Police corruption is a primary concern for law enforcement agencies. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that could predict the likelihood of police officer susceptibility to corruption. Data was collected through surveys of 1083 officers within eight U.S. police agencies that were participating in the National Police Research Platform funded by the National Institute of Justice. The data were analyzed using multilevel structural equation and base multilevel models. The theoretical model for this study addressed susceptibility to corruption on both the departmental (clusters) and individual officer levels. Four main constructs were utilized in this study. Acceptance of deviant norms was the outcome variable operationalizing susceptibility to corruption. Anomie was a departmental predictor operationalizing expectations that socially accepted goals could not be accomplished through socially acceptable means. Decoupling was a departmental predictor measuring the extent to which departmental pragmatic goals were out of alignment with official ethical codes. Moral disengagement was the individual predictor operationalizing the ability to use cognitive mechanisms to excuse unethical decision-making. Departments higher in anomie and decoupling were hypothesized to have higher acceptance of deviant norms that condone corruption. Officers with higher levels of moral disengagement were also expected to have a greater acceptance of deviant norms. The departmental environment was expected to have more influence than individual officer traits such that anomie and decoupling would moderate the effects of moral disengagement within departments. The results demonstrated the promise of the multilevel theoretical model. Anomie was a strong predictor of acceptance of deviant norms. Moral disengagement was also a moderately strong predictor of acceptance of deviant norms in the base multilevel models. Anomie moderated the effect of moral disengagement to some degree, although it had no impact on the slope between acceptance of deviant norms and moral disengagement. Differences between departmental subgroups indicated how officer assignments and demographic characteristics may impact susceptibility to corruption. Study limitations related primarily to the multilevel structural equation model, scale construction, and sampling. Limitations are addressed as regards their general relevance to theory and methodology. Implications of the results for policy and future research are discussed.

Organizational culture is a comprehensive concept and is defined as norms, values and ideasof an organization. All organizations consist of management but what influences themanagement? What influences the orientation of activities? It could be interesting to reflecton which objectives the leadership form in the organization and which factors affect theformulation of the objectives. Could it be the underlying norms in the organization? Doesorganizational culture matter? Research shows that the police authority has a strongorganizational culture. The aim of this essay is to analyze the organizational culture andmanagement of the Swedish police authority. In order to gain a deeper insight into a policeorganization the police in Umeå will also be studied. In this paper organizational culture hasbeen operationalised as norms. The formal and informal organization of the police has beenstudied and thus the formal and informal norms. The questions of this essay are to investigatewhat characterizes the organizational culture and how the culture affects the management ofthe police. The methods in this graduation project are based on organizational analysis wherethe data collection has been done partly through literature review but also through interviews.The results show that different kinds of cultures occur in the Swedish police authority and theculture contains both formal and informal norms. The results also show that the cultureinfluences the objectives that are formulated, in particular with regard to a changing culturewhich requires other types of objectives. However the results indicate that the organizationalculture and the management are strongly correlated since the cultures themselves arecharacterized by objectives. The conclusions of this work are as previously mentioned thatthe culture is characterized by formal and informal norms. The culture must consist ofspecific norms in order for the police to fulfill their missions. Norms also arise morespontaneously in interaction with colleagues and the environment. Finally as previouslymentioned the organizational culture have an impact on the management.

Why public officials complicit in corruption? It is absolutely a nagging and antiquated question. This thesis examines the corruption on a micro-scale from those convicted in corruption cases in Central Java Province, Indonesia, more specifically by taking the personal views and experiences of the imprisoned actors into account. Broadly speaking, the problem of corruption is a tantalizing daily issue around Indonesia. Despite the government is highly committed to overcome corruption, it is argued that national corruption eradication efforts have not simply failed to diminish the number of corruption cases, but they - at least until 2019 – failed to impede the deployment of corruption from central to local government levels. Empirically, this study explores corruption from leadership theories to build its own analytical framework of corruption, namely administrative and political corruption. Using narrative analysis methods, this study analyses nine interviews with elective public officials at district and village levels, combined with several secondary techniques. In drawing its conclusions, this study highlights three major findings to understand the failure of government in addressing corruption, each of which is related to 1) critical role of public legitimacy built upon informal norms; 2) strict bureaucratic function built upon formal norms; 3) cleavages between formal and informal norms that encourage public officials to enact one or both types of corruption. Above all, the idea of ‘private gain’ as the central element of corruption cannot be found in this study. Ultimately, this study provides some direction for future research that would suggest academia and policymakers to better understand the corruption in the public sector by taking informal norms into consideration.

In 2010, the discovery of the malicious computer worm Stuxnet shocked the world by its sophistication and unpredictability. Stuxnet was deemed as the world’s first cyber weapon and started discussions concerning offensive cyber operations – often called “cyber warfare” – globally. Due to Stuxnet, rapid digitalisation and evolving technology, it became vital for decision makers in the US to consider formal norms such as laws, agreements, and policy decisions regarding cyber security. Yet, to obtain a holistic understanding of cyber security, this thesis uses constructivism as its theoretical framework to understand changing informal norms and social factors including the ideas and morals of the US society regarding offensive cyber operations. This thesis critically analyses the discourse of three of the largest US newspapers by circulation: the New York Times, the Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal. A significant shift was discovered in the US media’s publications and in informal norms regarding offensive cyber operations and the use of cyber weapons in just one decade, by comparing the discourses relating to Stuxnet in 2010 and the US presidential election in 2020. This thesis concludes that it is equally important to consider ideas and morals when researching a technical field such as cyber security by arguing that informal norms guide the choices actors make when developing formal norms at the international level. The findings of this thesis are intended to provoke a normative, urgent, and focused discussion about cyber security. The findings are also intended to shift attention to how language is used in discussions about the cyber sphere, offensive cyber operations and cyber weapons as components of the traditional battlefield.

Studien undersöker informella normer inom familjerätten och tillståndsenheten, och hur de kan påverka yrkesverksamma socionomer i sitt arbete. Undersökningen innefattar fyra intervjudeltagare, två socionomer från familjerätten och två socionomer från tillståndsenheten. Genom att undersöka de yrkesverksamma socionomernas förhållningssätt gentemot formella strukturer, handlingsutrymme och samarbete med kollegor kan de informella normerna, som styr de anställdas sätt att tänka, känna och agera, identifieras och analyseras. Med hjälp av teorier om kultur, organisationskultur och informella normer analyseras yrkesverksamma socionomers sätt att tänka, känna och agera utifrån vad som för organisationskulturen anses vara det korrekta sättet. Genom att studera likheter och skillnader i de anställdas uttryckande av sina inställningar och attityder, så är tanken att man ska kunna utläsa deras individuella sätt att tänka och känna, gentemot det sätt som organisationskulturens informella normer försöker styra dem till. Resultatet i undersökningen visar på att det finns informella normer i både tillståndsenheten och familjerätten som påverkar de yrkesverksammas samarbete med kollegor och tillhörighet till gruppen, vilket tycks påverka deras inställningar och attityder gentemot olika delar i yrkesutövandet. Resultatet visar ett samband mellan grupptillhörighet och positiva attityder och inställningar till samarbete med kollegor, och ett samband mellan negativa attityder och inställningar till utanförskap/exkludering ur gruppen. Resultatet visade att de informella normerna påverkade de yrkesverksamma socionomernas praktiska arbete, vilket gjorde sig påtagligt i deltagarnas konflikthantering, samarbete med kollegor och självständighet i handläggning och beslutsfattande.