also observed failure in adherence to antiretroviral therapy being the main cause of this occurrence in the transmission, on the other hand, the mode of delivery and breastfeeding practiced are strong allies in this occurrence, without forgetting the cultural and social issues strongly present in Guinean society that influence the effectiveness of the program in not further reduce the rate of vertical transmission and spread of HIV in the country

Improving the quality of newborn care services and accelerating the service utilization of sick young infants is required to contribute to the reduction of neonatal mortality and improve the wellbeing of the newborns. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of neonatal healthcare services in the primary healthcare units in the north-west of Ethiopia and develop guideline for effective neonatal care. A mixed method approach with a sequential explanatory design was employed to explore factors affecting the effectiveness of the neonatal healthcare services. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were administered to 221 health workers and health extension workers in 142 health facilities; and service statistics abstracted for 767 sick young infants’ from the sick young infant registers. Data was entered in the EpiData 3.1, exported to SPSS and STATA for analysis. In the qualitative study, twenty-six participants from the health centers and health posts were interviewed through focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was undertaken to explore factors affecting neonatal healthcare services. Results: The quality of newborn care with the domains of newborn resuscitation, follow-up care after resuscitation and thermal care; immediate care and breastfeeding advice for very low birthweight babies were found to be moderate at primary hospitals and urban health centres; low at rural health centres and health posts. The availability of essential equipment is significantly associated with the quality of neonatal care provision in the health facilities (p < 0.05). More than forty percent of health facilities were not meeting the quality of case management tasks for sick young infants, and the newborn care knowledge of health providers is significantly associated with the quality of sick young infants’ management (p < 0.05). The sick young infants’ service utilisation was only 6.3 percent from the expected sick young infants’ population. Overall, the effectiveness of the neonatal healthcare services has a significant association with the health facilitates readiness [95%CI: 0.134-0.768]. Conclusion: The quality of neonatal healthcare provision is low to moderate; and the service utilization of sick young infants is very low. Thus, the rural health centers and health posts should be prioritised for the effective neonatal care. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Submitted by Tiago Bonomo (tiagobonomo@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T17:34:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Bonomo - Impacts of Bolsa Familia Program on Infant Health.pdf: 1947491 bytes, checksum: 7336d2e5c14d12500d3129884a3a18e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2018-07-19T19:38:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Bonomo - Impacts of Bolsa Familia Program on Infant Health.pdf: 1947491 bytes, checksum: 7336d2e5c14d12500d3129884a3a18e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T12:49:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Bonomo - Impacts of Bolsa Familia Program on Infant Health.pdf: 1947491 bytes, checksum: 7336d2e5c14d12500d3129884a3a18e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the impacts of the introduction of a cash transfer for pregnant women in the design of the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) on infant health. In particular, I focus on the effects on birth weight and on the incidence of low birth weight, but I also assess the impacts on pregnancy outcomes such as the incidence of preterm births and prenatal care. The new benefit consists of nine monthly transfers which start to be paid when the woman is identified as pregnant by the health management system of the BFP, regardless of the stage of pregnancy at the moment of the identification. The empiracal strategy explores the fact that when the transfer was implemented eligible women at different stages of pregnancy were exposed to different income shocks before giving birth. Using administrative data from the BFP and from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, I create links between benficiary women and their children's natality outcomes. The main results show that the transfer had a positive impact on birth weight and reduced significantly the likelihood of low birth weight. I also find that higher exposures to the transfer during pregnancy reduced the incidence of preterm births. While I don't find significant impacts on the number of prenatal visits, the results show that the transfer reduced the likelihood of delayed prenatal care.

PhDH / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Background: The National Committee for the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths recommend the implementation of “Saving Mothers’ recommendations” as a measure to reduce maternal deaths. However, this objective has not been achieved because the Maternal Mortality Rate in South Africa was standing at 134.33/100 000 live births and Limpopo Province at 165.16/100 000 live births. The national target for reduction of maternal mortality was 20% for all provinces for 2016. Limpopo Province’s reduction was below 12.5% for 2016. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to develop a strategy to enhance the implementation of the Saving Mothers’ recommendations in the maternity units of Limpopo Province. Methods: The convergent parallel design was used in this study. The study was conducted in phases, namely: Phase 1(a) was a qualitative research approach and a non-experimental, descriptive and exploratory design. The population consisted of district managers who were managing the Maternal Health Services and registered midwives who were working in the maternity units of Limpopo Province. Non-probability purposive sampling was used for both the district managers and the registered midwives. Data were collected using a central question for the managers managing Maternal Health services which was “What support are you giving to facilitate the implementation of the recommendations by the Saving Mothers Report?” and the question for the registered midwives was “What challenges are you experiencing when implementing the Saving Mothers’ recommendations.” Tesch’s open-coding technique was used to analyse qualitative data. Trustworthiness was ensured through credibility, confirmability, dependability, transferability and authenticity. Phase 1(b) was a quantitative and a non-experimental descriptive design. The population comprised of 200 patients who were included in the study. Questionnaires were developed and used to collect ABSTRACT vi data. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 24.0) with the assistance of the statistician. Discussion of data were done in an explanatory sequential way where data from Phase 1a was discussed and supported by data from Phase 1b. Findings: The themes that emerged were: Challenges related to implementation of the recommendations of the Saving Mothers Report in maternity units, Description of existing training programmes and in-service education for health care professionals, Knowledge on implementing recommendations for the Saving Mothers Report when providing care in maternity units and Suggestions related to improvement of adherence to recommendations for the Saving Mothers Report in maternity units. Some of the themes were supported by the quantitative results whilst some not supported. Validity and reliability were ensured by giving the questionnaires to experts on the subject, colleagues and promoters to analyse and determine if items adequately represent content in the correct proportion. Ethical considerations were ensured by obtaining ethical approval from the University of Venda Ethics Committee and permission to access the facilities from the Limpopo Province Department of Health. The participants signed informed written consent. Phase 2 entailed strategy development and validation of the developed strategy. Recommendations: The recommendations included that the Department of Health should employ more staff and put operational managers in permanent positions. Sufficient equipment and supplies essential for maternal health care and maternal health infrastructure should be procured and a good plan for the managing thereof implemented. It is also recommended that health care workers should work hand in hand with the community structures and the ‘mosate’. / NRF

Introduction Chaque année, 289 000 femmes décèdent des complications reliées à la grossesse et à l’accouchement, et 2.9 millions de nouveau-nés décèdent avant d’atteindre 28 jours de vie. La quasi-totalité (99%) des décès maternels et néonataux ont cours dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire (PRFI). L’utilisation des services obstétricaux essentiels, incluant l’assistance qualifiée à l’accouchement (AA) et les services postnataux, contribue largement à la réduction de la morbidité et de la mortalité maternelle et néonatale. Il est donc essentiel d’évaluer les déterminants et les inégalités de couverture de ces services, en vue d’informer l’élaboration de politiques et de programmes de santé dans les PRFI. Objectifs 1. Étudier systématiquement les déterminants et inégalités socioéconomiques, géographiques et démographiques dans l’utilisation des services de santé postnataux dans les PRFI. 2. Évaluer l’effet de la politique de subvention des frais aux usagers introduite au Burkina Faso en 2007 sur les taux d’utilisation de l’assistance qualifiée à l’accouchement, en fonction du statut socioéconomique (SSE). Méthodes 1. Nous avons réalisé une revue systématique sur l’utilisation des services postnataux dans les PRFI, en fonction des déterminants socioéconomiques, géographiques et démographiques. Notre étude incluait une méta-analyse de l’utilisation des services selon les quintiles de SSE et le milieu de vie (urbain vs. rural). 2. Nous avons utilisé un devis quasi-expérimental. Les sources de données consistaient en deux sondages représentatifs (n=1408 et n=1403), conduits respectivement en 2008 et 2010 auprès de femmes des districts sanitaires de Houndé et de Ziniaré au Burkina Faso, en plus d’une enquête sur la qualité structurelle des soins offerts dans les centres de santé primaire. Nous avons utilisé des modèles de régression de Poisson, multi-niveaux et segmentés, afin d’évaluer l’effet de la politique de subvention sur les taux d’AA. Nous avons estimé des ratios et différences de taux d’incidence ajustés, en fonction du SSE et du temps écoulé depuis l’introduction de la subvention. Résultats 1. Les estimés de ratio de cotes (RC) agrégés (IC 95%) pour les femmes de SSE élevé (5e quintile ou Q5), Q4, Q3 et Q2 (référence : quintile le plus pauvre, Q1) étaient respectivement : 2.27 (1.75 – 2.93); 1.60 (1.30-1.98); 1.32 (1.12-1.55); et 1.14 (0.96-1.34). La méta-analyse a aussi démontré un gradient d’utilisation des services postnataux entre les femmes urbaines et rurales : RC (IC 95%) = 1.36 (1.01-1.81). L’évaluation narrative a par ailleurs identifié une différence dans la couverture de services selon le niveau d’éducation. 2. Pour les femmes de faible SSE, le taux d’AA était 24% plus élevé (IC 95% : 4-46%) immédiatement après l’introduction de la subvention, en comparaison au taux attendu en l’absence de ladite subvention. L’ampleur de l’effet a diminué dans le temps, correspondant à des estimés (IC 95%) de 22% (3-45%) à 6 mois, 20% (1-43%) à 12 mois, et 17% (-4-42%) à 24 mois après l’introduction de la subvention. La force d’association variait selon les strates de SSE, l’effet le plus prononcé étant observé au sein du SSE le plus faible. Conclusions 1. L’utilisation des services postnataux demeure inéquitable selon le SSE et l’accessibilité géographique aux formations sanitaires dans les PRFI. 2. Notre étude suggère que l’introduction de la subvention des frais aux usagers au Burkina Faso résulte en une augmentation soutenue dans le taux d’assistance qualifiée à l’accouchement, particulièrement chez les femmes de faible SSE. Cette évidence scientifique devrait alimenter l’élaboration de programmes de santé materno-infantile, en plus de guider la planification de politiques et le renforcement des systèmes de santé des PRFI. / Background Each year, 289 000 women die from complications related to pregnancy, childbirth or the postnatal period, and 2.9 million newborns decease before reaching 28 days of life. The near totality (99%) of maternal and neonatal deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Utilization of essential obstetric care services including skilled birth attendance (SBA) and postnatal care (PNC) largely contributes to the reduction of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. There is a strong need to assess the determinants and inequalities in coverage of SBA and PNC services, to inform health policy planning. Objectives 1. Systematically assess the socioeconomic, geographic and demographic inequalities in PNC services utilization in LMICs. 2. Evaluate the effect of Burkina Faso’s 2007 user-fee subsidy policy on SBA rate across socioeconomic status (SES) strata. Methods 1. We conducted a systematic review of the association between PNC services utilization and key determinants, including a meta-analysis of PNC use across socioeconomic status quintiles, and place of residence (urban vs. rural). 2. We used a quasi-experimental design. The data sources were two representative surveys (n=1408 and n=1403) carried out in 2008 and 2010, respectively, of women from Houndé and Ziniaré health districts of Burkina Faso, and a survey of health centres assessing structural quality of care. Multilevel segmented Poisson regression models were used to assess the effect of subsidy on SBA rate. We estimated adjusted rate ratios and rate differences as a function of time and socioeconomic status level. Results 1. The pooled odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) estimates for highest SES women (quintile 5, Q5), Q4, Q3 and Q2 (reference: poorest quintile, Q1) were respectively: 2.27 (1.75 – 2.93); 1.60 (1.30-1.98); 1.32 (1.12-1.55); and 1.14 (0.96-1.34). Meta-analysis also showed a PNC utilization divide between urban and rural women: OR (95% CI) = 1.36 (1.01-1.81). Narrative assessment of studies identified a gradient in PNC coverage across education levels. 2. For low-SES women, immediately upon the introduction of the subsidy policy, the rate of SBA was 24% higher (95% CI: 4-46%) than expected in the absence of subsidy policy introduction. The magnitude of the apparent effect decreased over time, with the corresponding estimates (95% CI) being 22% (3-45%) at 6 months, 20% (1-43%) at 12 months, and 17% (-4-42%) at 24 months after the policy introduction. Furthermore, the magnitude of the association varied across SES strata, with the apparent effect being most pronounced in the low SES stratum. Conclusions 1. PNC utilization remains inequitable across socioeconomic status and geographic access to health facilities in LMICs. 2. Our study suggests that introduction of user fee subsidy in Burkina Faso resulted in sustained increase in the rate of SBA, especially among low-SES women. This evidence should inform maternal and child health programmes and guide health policies and health care systems in LMICs.