This research aims to further explore the linkages between poor WaSH realities and women’s development to understand how the burdens and risks associated with inadequate water resources diminishes both their health and safety. Specifically, a significant goal of this project is to understand the way in which rates of violent attacks increase as access to water decreases. Attempting to capture this violence in all its various forms, this study hosts conversation surrounding the way that a lack of clean, dependable water sources can increase a woman’s chances of experiencing various forms of violence. / Accessing clean water and adequate sanitation poses significant risks to the health and wellbeing of women and girls in East Africa. Without having access to local and dependable sources of water, the prevalence of water-borne diseases, health and safety hazards, and social barriers increase. Grounded in Feminist and Structural Functionalism theories, this research was designed to better understand Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) realities and the various types of associated burdens and risks. Using focus groups and key informant interviews, 36 health care professionals from various East African countries, such as Uganda, Tanzania, Ghana, and South Sudan, were solicited in an effort to capture the real, lived experiences of practitioners working most intimately with these issues. All data were gathered at Uganda Christian University in Mukono, Uganda, and reflect both the personal and professional accounts of health care professionals living and working throughout communities within these countries. The findings of this study indicate that for as long as poor water and sanitation access and hygiene practices continue to plague the development of women in urban and rural communities, women and pregnant women will continue to suffer from dangerous diseases and brutal attacks of violence. Honing in on the latter concept, this study uncovered a significant link between inadequate water access and rates of domestic violence, sexual assault, and animal attacks. Understanding the health professional perspective is crucial in gathering relevant data. Through this effort, the findings of this study have been informed by those most knowledgeable on the WaSH realities identified and therefore has the ability to influence both policy and programs in realistic and productive ways. With the goal of determining and then diminishing identified risks, the data gathered from this research are meant to be used as evidence to help empower and advance women throughout East Africa. / Thesis / Master of Social Work (MSW)

No description available.

The study covered the period August 1971 to February 1975 and was conducted in three blackcurrant plots. One plot comprised mature bushes that were pruned but not sprayed during the course of the study; the other two plots were subject to full normal managerial practices including spraying. Information on various aspects of the biology was revealed and this clarified some of the areas about which little was known previously especially for the Southern Hemisphere. Fecundity is 100 eggs per female, fertility in the field is at least 97% and predation of eggs is always less than 5%. There are six larval instars. Fungi of the genera Beauveria and Cordyceps cause up to 10% mortality of the larvae. This is the first record of the latter genus infecting S. tipuliformis. A sampling plan was developed to enable estimates of the population of S. tipuliformis at various stages to be obtained. This gave information on the distribution of stages of the life cycle within the canes according to the age of the wood. These samples also permitted the construction of life tables for three generations of S. tipuliformis in one plot and one generation in the others. Replication both in space and time was therefore achieved and the results were further replicated by considering each plot as nine separate blocks. The dispersion of the egg and larval stages was tested and found to fit the negative binomial model. A common k, kc, was calculated for the egg stage and the larval c stage. Though not vital to this present study various transformations of the raw data were investigated to see which were most appropriate in order to stabilise the variance for analyses in which such suitability is vital. The logarithmic transformation based on the k parameter of the k negative model [log (x + k/2)) was the most successful. The mortality of the eggs was quite low but a significant proportion of the emerging larvae fail to colonise the pith of a cane. This mortality is density dependent. Other mortalities including winter pruning are density independent or random. The key stage of the life cycle revealed by the life tables is the adult survival. This survival and the consequent population trend index determined from the number of eggs laid was found to be affected by the prevailing weather during the flight period especially during the last week of November and the first two weeks of December.

Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential tree taxa that could be grown as a source of biomass in the Cape Winelands region. The trials comprises of two different aspects. The first being the estimation of potential volume, density and biomass of a pair of six year-old stands of E. gomphocephala and E. cladocalyx families at two climatically different sites within the study region. The second part of the study was the early growth assessment of alternative taxa that could be planted in the region compared to the regional mainstay E. cladocalyx. The volume of families was estimated using appropriate volume equations and using the form height were none were available. The best volume yield varied from 4.6 to 11.2 m3 ha-1a-1, at the dry and sub-humid sites, respectively. Wood density, estimated from non-destructive samples at both sites, varied from 620 (sub-humid) to 588 kg m-3 (dry site). The estimated biomass production rate of the top producing families yielded 2.7 and 6.9 t ha -1a -1 at the dry and sub-humid sites, respectively. In terms of estimated biomass and survival, E. gomphocephala was more suited to the dry site, while E. cladocalyx displayed superior yield than E. gomphocephala on the sub-humid site, but not significantly so. Early growth assessment of the trial of alternative taxa found that the hybrid E. grandis × camldulensis and E. grandis × urophylla had superior biomass indices, but were more susceptible to infestation by Thaumastocoris peregrinus and Gonipterus scuttelatus. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om potensiële boom taksa vir gebruik as ’n bron van biomassa in die Kaapse Wynlandstreek te ondersoek. Die proewe behels twee aspekte: eerstens die beraming van die potensiële volume, digtheid en biomassa van sesjaaroue opstande met families van E. gomphocephala en E. cladocalyx by twee klimatologies verskillende groeiplekke in die studiegebied; tweedens die beoordeling van die vroeë groei van alternatiewe taksa wat in die streek geplant kan word in vergelyking met die streek se historiese staatmaker-spesie E. cladocalyx. Die volume van die families is beraam deur gebruik te maak van toepaslike volumevergelykings, en met behulp van ’n vormfaktor waar vergelykings nie beskikbaar was nie. Die volume aanwas by die droë en sub-humiede groeiplekke was onderskeidelik 4.6 en 11.2 m3 ha-1j-1. Houtdigtheid is beraam deur nie-destruktiewe monsters uit die opstand te neem. Gemiddelde digthede het variëer van 588 (sub-humied) tot 620 kg m-3 (droë groeiplek). Die beraamde biomassaproduksie van die top-families beloop onderskeidelik 2.7 en 6.9 t ha -1j -1 vir die droë en sub-humiede groeiplekke. In terme van beraamde biomassa en oorlewing, is E. gomphocephala meer geskik vir droër groeiplekke , terwyl E. cladocalyx by die sub-humiede groeiplek ’n hoër opbrengs as E. gomphocephala getoon het, hoewel nie betekenisvol nie. Beramings van die vroeë groei by die proef met alternatiewe taksa het getoon dat die basters E. grandis × camldulensis en E. grandis × urophylla hoër biomassa-indekse het, maar meer vatbaar is vir besmetting deur Thaumastocoris peregrinus en Gonipterus scuttelatus. / Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies

Der Nordamerikanische Waschbär (Procyon lotor Linné, 1758) gehört zu den neozonalen Vertretern der heimischen Raubsäugerfauna. Seit den 1990er Jahren tritt der in Deutschland mittlerweile fest etablierte Kleinbär verstärkt in Erscheinung und ist damit Auslöser kontroverser Diskussionen über negative Auswirkungen auf einheimische Tierarten sowie über seine Rolle als potentieller Krankheitsüberträger. Ausgehend von der Hypothese, dass der Waschbär durch Prädation lokale Bestände naturschutzfachlich relevanter Tierarten beeinträchtigen kann, wurden Waschbär-Kotproben aus einem naturnahen Tieflandbuchenwald im Müritz-Nationalpark (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) nahrungsökologisch und im Hinblick auf den Endoparasitenbefall analysiert. Das Untersuchungsgebiet repräsentiert ein charakteristisches Binnenentwässerungsgebiet der nordostdeutschen Tiefebene, das hinsichtlich der Ressourcenausstattung ein überaus geeignetes Habitat für Waschbären darstellt. Gleichzeitig wurde anhand eines Referenzgebietes im Naturpark Feldberger Seenlandschaft (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) geprüft, ob der Waschbär in einem anthropogen beeinflussten Lebensraum aufgrund schlechterer Ressourcenausstattung einen größeren Prädationseinfluss haben kann. Die vorliegende Dissertation ist Teil eines mehrjährigen, integrierten Forschungsprojektes (Projekt Waschbär), welches zwischen 2006 und 2011 im Teilgebiet Serrahn des Müritz-Nationalparks durchgeführt wurde. / The North American raccoon (Procyon lotor L., 1758) is an introduced carnivore species in Germany. Against the background of a vast in­crease of raccoon numbers in Germany over the last years, a contro­versial dis­cussion has developed regarding the influence of the new inha­bi­­tant on indi­genous resp. pro­tec­ted species and the potential trans­mission of diseases and parasites. Based on the hypothesis that raccoons may affect local stock of ecological relevant species through predation raccoon faecal samples were collected in a close to nature beech forest in the Müritz National Park (Mecklenburg-Western ­­Pome­ra­nia, Germany) and analysed with regard to nutrition ecology and endoparasite infes­ta­tion. The study area represents a characteris­tic inland drainage area of North-Eastern German lowlands, which provides a very suitable habitat for raccoons with regards to essential resour­ces. Simulta­neously, examinations were carried out in raccoons from a control area in the Nature Park Feldberger Seen­land­schaft (Mecklenburg-Western ­­Pome­ra­nia), focusing on the question as to whether raccoons might have higher ecological impact in an anthropogenically modified habitat due to poorer food resources. This thesis is part of a long-term and integrated research project (Projekt Waschbär), which was con­­­ducted between 2006 and 2011 in the subterritory Serrahn of the Müritz National Park.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaimundoIRS_TESE.pdf: 1193128 bytes, checksum: 507928ca7e543ba3ae01570b0c9bc9ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-01 / Brazil, producing more than 40 million ton of fruits in 2013, is one of the three greatest fruit producer in the world. In spite of the potential, we see some difficulties on the management of the cultures, specially phytosanitary problems. Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) represent one of the great phytosanitary for fruit growing due to damage on the fruits and quarantine restrictions, whose loss is equivalent one billion dollars per year. Thus, this work aimed to know the species of fruit flies through some traps, as well as accomplishing a prospection of host vegetable species on the region Baixo Jaguaribe, Ceará. The study was accomplished from 2010 to 2013, being divided in two stages: capture of flies, accomplished through McPhail traps Hydrolysed Maize Protein at 5% and periodical collections of fruits form cultivated or wild species. Identification of fruit flies species was accomplished in Applied Entomology Laboratory of UFERSA, considering female morphological characters. The number of fruit flies captured with traps was 6.350 and 9.626 were captured using fruit collection, being collected 64 vegetable species, from which 17 were infected by Ceratitis capitata and/or Anastrepha spp. C. capitata species represent approximately 75% of collected species; six species Anastrepha: Anastrepha sororcula, A. zenildae, A. obliqua, A. dissimilis, A. pickeli and A. alveata, being the last one registered for the first time in the state of Ceará. A. sororcula represents 72% of females and is associated specially to guava. A. zenildae is associated to guava, juazeiro, castanhola and murici and A. obliqua is associated to cajarana. The greatest infestation index for C. capitata were observed in castanhola, sapoti, seriguela, pitanga, acerola, guava and murici and for Anastrepha spp., murici, guava and juazeiro / O Brasil, com uma produção superior a 40 milhões de toneladas de frutas produzidas no ano de 2013, é um dos três maiores produtores de frutas do mundo. Apesar de todo este potencial, ainda nos deparamos com algumas dificuldades no manejo das culturas com ênfase aos problemas fitossanitários. As moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) constituem um dos grandes problemas fitossanitários para a fruticultura em função dos danos diretos nos frutos e em virtude das restrições quarentenárias, cujos prejuízos chegam a 1 bilhão de dólares anuais. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer as espécies de moscas-das-frutas por meio de armadilhas, como também realizar uma prospecção de espécies vegetais hospedeiras na região do Baixo Jaguaribe, Ceará. O estudo foi realizado durante o período de 2010 a 2013, sendo dividido em duas etapas: captura das moscas, realizadas através do uso de armadilhas McPhail com proteína hidrolisada de milho a 5% e coletas periódicas de frutos de espécies cultivadas e/ou silvestre. A identificação das espécies de moscas-das-frutas foi realizada no Laboratório de Entomologia Aplicada da UFERSA, com base em caracteres morfológicos das fêmeas. O número de moscas-das-frutas capturadas com uso das armadilhas foi de 6.350 e por meio de coletas de frutos 9.626 exemplares, sendo coletados frutos de 64 espécies vegetais, das quais 17 estavam infestadas por Ceratitis capitata e/ou Anastrepha spp. A espécie C. capitata representa cerca de 75% das espécies coletadas; foram identificadas seis espécies Anastrepha: Anastrepha sororcula, A. zenildae, A. obliqua, A. dissimilis, A. pickeli e A. alveata, sendo esta última registrada pela primeira vez no estado do Ceará. A. sororcula representa 72% do total de fêmeas e está associada principalmente a goiaba; A. zenildae a goiaba, juazeiro, castanhola e murici e A. obliqua a cajarana. Os maiores índices de infestação para C. capitata foram verificados em castanhola, sapoti, seriguela, pitanga, acerola, goiaba e murici e para Anastrepha spp. murici, goiaba e juazeiro

Der Nordamerikanische Waschbär (Procyon lotor Linné, 1758) gehört zu den neozonalen Vertretern der heimischen Raubsäugerfauna. Seit den 1990er Jahren tritt der in Deutschland mittlerweile fest etablierte Kleinbär verstärkt in Erscheinung und ist damit Auslöser kontroverser Diskussionen über negative Auswirkungen auf einheimische Tierarten sowie über seine Rolle als potentieller Krankheitsüberträger. Ausgehend von der Hypothese, dass der Waschbär durch Prädation lokale Bestände naturschutzfachlich relevanter Tierarten beeinträchtigen kann, wurden Waschbär-Kotproben aus einem naturnahen Tieflandbuchenwald im Müritz-Nationalpark (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) nahrungsökologisch und im Hinblick auf den Endoparasitenbefall analysiert. Das Untersuchungsgebiet repräsentiert ein charakteristisches Binnenentwässerungsgebiet der nordostdeutschen Tiefebene, das hinsichtlich der Ressourcenausstattung ein überaus geeignetes Habitat für Waschbären darstellt. Gleichzeitig wurde anhand eines Referenzgebietes im Naturpark Feldberger Seenlandschaft (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) geprüft, ob der Waschbär in einem anthropogen beeinflussten Lebensraum aufgrund schlechterer Ressourcenausstattung einen größeren Prädationseinfluss haben kann. Die vorliegende Dissertation ist Teil eines mehrjährigen, integrierten Forschungsprojektes (Projekt Waschbär), welches zwischen 2006 und 2011 im Teilgebiet Serrahn des Müritz-Nationalparks durchgeführt wurde. / The North American raccoon (Procyon lotor L., 1758) is an introduced carnivore species in Germany. Against the background of a vast in­crease of raccoon numbers in Germany over the last years, a contro­versial dis­cussion has developed regarding the influence of the new inha­bi­­tant on indi­genous resp. pro­tec­ted species and the potential trans­mission of diseases and parasites. Based on the hypothesis that raccoons may affect local stock of ecological relevant species through predation raccoon faecal samples were collected in a close to nature beech forest in the Müritz National Park (Mecklenburg-Western ­­Pome­ra­nia, Germany) and analysed with regard to nutrition ecology and endoparasite infes­ta­tion. The study area represents a characteris­tic inland drainage area of North-Eastern German lowlands, which provides a very suitable habitat for raccoons with regards to essential resour­ces. Simulta­neously, examinations were carried out in raccoons from a control area in the Nature Park Feldberger Seen­land­schaft (Mecklenburg-Western ­­Pome­ra­nia), focusing on the question as to whether raccoons might have higher ecological impact in an anthropogenically modified habitat due to poorer food resources. This thesis is part of a long-term and integrated research project (Projekt Waschbär), which was con­­­ducted between 2006 and 2011 in the subterritory Serrahn of the Müritz National Park.

In this project, an investigation of a neural network based system is used to examine the following: a) the possibility and practicability of analysing and recognising parasites/sealworms on a parasite/sealworm infested cod fish images, b) the most efficient but robust way of presenting data to the neural network for efficient training and generalisation. The basic problem is to automate the sorting of sealworm infested cod fish from good normal cod fish using a neural network based system. The generalised back propagation supervised learning algorithm is used and both steepest descent and conjugate gradient methods are investigated. Various data representation schemes in unprocessed and processed formats before presentation for training of the neural network, are also examined. Finally the level of recognition achieved by the neural network when presented with the cod fish images is computed. Thus in this project an attempt is made to analyse and find the best components for solving the basic problem and then use this information to develop a neural network based system to recognise, detect and locate parasite/sealworms on cod fish images. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)