Foi desenvolvido um programa de educação nutricional com a finalidade de se verificar em que medida a atuação sistemática da escola junto a alunos e seus pais é mais eficiente na mudança de conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas relacionados à saúde do que a atuação unicamente sobre o escolar. Serviram como sujeitos os alunos de 1ª à 8ª série do primeiro grau de três escolas públicas da cidade de São Paulo e seus pais. Os 403 alunos e os 128 pais que participaram do estudo foram divididos em três grupos: o grupo 1, em que alunos e pais participaram do programa, o grupo 2, em que apenas os alunos participaram do programa e o grupo 3, em que nem os alunos nem seus pais participaram do programa. O conteúdo do programa educativo enfatizava práticas de consumo de alimentos no café da manhã e entre as refeições, como tambem produção domiciliar de alimentos. O programa para os alunos foi desenvolvido por professores regentes de classe, em uma aula semanal, e a duração variou de seis aulas para as séries iniciais a onze aulas para as finais. Os pais receberam material escrito, especialmente preparado. Os resultados revelaram alguma diferença significativa entre os grupos em conhecimentos, mas não em atitudes e práticas, não se chegando a resultados conclusivos. Análise complementar mostrou não haver associação significativa entre mudança de conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas relacionados à alimentação e variàveis tais como idade e escolaridade dos pais, nível sócio-econômico da família, relacionamento pais e filhos, opinião dos pais sobre a escola, escolaridade e faixa etária do aluno. O sucesso apenas parcial do programa pode ser atribuído a falhas em seu desenvolvimento como também a questões relacionadas a validade dos instrumentos de avaliação. Por isso, sugere-se maior controle de variáveis intervenientes no desenvolvimento de programas semelhantes. / A nutrition education program was developed to assess in what extent a systematic intervention of the school over the students and their parents is more efficient in changing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to health than action over the students only. Elementary school students of all grades of three public schools of São Paulo and their parents were used as subjects. The subjects, 403 students and 128 parents, were divided in to three groups: group l, in which students and parents participated in the program; group 2, in which only the students participated in the program; and group 3, in which neither the students nor their parents participated in the program. The content of the educational program emphasized food consumption patterns at breakfast and between meals, as well as food production at home. The program for the students was developed by the regular teacher in weekly lectures. The duration of the program varied from six lectures, for the first grades, to eleven lectures for the last grades. The parents received specially prepared written material. The results revealed some significant differences in knowledge between the groups but not in attitudes and practices; however, the results were not conclusive. Further analysis showed that there was no significant linkage between change in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to nutrition and variables such as age and level of instruction of parentes, socioeconomic level of family, relationship between parents and their children, opinion of parents about school, level of instruction and age of students. The partial success of the program could be related to failures in its development as well as to problems regarding the validity of the evaluation instruments. This suggests e greater control of the intervening variables if or when similar programs are developed.

This research investigated the relationship between group size and the process of trust, cohesion, and commitment formation in joint-task groups. Specifically, the theory proposes that groups with greater six members will produce lower trust, cohesion, and commitment than those smaller than six members. Theory was developed linking group size to these processes through the mechanism of anticipated mutual perception, the amount an individual considers what others are thinking about them. Two experimental studies test the impact of anticipated mutual perception on interpersonal influence and trust, cohesion, and commitment. Study 1 tested the impact of being able to see a partner and closeness to a partner on a partner's level of influence over participants. Participants were more influenced by partners they could see than by partner's who were separated from the participant by place or time. Status differences also affected influence, even when partners were absent, having left information for use by participants. Study 2 investigated how group size affected participant reports of interpersonal trust, cohesion, and commitment to other group members. Results suggest that members of larger groups had lower commitment to other group members, and that groups larger than six members were negatively associated with levels of trust reported by group members. Further, measures used to isolate aspects of anticipated mutual perception were shown to affect the development of interpersonal trust, cohesion, and commitment, in support of the theory. Group cohesion was found to vary with expectations of competence. These expectations significantly predicted measures of shared awareness capturing aspects of anticipated mutual perception, possibly offsetting negative effects of increasing group size. Study 2 also found evidence that group members prefer to work with groups made up of 4-6 members, consistent with the theory. This research has implications for the ways in which organizations structure group work. This research suggests that the size of the group as well as the characteristics of individuals and their interaction partners may affect how people form cohesive relationships. Trust is an important aspect of groups that promotes cooperation, commitment, and collective identity formation. Further, this research supports a growing literature on the ways that micro-interaction promotes commitment to organizations by promoting or detracting from attributions of positive sentiment to smaller, nested groups within those organizations.

The increased demand for more school counselors since World War II raised many questions concerning their preparation and training. One of the most controversial topics has been that of requiring teaching experience as a prerequisite for counselor certification. We find ourselves in a milieu of controversy in which some advocates are proposing that teaching experience can handicap the counselor in his effectiveness while others are saying that teaching experience is a vital prerequisite for counselor effectiveness.

Note:

This study arose out of a search for a suitable scale to measure religion and spirituality. The literature suggests that religion and spirituality are potentially powerful explanatory variables in health and social research, but there do not appear to be any instruments that are generally accepted as measures of an individual's religious or spiritual characteristics. While a lack of consensus in such a complex area is probably to be expected, it is the lack of accepted measures or instruments that drives this study. The literature review describes the historical influence of religion on public health practices, and the most recently reported associations between religion and both physical and mental health. This establishes religion as a potentially useful construct to include in any health study. However, the reported association between religion and health is often unclear, and the measures used differ widely between studies. This study goes beyond the health context and explores the reasons why existing methods have not resulted in broadly accepted measures of religion and spirituality.

Exposure to natural altitude using the "live high-train low" method improves athletic endurance performance at sea level by 1-2%. This method can also be employed with hypoxic devices that simulate altitude, but there is limited and conflicting research on their efficacy. Consequently, three studies were undertaken to investigate changes in sea level performance of endurance runners following exposure to altitude simulated with hypoxic tents. The device was chosen because of its potential for incorporation into the athlete's routine. In Study 1, 10 runners received altitude simulated with hypoxic tents (~9 h overnight at 2500-3500 m) and trained at sea level, while 10 runners in the control group performed usual training. Athletes in both groups performed a lactate-threshold test, but only the altitude group performed a run to exhaustion. The effect on 4-mM lactate speed was unclear, owing to poor reliability of this measure. There was a 16% increase in time to exhaustion in the hypoxic conditioning group, equivalent to a 1.9% (90% likely limits, ±1.4%) increase in speed in a time trial. Effects on performance were not apparent four and eight weeks after use of the tents. To improve precision of the effect of the tents and to determine the effects on performance of different durations, a further controlled trial was performed. A reliability study (Study 2) was first conducted to investigate the potential for runs to exhaustion to provide reliable measures of performance. Eight runners performed a test consisting of three runs to exhaustion lasting ~2, ~4 and ~8 min on six occasions over 14 wk. The critical power and log-log models were used to provide factors for converting variability in time to exhaustion into variability in equivalent time-trial time. Variabilities in time to exhaustion expressed as coefficients of variation for predicted 800-3000 m timetrial times were ~1-3%. A crossover study (Study 3) was then conducted in which 11 athletes performed usual (control) training and usual training with altitude exposure by using tents for 25 ± 3 days (mean ± SD) for 8.1 ± 0.6 h.d-1, progressing from a simulated altitude of 2500 m to 3500 m above sea level. Washout period between control and altitude treatments was four weeks. Performance was assessed with treadmill runs to exhaustion as in Study 2. Improvements in mean predicted times (altitude-control) for standard competition distances of 800, 1500 and 3000 m derived from the runs to exhaustion were 1.0% (±1.3%), 1.4% (±1.2%) and 1.9% (±1.5%) respectively. There was some evidence that hypoxic exposure favoured those athletes carrying the I allele for angiotensin converting enzyme. In summary, the main finding from the series of studies is that hypoxic tents are likely to enhance sea level endurance running performance by ~1-2%.

Athletes commonly use various forms of real and simulated altitude exposure combined with sea level training to enhance sea-level performance. Altitude can be simulated through use of apartments, tents and masks that allow athletes to breathe air containing less oxygen. There is clear evidence that altitude exposure combined with sea-level training enhances endurance performance especially when the altitude is real. It is unclear what the optimum level of altitude and length of exposure is to enhance performance, although researchers generally adopt 3-4 weeks at moderate altitude (~3000m). There is also little evidence to suggest how long the performance effect persists for. Large gains in VO2max have been reported following actual altitude exposure that may be partly mediated via an increase in red cell volume or haemoglobin mass. However, exposure to simulated altitude appears to have a little effect on VO2max probably due to differences in daily exposure time. The effects of altitude exposure on sprint performance are limited to several investigations that demonstrate a tendency for improved performance, especially in repeated sprints.

Australian historicity is built on the absence of the Aboriginal subjective experience. The Right to Dream explores the temporal consequence of the imposition of the homogenous Aborigine, a social and political construction that effectively annihilated the right to exist as individual bodies within the earth space and its consequence on the well being of Indigenous peoples upon whom it was imposed. The Right to Dream is especially an attempt to understand my own subjective experience as an Aborigine in the land now known as Australia, and process that would in the words of Dr. Aileen Moreton-Robinson, propel me from being the known to the knower. The assimilation of the Indigenous body by western language has had devastating affects on the body as well as the land, and it is in this context that this thesis explores the notion of destruction of Indigenous peoples, their cultures and physical, spiritual, and emotional well being as being synonymous to the consequent destruction of their lands, marked by the loss of Indigenous languages throughout the country now known as Australia. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (M. Div.)--Grace Theological Seminary, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-49).

No description available.