Cette recherche a pour but de répondre à deux impératifs : travailler pour un secteur d’activité porteur économiquement, mais peu étudié scientifiquement : le domaine de la Rénovation, et proposer aux acteurs de ce secteur des outils d’accompagnement forts pour leur permettre de réussir leur transition numérique, enjeu majeur du XXIe siècle. L’état de l’art initial a démontré que, dans un contexte lié à la diffusion d’un Système d’Information tel que le BIM, il était indispensable de s’appuyer sur des leviers contribuant à son implantation : les Facteurs Clés de Succès, les fondamentaux du management de projet, la rédaction de Conventions BIM, l’Approche Intégrée de Projet et enfin les Modèles de Maturité. Pour s’assurer de l’adéquation entre ces différents leviers et les spécificités de la Rénovation, une enquête a été réalisée auprès d’un panel représentatif des petites entreprises qui le composent majoritairement. Elle a permis de confirmer l’état peu avancé de ce secteur dans la transition numérique en raison de la taille des structures elles-mêmes et de situations économiques réduisant souvent l’horizon de projection. Les acteurs ne sont, par ailleurs, pas toujours conscients de la nécessité du changement (se satisfaisant généralement de la 2D et de procédés artisanaux) et sont donc peu enclins à investir dans des solutions numériques telles que le BIM. En dépit des réticences qui ont pu être exprimées, la plupart des acteurs ont toutefois bien conscience que pour tirer parti de la transition au lieu de la subir, il faut qu’ils puissent être dotés d’outils d’accompagnement spécifiques à leurs usages et pratiques. Un référentiel permettant de mesurer leur maturité et ensuite de définir de façon réaliste leurs propres objectifs de développement : « BIM Maturity Model For Renovation » ou BiM²FR a donc été conçu. Le format choisi et la simplicité voulue de mise en œuvre devraient permettre aux petites entreprises de facilement caractériser leur situation et d’identifier leurs points faibles et forts, puis d’élaborer les grandes lignes de plans d'action individuels et appropriés à leurs activités. Les facteurs clés de succès étudiés et intégrés en filigrane dans le BiM²FR sont les marqueurs et gages de succès qui permettront aux entreprises de progresser au cours de la mise en œuvre du BIM. Pour élargir la portée de ce travail, une interface WEB libre permettant aux entreprises d’effectuer leur diagnostic de maturité BIM, a été développée. Le site www.BiM2FR.eu, outre l’aide qu’il peut apporter aux entreprises, offre, par l’intermédiaire des données collectées et échangées, un grand nombre de perspectives de recherches. / This research aims to answer two imperatives: 1) promote an economically promising sector, Renovation, that has not been subject to much scientific study; and 2) offer companies in this sector useful tools to help them succeed in their digital transition, a major challenge of the 21st century. When it comes to disseminating an Information System such as BIM, it is essential to use levers that enhance its implementation: the Critical Success Factor, fundamentals of Project Management, drafting BIM Execution Plans, an Integrated Project Delivery approach and Maturity Models. To ensure the right fit between these different levers and the specific needs of the Renovation segment, we conducted a survey with a representative panel of small enterprises, predominant in this sector. This survey confirmed that the sector is still in the early days of digital transition due to the small size of companies and economic situations that often reduce visibility and the ability to make long-term investment decisions. Small renovation firms are not always aware of the need for change (they are generally satisfied with 2D drawings and artisanal processes) and are therefore reluctant to invest in digital solutions such as BIM. In spite of this, most stakeholders are aware that in order to benefit from the transition or risk being left behind, they must find support in tools specific to their uses and practices. To measure their maturity and then realistically define their own development objectives, we therefore developed a "BIM Maturity Model for Renovation" or BiM²FR. The format and ease of implementation should enable small enterprises to identify their situation, emphasize their strengths and weaknesses, and then outline individual action plans suited to their activities. The Critical Success Factors analyzed and presented within BiM²FR should guarantee successful progress as companies implement BIM. In order to broaden the scope of this work, we created a free web interface for companies to make their own BIM maturity diagnosis. The site www.BiM2FR.eu, in addition to helping these companies, offers us, through the data collected and exchanged, a large number of research opportunities.

Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality is on a trend of development. These technologies could have an impact on the way construction is carried out in the future. Right now these technologies are not widely used in the construction industry. What this report aims to understand is how the Swedish construction industry adheres to the current trend of digitalization, with an emphasis on Augmented- and Virtual Reality. By interviewing 13 managers within 8 different AEC organizations, in the form of semi-structured interviews, it was found that these technologies are indeed viewed as something that could change the way these organizations work. The current literature provides examples of how Augmented- and Virtual Reality can be used. However, these technologies are not mature enough to make an impact right now, as most managers see the technology as too expensive and they also had little to no knowledge of its contributions. The case was also the same with BIM, where a lack of knowledge seems to be the norm for all sorts of positions within the construction industry, from worker to manager. This is in accordance with previous studies and the interview findings. A lack of demand from clients and outdated work routines also affect adoption of BIM, Augmented- and Virtual Reality. / Augmented Reality och Virtual Reality befinner sig just nu vid ett utvecklingsstadie. Denna teknik kan påverka hur konstruktion genomförs i framtiden. Just nu används dessa tekniker inte i någon stor utsträckning inom byggindustrin. Syftet med denna uppsats är att förstå hur den svenska byggbranschen förhåller sig till den nuvarande trenden av digitalisering, med fokus på Augmented- och Virtual Reality. Genom att intervjua 13 chefer och projektledare inom 8 olika AEC-organisationer, i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer, konstaterades det att dessa teknologier ses som någonting som kan förändra hur dessa organisationer arbetar. Den nuvarande litteraturen ger exempel på hur Augmented- och Virtual Reality kan användas. Dock har det visat sig att dessa teknologier inte är tillräckligt mogna för att ha en påverkan just nu eftersom de flesta chefer och projektledare såg tekniken som för kostsam, de hade också liten eller ingen kunskap om dess potentiella bidrag. Detsamma gällde BIM, där en brist på kunskap fortfarande verkar vara normen för alla typer av tjänster inom byggbranschen, från arbetare till chef. Detta stämmer överens med tidigare studier och intervjuresultaten. Brist på efterfrågan från kunder samt gamla rutiner påverkar också adoptionen av BIM, Augmented- och Virtual Reality.

Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality is on a trend of development. These technologies could have an impact on the way construction is carried out in the future. Right now these technologies are not widely used in the construction industry. What this report aims to understand is how the Swedish construction industry adheres to the current trend of digitalization, with an emphasis on Augmented- and Virtual Reality. By interviewing 13 managers within 8 different AEC organizations, in the form of semi-structured interviews, it was found that these technologies are indeed viewed as something that could change the way these organizations work. The current literature provides examples of how Augmented- and Virtual Reality can be used. However, these technologies are not mature enough to make an impact right now, as most managers see the technology as too expensive and they also had little to no knowledge of its contributions. The case was also the same with BIM, where a lack of knowledge seems to be the norm for all sorts of positions within the construction industry, from worker to manager. This is in accordance with previous studies and the interview findings. A lack of demand from clients and outdated work routines also affect adoption of BIM, Augmented- and Virtual Reality. / Augmented Reality och Virtual Reality befinner sig just nu vid ett utvecklingsstadie. Denna teknik kan påverka hur konstruktion genomförs i framtiden. Just nu används dessa tekniker inte i någon stor utsträckning inom byggindustrin. Syftet med denna uppsats är att förstå hur den svenska byggbranschen förhåller sig till den nuvarande trenden av digitalisering, med fokus på Augmented- och Virtual Reality. Genom att intervjua 13 chefer och projektledare inom 8 olika AEC-organisationer, i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer, konstaterades det att dessa teknologier ses som någonting som kan förändra hur dessa organisationer arbetar. Den nuvarande litteraturen ger exempel på hur Augmented- och Virtual Reality kan användas. Dock har det visat sig att dessa teknologier inte är tillräckligt mogna för att ha en påverkan just nu eftersom de flesta chefer och projektledare såg tekniken som för kostsam, de hade också liten eller ingen kunskap om dess potentiella bidrag. Detsamma gällde BIM, där en brist på kunskap fortfarande verkar vara normen för alla typer av tjänster inom byggbranschen, från arbetare till chef. Detta stämmer överens med tidigare studier och intervjuresultaten. Brist på efterfrågan från kunder samt gamla rutiner påverkar också adoptionen av BIM, Augmented- och Virtual Reality.

The Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is often described as fragmented, highly complex and risk-oriented with major challenges due to the high level of conflicts and low level of productivity. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is claimed to be the future of the AEC industry and is a way to address these issues. A BIM model can be used in all the phases of a facility's life cycle and can result in better quality at lower cost and reduced time-consumption. However, there are not just benefits with BIM but also risks and problems, which can be hard to manage and prevent the adoption of BIM. Several of the risks and problems are connected to legal issues.  This thesis consists of a qualitative research study that explores the current situation of the legal challenges with BIM, which companies are facing in their construction projects in the Swedish AEC industry. The study intends to develop an understanding of the legal problems that hinders the adoption of BIM and how these problems can be minimized. Semi-structured interviews were held with ten respondents in different companies in Sweden to get an understanding of the legal issues with BIM in their construction projects. The result of the interviews showed that the major legal issue with BIM is the capability to define the model as a legal act and rank the model higher than drawings in a contract. In addition, it was found that the difficulty to review that the model is sufficiently correct and reliable is also something that companies see as a hinder for the full adoption of BIM. Therefore, companies still often prefer to have the drawings as a legal act rather than models. / Arkitektur-, ingenjörs- och byggindustrin beskrivs ofta som splittrad, mycket komplex och riskorienterad med stora utmaningar på grund av mycket konflikter och låg produktivitet. Det hävdas att byggnadsinformationsmodellering (BIM) är industrins framtid och ett sätt att ta itu med dessa problem. En BIM-modell kan användas i alla faser av en anläggnings livscykel och kan resultera i bättre kvalitet till en lägre kostnad och minskad tidsåtgång. Dock finns det inte bara fördelar med BIM utan även risker och problem som kan vara svåra att hantera och som förhindrar införandet av BIM. Flera av riskerna och problemen är kopplade till juridiska frågor. Detta examensarbete består av en kvalitativ forskningsstudie som undersöker den nuvarande situationen för de juridiska utmaningarna med BIM som företagen står inför i sina byggprojekt i den svenska byggindustrin. Studien avser att utveckla en förståelse för de juridiska problem som förhindrar införandet av BIM och hur dessa problem kan minimeras. Halvstrukturerade intervjuer hölls med tio respondenter i olika företag i Sverige för att få en förståelse för de juridiska problemen med BIM i byggprojekt. Resultatet av intervjuerna visade att det stora juridiska problemet med BIM är svårigheten med att definiera modellen som en juridisk handling och rangordna modellen högre än ritningar i ett kontrakt. Dessutom fann man att svårigheten med att granska att en modell är tillräckligt korrekt och tillförlitlig är något som företag ser som ett hinder för BIM:s fullständiga införande. Därför föredrar de flesta företag att fortfarande ha ritningarna som juridisk handling och inte modellerna.

The construction industry faces numerous challenges, such as schedule delays, cost overruns, and rework, which can impact project success and profitability. The key motivation for this report is to explore and understand the potential benefits and implications of integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) functionalities with the Last Planner System (LPS). This report consists of a systematic literature review (SLR) addressing the influence that the interaction of the LPS and BIM has in the production process. Firstly, bibliometric analysis was done on the results of the SLR, and the content of the literature papers was analyzed adopting the aspects oflean construction in combination with qualitative content analysis to identify the BIM functionalities, the relevant lean construction aspects, and the influence the interaction has on the relevant lean construction aspects. Based on the contents of the literature papers, certain BIM functionalities such as model and schedule visualization, quantity take-off, and clash detection interact with the LPS. The aspects of lean construction that are influenced by the interaction include waste minimization, continuous improvement, improved collaboration, and workflow visualization. Researchers show that the interaction of LPS and certain BIM functionalities has reduced delays, cost overruns, project collaboration, remote meetings, and better project understanding and planning reliability.The findings of the report provide insights for construction industry professionals to enhance project planning, coordination, and execution. The report shows that current attempts for a complete interaction are yet to be researched, with parallel applications and inadequacy in BIM functionalities. A sound conceptual model for interaction is yet to be researched. Many researchers and construction actors may use this report to find existing content on this topic and find the motivation to interact with the BIM functionalities and LPS in a proposed or existing production process. / Byggindustrin står inför många utmaningar, såsom tidsplaneförskjutningar, kostnadsöverskridelser och omarbetning, vilket kan påverka projektets framgång och lönsamhet. Den huvudsakliga motivationen för denna rapport är att utforska och förstå de potentiella fördelarna och konsekvenserna av att integrera Byggnadsinformationsmodellering (BIM) med Last Planner System (LPS). Denna rapport består av en systematisk litteraturöversikt (SLR) som tar upp hur interaktionen mellan LPS och BIM påverkar produktionsprocessen. Först gjordes en bibliometrisk analys av SLR-resultaten, och innehållet i litteraturartiklarna analyserades med utgångspunkt i aspekter av lean construction kombinerat med kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att identifiera BIM-funktionaliteter, de relevanta lean construction-aspekterna och vilken inverkan interaktionen har på de relevanta lean construction-aspekterna. Baserat på innehållet i litteraturartiklarna interagerar vissa BIM-funktionaliteter, såsom modelloch tidsplanvisualisering, kvantitetsupptagning och kollisionskontroll, med LPS. De aspekter av lean construction som påverkas av interaktionen inkluderar minimering av slöseri, kontinuerlig förbättring, förbättrad samarbete och visualisering av arbetsflöde. Forskare visar att interaktionen mellan LPS och vissa BIM-funktionaliteter har minskat förseningar, kostnadsöverskridelser, projekt-samarbete, fjärrmöten och bättre projekt-förståelse och planeringspålitlighet. Rapportens resultat ger insikter för yrkesverksamma inom byggindustrin för att förbättra projektplanering, samordning och genomförande. Rapporten visar att nuvarande försök till en fullständig interaktion ännu inte har forskats kring, med parallella tillämpningar och brister i BIM-funktionaliteter. En robust konceptuell modell för interaktion måste fortfarande utforskas. Många forskare och aktörer inom byggindustrin kan använda denna rapport för att hitta befintligt innehåll om detta ämne och hitta motivationen att interagera med BIM-funktionaliteter och LPS i en föreslagen eller befintlig produktionsprocess.

Building information modelling (BIM) has been discussed as the most prominent tool for bringing advancement in the construction industry. BIM provides a platform to integrate multiple disciplinary such as structural design, architectural design, MEP details and many more into one model, known as the BIM model. During the course of this work it was noticed that there is a spike in developing new methodologies for efficient energy calculation of buildings, but these methodologies are still based on the manual procedure. Example of such methodology is the upcoming EU parameter known as Smart readiness indicator (SRI). Therefore, an aim has been made by the author to propose automation of such energy calculation methodology aided by BIM technology.For this thesis work, a pre-existing Revit based BIM model was selected and structurally modified as per the requirements. Then, the smart services from the SRI calculation method were assigned to the Revit model. Later with the help of Dynamo (i.e. Revit plugin), a script was created to extract smart services information from the Revit model and forward it into MS-Excel file to obtain final SRI score. It was found that results obtain through manual calculation and method proposed by the author were the same. Hence, it is concluded that the automation of new energy certification scheme SRI is possible. / Building information modelling (BIM) har diskuterats som det mest framstående verktyget för att få framsteg inom byggbranschen. BIM tillhandahåller en plattform för att integrera flera discipliner som strukturell design, arkitektonisk design, MEP-detaljer och många fler i en modell, känd som BIM-modellen. Under detta arbete märktes det att det utvecklas nya metoder för effektiv energiberäkning av byggnader, men dessa metoder bygger fortfarande på den manuella proceduren. Exempel på en sådan metod är den kommande EU-parametern som kallas Smart readiness indicator (SRI). Därför har ett syfte gjorts av författaren att föreslå automatisering av sådan energiberäkningsmetod med hjälp av BIM-teknik.För detta uppsatsarbete valdes en redan existerande Revit-baserad BIM-modell och strukturellt modifierad enligt kraven. Sedan tilldelades smarta tjänster från SRI-beräkningsmetoden Revit-modellen. Senare med hjälp av Dynamo (dvs. Revit-plugin) skapades ett manus för att extrahera information om smarta tjänster från Revit-modellen och vidarebefordra den till MS-Excel-filen för att få slutlig SRI-poäng. Det visade sig att resultaten som erhölls genom manuell beräkning och metod som föreslås av författaren var desamma. Därför dras slutsatsen att automatisering av det nya energicertifieringssystemet SRI är möjligt.

The building sector is in need of enhanced efficiency. The methodology behind Building Information Modeling, BIM, which is being used increasingly in extent, has shown to improve the efficiency of the flow of information in projects. The concept of 4D is based on the working method and methodology of integration between BIM and a time schedule. This can under certain circumstances further improve the efficiency of the planning phase of building- and civil engineering projects. Today there are not many companies that have begun to use this method and methodology, even though it has been shown to be effective for some conditions. This report addresses this dilemma, why and how companies can implement the work and process of 4D.

Building Information Modeling, or BIM, is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility that serves as a shared resource for information for decision-making throughout the project lifecycle (National Institute of Building Sciences, 2007). The masonry construction industry currently suffers from the lack of BIM integration. Where other industries and trades have increased productivity by implementing standards for software-enhanced workflows, masonry construction has failed to adopt information tools and processes. New information technology and process modeling tools have grown in popularity and their use is helping to understand and improve construction processes. The Systems Modeling Language, or SysML, is one of the process modeling tools we can use to model and analyze the various processes and workflows. In this research, a case study methodology was applied to analyze the masonry construction industry to understand the current state of masonry construction processes and workflows. This thesis reviews these concepts and the applied case studies which are necessary to move forward with the implementation of BIM for masonry.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) enables project participants to perform more efficiently and effectively. Recently, many studies have reported the rapid growth of application of the use of BIM system in global construction industry used by Architects, Engineers and Contractors and clients etc. Many users report benefits of using BIM including more accurate information, less re-work, reduced construction time, fewer claims and better project performance. Those reported benefits have stimulated more acceptances of BIM and rapid adoption worldwide in past five years. As adoption increases and BIM becomes more pervasive in the construction industry in Hong Kong, clients and forefront users of such technology begin to question the effectiveness of BIM implementation. Firms that have adopted BIM invest an extensive amount of money and time in training professionals, but they barely enjoy the real benefits from BIM adoption. Construction is a project-based activity, wherein different disciplines work collaboratively to achieve the project goal. Effective collaboration and coordination among all project participants is essential to achieve the full advantages of BIM. Thus encouraging different disciplines (architect, engineer, surveyor, contractor, etc.) to collaborate in BIM-enabled construction projects is critical for optimizing BIM adoption and improving project performances. A project team constitutes professionals from different organizations (e.g. architectural, engineering, and construction). It is important for the project participants to work closely together to share their information, coordinate working flows, jointly make decision, achieve inter-organizational collaboration, and deliver projects effectively and efficiently. This study aims to explore and investigate factors affecting multi-discipline collaboration in BIM-enabled construction teams in Hong Kong. Socio-technical Theory is employed as theoretical lens to construct a conceptual research framework. To further develop a validated research model, a two-stage research design is adopted including an exploratory study and an explanatory study. The exploratory study uses semi-structured interviews to confirm factors identified from existing literatures as well as to explore any new important factors from empirical context. The exploratory study validates the finalized research model by content analysis of qualitative data. In the explanatory study, a quantitative research method is adopted. A questionnaire survey is conducted and a total of 249 responses are collected for data analysis. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is applied to test the finalized research model and postulated hypotheses. The research findings and results confirm that common understanding, trust and joint decision-making significantly determine the collaborative team environment. Such collaborative team environment in turn influences inter-organizational BIM collaboration. Research results also reveal that collaboration experiences among project participants impose significant positive influence on interoperability. Research findings also confirm that continuous training is a critical support factor to BIM collaboration. BIM acceptance is found to be the most significant predictor to BIM collaboration. Moreover, BIM collaboration is proved to be important to project success and BIM success. Besides, research also finds that different professionals have significant differences in BIM collaboration. Professionals with more BIM experiences tend to act more collaboratively in the project. In addition, early involvement of project participants also imposes a positive impact on BIM collaboration. This study provides an integrated view on inter-organizational collaboration in BIM-enabled construction projects in Hong Kong, and addresses the social, technological and process factors associated with effective inter-organizational collaboration. A triangulated research method is employed. Some new measurement scales and factors are developed specifically for BIM-enabled construction projects. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the significant factors that affect the collaborative adoption of BIM in the construction industry in Hong Kong. Such findings are useful and valuable to practitioners to improve the effectiveness of BIM adoption in construction projects. / published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Building (Property Development and Management) / Building information modelling (BIM) is one of many ways to automate construction processes and activities. Numerous projects in both the public and private sectors suffer from poor information management, resulting in time and cost overruns. BIM implementation is rapidly growing in western countries, as governments play key roles in devising strategies and mandating initiatives which increase its adoption. The purpose of this study is to determine possible regulatory initiatives towards BIM implementation in the South African Architectural Engineering and Construction sector (AEC) from the stakeholders’ perspective. BIM implementation strategies that have been used in various countries are discussed in the study and a questionnaire survey of AEC professionals in South Africa was conducted to determine which government strategies or mandatory initiatives would be most effective. The obtained data were analysed using inferential statistics and hypothesis testing. The results reflect that the South African government’s influence would be most valuable in mandating initiatives that promote BIM education and awareness, incentivising BIM usage by AEC stakeholders, modifying procurement practices to allow BIM usage and developing BIM libraries and data exchange frameworks. Key words: Building information modelling, implementation, mandatory initiatives / EM2017